...drastically from the 1920’s up until now; this change is heavily influenced by psychological advertising and the technological changes that took part during that time. Due to current events happening in the 1920’s advertising began to be geared to consumer fears, needs and desires in order to promote brands and products. In 1921 Listerine the company came up with what was called an American epidemic known as “chronic halitosis;” the goal of this creation was to convince Americans that it was a medical condition and the best solution to it was their newly created product. The company’s marketing campaign was a great success and brought high revenue to them; this was made possible through their advertising team who knew exactly what to tackle: the insecurities of Americans. The advertisements often included images in sexual or romantic settings in order to emphasize the importance of the need of the product in order to be socially acceptable. In this essay I will be looking at two different Listerine advertisements one dated from the 1920’s and another one from 2010, while evaluating the technical as well as psychological changes that occurred. By the time of the 1920’s the field of advertising experienced a high transformation in terms of persuasion techniques. Advertisements went from being dull to tapping into consumer’s emotions creating this whole idea of directed personality, which in turn created a psychological need for the product. Directed Psychology stemmed from advertisements...
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...Women in Psychology Susan Hall University of Phoenix PSY 310 Lillian Filpot May 03, 2012 Women in Psychology Nebraska native Leta Stetter Hollingworth was an amazing woman who met the challenges of her time head-on employing intelligence, common sense, observation, and scientific method. Throughout her career the thread of continuity for her pursuits was the subject of variability (Benjamin & Shields, 1886-1993). Commencing her career with a degree in literature and a teaching certificate, Leta detoured into the fields of sociology and psychology finding the additional degrees necessary tools for change. Leta was an early 20th century feminist psychologist and advocate for women’s rights. By 1911, her determination and use of scientific method yielded proof that women were equal to men in terms of their intellectual capabilities. She sought equality for clinical psychologists doggedly determined to construct a framework of professional practice standards. Application of the standards raised the practice to a level considered suitable for inclusion in the American Psychological Association during World War 1. Leta was a gifted and prolific writer who produced her own text books, generated scores of journal articles and wrote poetry. She loved her husband, Harry, and their devotion to each other is chronicled in the biography he wrote (Hollingworth, 1943). Beginnings Leta Settor Hollingworth was born on the plains of Nebraska on May 25, 1886. The rushing of...
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...Analyzing the Harlem Renaissance Spahne J. Jenkins Prof. Bryant August 3, 2010 Comp 1302 The Harlem Renaissance, (1920’s – mid 1930’s) was a movement that created black cultural acknowledgement for artist. In Harlem, a neighborhood in the city of New York, Alain Locke became the center of this movement for black artist. Locke transformed the way of thinking for black artists during The Harlem Renaissance, not only opened the doors for other black writers, it made away for blacks in the now generation, in comparison with the civil rights movement. The Harlem Renaissance started the beginning of the post World War II part of the Civil Rights movement. These transitions created forward movement for black artist literature. In studying the African American culture, the 1920’s was a time when blacks and white Americans discovered the uniqueness of black art, music and literature. Many people that spoke French were black writers from African and Caribbean colonies. Also they lived in Paris and were influenced by the Renaissance, so they built they’re confidence and continued working harder on their gift. Contributing factors before the Harlem Renaissance was The Great Migration of African Americans to the northern parts of the U. S. These cities included: Chicago, Cleveland, New York, and Philadelphia, which this movement forced employers to create jobs for lots of people. The breakthrough of the Harlem Renaissance actually began in the late 1917. Plays written by white...
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...Gestalt psychology reflection Paper Barrie Bogatov Psy/310 14 March, 2015 Since its inception, psychology has taken many twists and turns from the theories of Skinner, Thorndike, experiments from Watson, Pavlov etc. and from them we have learned a great deal. Nevertheless, according to Schultz & Schultz (2012) “at approximately the same time the behaviorist revolution was gathering strength in the United States, the Gestalt revolution was taking hold of German psychology” (Schultz & Schultz, 2012 pg 262). When it comes to Gestalt psychology, one can say that this field had many influences from many different founders with many different views and theories. Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Ernst Mach, and Kurt Koffka are some of the ones that had a huge impact on the development of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt psychology as we know is “the study of perception and behavior from the standpoint of an individual's response to configurationally wholes with stress on the uniformity of psychological and physiological events and rejection of analysis into discrete events of stimulus, percept, and response” Max Wertheimer was a young scholar who was going to school to study law. But during his time at the University of Prague he decided to change his major to a field of study that he found rather interesting and that field was philosophy and psychology. As per different students, who took his lectures or had been to his office said that the way he saw...
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...the young age of 16 in 1900 with a master's degree. Watson was influenced by one of his professors at Furman when Watson decided to enter the University of Chicago where Watson was to study philosophy and psychology. Watson studied comparative psychology Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior (Call, 2010). Watson felt more comfortable studying animals than he did humans and began his study in cortical development while using white rats. Although many other physiologists did not believe rats were capable of "associative learning" due to a rats brain development Watson thought otherwise. During Watson's experiments with the white rats could show that minimal learning was achieved during, the first week and that during the fourth week the white rats could form associations in the rats cortical development (Goodwin, 2008). Watson was able to have this study published that led to Watson's doctorate and his stay at the University of Chicago. During Watson's time at the University of Chicago from 1903 to 1908 Watson researched included white rats and mazes and how the rat would learn to navigate the maze through muscle movements rather than senses (e.g: whiskers) that led to Watson's introduction into experimental psychology and Watson's Behaviorist Manifesto which, is the prediction and control of behavior (Goodwin, 2008). Watson's view on classical...
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...June 13 Performance Management by Prof Lise Saari 08 Fall Halo Errors in Performance Management Systems - Anita Rajendran Performance Appraisals are the backbone of Human Resources and a crucial aspect of the entire Performance Management System (PMS) but also the most difficult to implement. The effectiveness of a Performance Appraisal can be seriously impacted by the common errors that raters make. Halo is one such error and can be defined as "the influence of a global evaluation on individual attributes of a person" (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977, p. 250) or "the influence of a rater's general impression on ratings of specific ratee qualities" (Lance, LaPointe, & Stewart, 1994, p. 339). The article tries to understand the background and research done into halo error and whether there is clear evidence to suggest that there is a positive or negative link to rating accuracy due to Halo error. It attempts to see if there are ways in which an organization can effectively utilize these research findings to counter halo error or whether any experiments done are effective only in a laboratory setting. Finally review on whether this aspect of the performance appraisal can be incorporated into an actual performance appraisal system. Individual Research Paper – Halo Error in Performance Management Systems Introduction and Background 3 What is Halo Error – The underlying research and theory 3 Deep Dive 5 How to counter the halo error or reduce error? 5 Effective use...
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...Cognitive psychology, and Psychodynamic. Psychodynamic psychology the most appropriate manner in which to describe it is with is founder Sigmund Freud it focuses on the role of the unconscious and dynamic factors that motivate, behavior through stages of development. It ignores the confinements of science opting to direct its focus on attempting to get inside the head. It includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. To make this perspective clear Freud’s theories were psychoanalytic, while psychodynamic is reference both to his theories and those of his followers Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and a therapy (S. Mcleod, 2007). . Cognitive Psychology geared by the idea that if we want to know what makes people tick then we should concentrate on understanding the internal processes of their mind. Literally speaking cognition means knowing or simply put psychologists from this aspect study cognition which is the mental act or process through which knowledge is obtained. Cognitive psychology focuses on the human method of processing information, or in particular the behavioral response to stimuli or input. Cognitive psychologists study internal processes from memory, attention, thinking, perception to language all of this in an attempt to improve a person’s life (Introduction to Psychology). Cognitive...
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...* Psychology as a science was developed out of philosophy, biology, and other well-established disciplines. * Until 1920, psychology was a science of mental processes explored by Wundt, Titchener, James, and Freud. * From the 1920's until the 1960's, Americans John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner led the school of psychology known as behaviorism, focusing on the observation of people's behaviors. * Humanistic psychology, led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, countered behaviorism during this period by focusing on the personal growth and well-being of people. * In the 1960's, psychology shifted back towards a focus on how the brain approaches information. Recently, cognitive neuroscience studies how brain activity causes mental activity. * To combine the study of both the internal mental activities and observable human behaviors, psychology became the science of behavior and mental processes. TERMS * ------------------------------------------------- cognitive neuroscience An academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in...
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...Freud’s theory of personality, developmental stages, and defense mechanisms are a few of his contributions to psychology. To further understand Freud is to also understand why his theories are criticized. His contributions and theories have brought up much debate, but have also paved the way for new theories. Theory of Personality Structure “Freud’s greatest contribution to personality theory is his exploration of the unconscious and his insistence that people are motivated primarily by drives of which they have little or no awareness” (University of Phoenix, 2009, p. 23). Before the 1920’s, Freud’s model of personality and mental life consisted of the conscious and unconscious mind; which described our thought processes and opened exploration of the unaware mind. Freud believed that people’s behaviors were motivated by things they were unaware of. Freud’s personal experiences, his readings, and exploration of his dreams influenced his understanding of human personality. Through exploration of his dreams, Freud came up with the belief that humans are motivated by things which they are unaware of. For instance, childhood memories that have been suppressed and later cause behaviors that are unexplainable. The suppressed memories are motivations for behaviors that one is not aware of, such as eating disorders or substance abuse, to name a few. After the 1920’s, Freud introduced a new model of the mind and personality structure. The new structure included three parts...
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...Week One Psychology Theories Comparison and Contrast SSCI206-1205B-32: Aspects of Psychology Brittany Shalice Herrig Abstract The purpose of this paper is to define, compare and contrast three perspectives of psychology. In detail this paper will define and examine the theories of; behaviorism, psychodynamic, and cognitive. This paper will include a description of each perspective and provide an example for each. Included in this paper will be a comparison of the three perspectives. This paper will conclude with an example of how each perspective influences psychology today. Psychology Theories Psychology is the word that is used to define the science of mind and behavior. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word psyche, which means “breathe, spirit, soul” and the Greek word logia, which means the study of something (Nordqvist, 2009). By derivative definition psychology is the study of every aspect of human function and behavior. The human being is extremely complex, evolutionary individual, and new discoveries regarding human development are discovered often. Because of constant stream of new discoveries regarding human psyche, there are many different perspectives that when combined in an eclectic manner provide a unique insight into what makes us, as human beings, so special. The behaviorist perspective is an approach in psychology that proposes that learning comes from either rewards or punishment in association with specific behaviors (Editorial...
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...This essay has 2462 words ‘Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is learnt through principles and rules. Maladaptive behaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use this term to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both behavioural and psychoanalytic psychologists use this in different ways. The behavioural theory is based on two main factors being biological drives such as primitive needs and sex drive and what is learnt. The three main principles in the behavioural theory are Stimuli, response and conditioning. Behaviour is believed to be a conditioned response to an environmental stimulus. Individuals are obliged to react to stimuli using their senses such as seeing and hearing. There are short lived unlearned behaviours such as suckling and unlearned grasping. Responses are overt and implicit, learned or unlearned. Response can be foreseen if stimuli are available and stimuli can be predicted from the response. Unlearned responses are automatic such as breathing heavily and perspiring when running. Unlearned...
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...The Science of Psychology Foundations of Psychology Suzette Lee [ Monday, April 02, 2012 ] PSY300 Psychology is a scientific study that investigates the main components of the brain, the mind and the body in different fields of psychology in order to understand and conduct observations of the mental process of the human mind, and observable behavior. Psychology is often used to understand the unknown of human behavior, and their potential patterns that observe the actions of self expression on how people feel and store memory. The study of the mind is an observation of a person’s mental awareness of both the conscious and unconscious mentality. Structuralism was the dominant school of psychology in Germany and the U. S. between1890-1920, and was the school of thought based on the notion that the object of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. Structuralism explores areas of the mind, focus mainly with sensation and perception in vision, hearing and, touch through introspection, or the systematic observation of one’s own conscious experiences, although Functionalism was the protest against structuralism and had the assumption that functionalism was more practical and concerned with commonsense issues, structuralism believed that mental functions were not subject to introspective analysis which it was the shaping of the mind that could be analyzed. Another school of thought is behaviorism, in which...
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...Foundations of Psychology PSY/300 General Psychology June 3, 2013 Foundations of Psychology Modern psychology combines four major and distinct schools of thought, with each one containing possessing fundamental assumptions. Even though each individual perspectives maintains it distinction and individuality, they all have made influences to the developing science of psychology. (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). While they each focus on a different domain and function, each of them remain intertwined and attempt to answer basic questions of how the body and mind work together. The Four Major Psychological Perspectives The Psychodynamic Perspective The psychodynamic perspective was developed in the late nineteenth century by Sigmund Freud. He concluded that psychodynamic perspective has three key premises: 1. “People’s actions are determined by the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes are connected in their minds. 2. Many of these mental events occur outside of conscious awareness. 3. These mental processes may conflict with one another, leading to compromises among competing motives.” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011) The Psychological Perspective remains to this day heavily debated with physiologist supporting its study and other calling for its abandonment. The Behaviorist Perspective The Behaviorist Perspective was developed by accident, early in the twentieth century by Ivan Pavlov. McLeod (2007) “Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable...
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...APA style was developed in the 1920's, as a method for standardizing all of the many components of scientific writing (Bethel University, 2014). Due to a growth in the psychology field, editors were becoming inundated with works on topics that they were not always familiar with. With this in mind, psychologists developed the guidelines set forth in APA, oriented towards removing the "idiosyncrasies of authors' writing" styles (Almeida, 2012). By placing emphasis on structure and presentation, APA style "makes sure that the impression of neutrality and impersonal detachment is visible and evident throughout the literature" (Almeida, 2012). This is a critical feature of scientific writing and was important as the fledgling field of psychology...
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...Gestalt psychology Reflection Paper Shenique Harmon-Anthony Psychology 310 PATRICIA LAFOUNTAINE December 14th 2015 Erving Polster, in the book Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Contours of Theory & Practice attempted to give his own version of an analogy that in his thinking summarizes a portion of the theory in question. He says, “When a person has swum, traveled, run a lathe, planted flowers, ridden a motorcycle, made wine, painted a picture, parachuted, he has increased the fund from which he may draw for new figural developments. In other words, as the background of his experience becomes more diversified, it also becomes potentially more harmonious with a whole range of happenings.” This description briefly encapsulates why Gestalt psychology is considered as a whole. Gestalt psychology believes that things should not be looked at individual elements but as a whole. It is a school of thought in psychology that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. It is noted that they are three founders who are responsible for establishing the school of gestalt psychology. Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka as well as Wolfgang Kohler. However, its moorings are anchored in the work of Max Wertheimer and was formed partially as a response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt. Gestalt psychology has some foundations and those are perception, memory and learning. The major principles of Gestalt psychology are isomorphism, productive thinking and reproductive thinking. The main...
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