...deviant members Abstract Ingroup and outgroups in society view punishment of members differently, ingroups especially. The variables in this study were the group in which the offender belonged to and the writing task. In the study there were 6 male and 27 female psychology students they participated to aid in writing their research paper. Participants read a fictional scenario and were then asked to determine a fine and answer four questions that judged fairness and justice. The hypothesis was that the ingroup would judge deviant ingroup members higher on a retributive justice scale and give them a higher fine. The results of this study showed that when it came to justice the ingroup rated deviant ingroup members lower then the outgroup but created a higher fine. Expectations of an Ingroup: interactions within ingroups and how they punish deviant members In society people are divided into two groups the ingroup and the outgroup both Social Identity Theory and the Black Sheep Effect deal with the idea of these two types of groups. Social Identity Theory is the expectation the ingroup offenders would be treated less harsh than outgroup offenders (Gollwitzer & Keller, 2010). While the Black Sheep Effect states that people see unlikable ingroup members more adversely than unlikeable outgroup members (van Prooijen & Lam, 2007). The theory that these two support is that ingroup members judge deviant ingroup members more harshly than they would outgroup members. Gollwitzer...
Words: 1929 - Pages: 8
...behavior because of what they have seen on television? A continuing debate between Broadcasters and Scientists is permanently ongoing and in spite of the accumulation of evidence between the links of viewing television violence and children’s behavior the debate goes on. Furthermore, media professionals would rather believe that television has no effects other than those intended, thousands of studies have pointed to casual relationships between television violence and real-life crime. In spite of numerous research studies, the perception continues that the effects of television violence are unclear, even contradictory. Moreover, blaming the media could be an easy option for some and can serve to divert attention from other causes or change going on in a child’s life, and so claims about the, “Effects of Television” could be massively exaggerated. This ongoing debate has inspired a great deal of research, one of the most well-known and publicized experiments was that of Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll studies, which are now widely regarded as early research classics in the field of psychology. I am going to discuss this experiment in greater detail within this project and hopefully link it with more recent research, my own research and observations to support my hypothesis. HYPOTHESIS & METHOD HYPOTHESIS: It is predicted that children will imitate violence or display violent behavior after viewing violence on television. METHOD:...
Words: 2660 - Pages: 11
...Student Name: | Rae Loulache | Check | Requirement | | This checklist is the first page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | ...
Words: 5151 - Pages: 21
...“We fear evil, but are fascinated by it. We create myths of evil conspiracies and come to believe them enough to mobilize forces against them. We reject the ‘Other’ as different and dangerous because it’s unknown, yet we are thrilled by contemplating sexual excess and violations of moral codes by those who are not our kind.”(4) This provocative quote is one of the many excerpts from The Lucifer Effect that require the reader to delve deep into the true workings of their own mind. The Lucifer Effect by Professor Philip Zimbardo is a non-fiction piece that discusses several broad psychological topics and concepts such as good and evil, character transformation, conformity, and the potential for a person to act righteously or not. During the first...
Words: 604 - Pages: 3
...Reinforcement theory is a behavioural construct where control is achieved by the consequences of behaviour being manipulated. How people learn to change their behaviour can be explained in reinforcement theory. The purpose of this essay is to explain in detail how reinforcement theory can be used to motivate. Reinforcement theory includes four methods, which is positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. These four methods can be used to motivate individual to construct a better behaviour, as well as to perform better in their assigned work. Discussion Positive reinforcement is to reward a positive response when an individual shows a positive and required behaviour. The reward given has to be durable (long-lasting effect) and sufficiently powerful to increase the chances of desirable behaviour to occur. The example of the reward given is by giving an employee a promotion, raise, recognition, promotion, extra vacation time, and so forth. It...
Words: 1547 - Pages: 7
...crime and violence from taking over our society. There many views on the topic but in the end only one truth prevails. According to the article “Shot at Dawn” the execution of criminals and political opponents has been used by nearly all societies, both to punish crime and to suppress political dissent. Some places that practice capital punishment it is reserved for murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. But in other countries sexual crimes, such as rape, adultery, incest and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy in Islamic nations. In many countries that use the death penalty, drug trafficking is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny. People who approve of this form of punishment believe that by sending these criminals to their death that they are making society better. By getting rid of these unwanted people of the world that things will start to become more peaceful. That the cost of housing and feeding these criminals are breaking the economy. Others even go as far to say that it’s a form of justice for the victims’ families. Author Deborah White (2009) tells us that people who are for “Capitol Punishment” also believes that it will take retribution on behalf of the victim, punish the criminal...
Words: 606 - Pages: 3
...The Zimbardo Research and its Effect on the Participants Jennifer Ashley Reese PSYCH/620 June 20, 2016 JD Wehrman The Zimbardo Research and its Effect on the Participants A faculty member from Stanford University, Dr. Phillip Zimbardo, did an experiments that changed Social Psychology forever. He put an ad in the newspaper in 1971 for participants (students) to study prison life for the amount of 15 dollars a day for two weeks. Back in the early seventies, fifteen dollars was an acceptable amount for the time period for the day. Over the 75 applicants, two dozen were randomly picked by looking at their applicants for normality and healthy lives to begin with. The people were divided into two groups, the ‘prisoners’ and ‘guards’. The ‘guards’ helped set up the prison and picked their outfits to help them ‘get into their role’. The ‘prisoners’ were arrested by real city police to help them get that experience of being arrested. The ‘guards’ blindfolded the ‘prisoners’ to their location, the basement of the police station to start the experiment (Classic, 2007). The guards were to strip search the prisoners, delouse them to get the effect of what real prisons do to their prisoners. The next day, the guards used ‘force with force’ when the prisoners rebelled against obedience. The guards stripped the prisoners and put the prisoners in the hole for rebelling and took everything except air as a privileges such as food, clothes, bed etc. (Classic, 2007). To maintain order and...
Words: 1115 - Pages: 5
...THE STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT - essay To begin with, the Stanford prison experiment was an attempt to investigate the psychological effects of percieved power. The aim was to investigate how readily people would conform the roles of guards and prisoners in a role-playing experiment that simulated the situation in prison. The experiment was carried out by a well-known and acclaimed psychologist Philip Zimbardo in 1971, this is the most known experiment he did. Even though the experiment itself is a big asset to behavioral psychology it is rejected by most of the people even after so many years. In the following lines, I’d like to describe to you how the experiment was getting on and show you my personal opinion on this matter. At the beginning of the experiment professor Philip Zimbardo and his team were choosing candidates that would be most suitable and then divided them into two groups — prisoners and guards based on their psychological profile. Participants were students who got paid $15 a day during 14 days long experiment. The students that were picked to be part of this experiment were formally arrested because Zimbardo wanted the experiment to be as real as possible. The students...
Words: 648 - Pages: 3
...has advanced from the scientific study of management during the industrial era, administrative theories of the manager’s role, principles of bureaucracy, and human relations studies of employees’ needs (Scott, 1992). Organizational behavior investigates the effect that individual, groups and structure have on conduct within an organization, and apply such knowledge towards improving an organization’s effectiveness. It studies three determinates of behavior in an organization: individuals, groups, and structure. Furthermore, organizational behavior relates the knowledge gained about individuals, groups, and the effect of structure on behavior in order to make the organizations work more effectively. (Robbins, S. & Judge, T., 2009) According to Denhardt, Denhardt, & Aristigueta individual behavior was not a significant concern for management until the 1930s. From the view of early management theorists, people were mainly viewed as extensions of their tools and machines. It was assumed that if employees were unhappy at work then it was imperative to motivate them by money in order for them to contribute to the organization. It was also assumed that workers would do what they were told, if not, they would be punished or fired. Frederick Taylor was known as the originator of scientific management, because he implicated a scientific approach to managerial decision making and concluded that the primary motivation of an employee was to earn money. Therefore, the way to get...
Words: 784 - Pages: 4
...Lilienfeld et al.(2011), defines learning as “a change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of experience” (p. 261). Classical conditioning is “learning in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with and precedes the unconditioned stimulus until the conditioned stimulus alone is sufficient to elicit the response” (Spielberger, 2004, p. 655). When I joined the Israeli Army in 1999, after fishing high school in Israel, classical conditioning was a key strategy to train everyday students to become Israeli soldiers. During the recruit training our commander screamed at us and scrutinised our behaviour, to set an environment of discipline and obedience. The screaming and yelling of orders triggered the fear reflexes, which led to a change in mindset from being a freewill teenager to an obedient soldier. Screaming is the unconditioned stimulus (US), which led to the unconditioned response (UR) reflex of fear. The unconditioned reflex of fear evolved to the conditioned response (CR) of obedience. Commander’s green uniform and shoulder marks served as natural stimulus (NS) that later became conditioned stimulus (CS), which once seen by the recruits triggered a response of obedience, whether or not the commander was shouting. Natural stimuli of commanders green uniform repeatedly paired with screaming and yelling is the US which later became CS that naturally elicit a response of fear and obedience of UR that evolved to CR. Stimulus generalization (SG) occurred...
Words: 525 - Pages: 3
...friendships, social aggression, and roles of women in society. First, a content analysis of gender portrayals in teen movies was conducted, revealing that female characters are more likely to be portrayed as socially aggressive than male characters. Second, college students were surveyed about their teen movie-viewing habits, gender-related beliefs, and attitudes. Findings suggest that viewing teen movies is associated with negative stereotypes about female friendships and gender roles. Research examining the effects of media exposure demonstrates that media consumption has a measurable influence on people's perceptions of the real world, and, regardless of the accuracy of these perceptions, they are used to help guide subsequent attitudes, judgments, and actions. For example, these results have been yielded for viewing media representations of race,1 the mentally ill,2 and the elderly.3 Past research additionally indicates that watching televised gender portrayals has an effect on individuals' real-world gender-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.4 Based on this research, and the tenets of social cognitive theory, it would be expected that consumption of teen movies would have an analogous influence on audience members' gender-based attitudes and beliefs. Despite the popularity of teen movies, the influence of such films on emerging adults has not been examined. This is particularly surprising given the upsurge in popular media coverage devoted to scrutinizing gender portrayals...
Words: 7053 - Pages: 29
...Violent media’s effects on youths According to Smith and Wilson (Smith., 1997; Wilson., 1997), the National Television Violence Study, a three-year assessment of more than 3000 programs a year, found out that “60 percent of programs across twenty-six channels contain some physical aggressions”. Some points of view believe that there are connections between media violence and violent behaviour. However, other people don’t think so. This essay will argue that violence in the media is one of the main causes of increasing violent behaviour among youths because children learn behaviours from the media, youth who watch violent TV programs become more aggressive and they show less sympathy for other people. First of all, children may learn violent behaviours via media. According to Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1986), children learn ideas, values, emotions and even behaviours by observing others in their social environment. They tend to imitate observed behaviours that are rewarded than those that are punished. For example, they are more likely to mimic hero characters in the movies or games that usually use violence to solve the problems. These characters always get rewarded for their actions. This kind of scenario has become too common and Rowell Huesmann (1986) stated that children might learn from it and develop it into a script, a solution for every problem. Furthermore, there are researches that show children can imitate and reproduce the violent actions for eight months...
Words: 915 - Pages: 4
...Abnormal Psychology Timeline Ashley Giacosa University of Phoenix TITLE : Abnormal Psychology Timeline * Stone Age (Approximately half a million years ago. * Trephination- chipping an area of the skull away with a crude object like a stone to create a hole in order for the evil spirits to escape. * Demonology, gods, and magic * Preformed mainly by the Chinese, Greeks, Egyptians, and Hebrews. * They believed a person was possessed by a evil or a good spirit. * The primary treatment of this time was an exorcism. * The Early Greek Thinkers * Hippocrates known as “the Father of Modern medicine. His ideas practiced from 460 BC to 377 BC. * He believed there was a natural causation for mental diseases. Hippocrates taught that a person’s bloodline or heredity was extremely important to their mental health. * He classified these disorders into three categories: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis better known as “brain fever”. * Hippocrates also emphasized the importance of dreams in understanding a person. * Closely following Hippocrates was Galen. * Galen founded the idea of the Doctrine of four humors. The temperaments are: Sanguine, Melancholic, Phlegmatic, and Choleric. * Next in line was Plato who constructed the idea that the mentally ill could not be held responsible for criminal acts. He also started the act that hospital care should be provided for the mentally ill. * During...
Words: 813 - Pages: 4
...Social cognitive theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |[pic] |This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to | | |reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) | |Psychology | |[pic] | |Outline | |History | |Subfields | |Basic types | |Abnormal | |Biological | |Cognitive | |Comparative | |Cultural | |Differential | |Developmental | |Evolutionary | |Experimental ...
Words: 2723 - Pages: 11
...Why Incentive Plans Cannot Work by Alfie Kohn Harvard Business Review Reprint 93506 I N Q U E S T I O N When reward systems fail, don’t blame the program – look at the premise behind it. Why Incentive Plans Cannot Work By Alfie Kohn It is difficult to overstate the extent to which most managers and the people who advise them believe in the redemptive power of rewards. Certainly, the vast majority of U.S. corporations use some sort of program intended to motivate employees by tying compensation to one index of performance or another. But more striking is the rarely examined belief that people will do a better job if they have been promised some sort of incentive. This assumption and the practices associated with it are pervasive, but a growing collection of evidence supports an opposfailure of any given incentive program is due less to a glitch in that program than to the inadequacy of the psychological assumptions that ground all such plans. thinking – those who promote teamwork, participative management, continuous improvement, and the like – urge the use of rewards to institute and maintain these very reforms. What we use bribes to accomplish may have changed, but the reliance on bribes, on behaviorist doctrine, has not. Moreover, the few articles that appear to criticize incentive plans are Temporary Compliance Most managers too often believe in the redemptive power of rewards. ing view. According to numerous studies in laboratories, workplaces...
Words: 4865 - Pages: 20