...The Complexity of Ethical Decision Making Former U.S. Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart remarked, "Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do." In parsing out a virtuous ethical identity, psychologists strive to embrace several American Psychological Association [APA]-worthy overarching principles, to apply the enumerated guidelines within the Code of Ethics, and to cultivate personal and professional integrity in their quest to serve others. Furthermore, making an ethical commitment to placing the well-being of clients above one’s own personal feelings is paramount in providing effective therapeutic services that clients seek. However, the gentle human interplay of dependency, power, and will; the uniqueness and unpredictability of autonomous human beings; and the complexity of personality, behavior, and the inimitable experiences of each individual clearly drive and complicate the process of ethical decision-making. In espousing the “very highest ethical ideals of the profession (Hill, 2008),” eventually every psychologist must find a way to merge her purely objective, linear, and rational ethical catechism with her own intuitive responses to best reflect and balance her style, therapeutic orientation, and professional belief system with the needs of each distinct client. Conversely, a purely sensate approach to ethical decision-making, it seems, relies too heavily on subjectivity, whimsy, and emotions...
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...Factors Affecting Investment Decision A multitude of factors influence the investing agencies decision in the choice of projects the amount of initial investment itself in influenced by the choice of location. For instant, the central government of India in consultation with the respective state government has declared certain areas, districts and taluses backward and has given a subsidy of 15 per cent on the cost of land buildings, to encourage balanced growth of industries, Another significant factor is the service rendered by state governmental agencies in providing infrastructural facilities, managerial expertise, loans, technical assistance, etc. Third, the cost of capital is a very important factor in the investment decision. While considering the cost of capital. Due card should be given to factors such as the opportunity cost. The entrepreneur, who is investing capital, is obviously interested in setting a return within a planned time horizon. For this purpose he has to consider the gestation period of the project, projected cash flow, taking into account factors such a inflation, governmental taxes, risk involved in investment, raw material prices, competitions, growth rate, trend, of wages, market demand, operating costs, fixed costs, development rebate estimated life or physical facilities, availability of build raw materials, cost of skilled labor, etc. Two other crucial factors which are estimated on the basis of particular state, and industrial relations climate...
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...Week 3 Individual Ethical Decision Making Paper To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/PSYCH-545/PSYCH-545-Week-3-Individual-Ethical-Decision-Making-Paper PSYCH 545 Week 3 Individual Ethical Decision Making Paper Resources: Ch. 11 of Ethics in Psychology and Counseling, Internet, and University Library Select an ethical dilemma in professional psychology. Obtain faculty approval prior to beginning the assignment. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper based on your selected ethical dilemma. Be sure to address the following items in your paper: • Describe your selected ethical dilemma. • Apply each one of the first 14 steps (located in Ch. 11) in the ethical decision making process to your selected issue. • Explain the importance of ethical decision making in professional psychology. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. PSYCH 545 Week 3 Individual Ethical Decision Making Paper Resources: Ch. 11 of Ethics in Psychology and Counseling, Internet, and University Library Select an ethical dilemma in professional psychology. Obtain faculty approval prior to beginning the assignment. Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper based on your selected ethical dilemma. Be sure to address the following items in your paper: • Describe your selected ethical dilemma. • Apply each one of the first 14 steps (located in Ch. 11) in the ethical decision making process to your selected...
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...Professor: Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 1997 – 1998 Marketing, Duke University, 1997 Psychology, Sofia University, 1990 B.A. Honors & Awards Ph.D. Ph.D. Education Psychology, Sofia University, 1986 Faculty Impact Award. Given by students to faculty demonstrating “true excellence in interactions with students,” 2009 Outstanding Reviewer, Journal of Consumer Research, 2008 Early Career Contribution Award, Society for Consumer Psychology/ American Psychological Association, 2005. Given annually to the most productive researcher in the field of consumer behavior who has been a faculty member for less than ten years. Fellow, Young Scholars Program, Marketing Science Institute, 2005 Outstanding Reviewer, Journal of Consumer Research, 2003 Chair’s Core Course Teaching Award, Kellogg School of Management, 2002 – 2003 Dean’s Recognition of Teaching Excellence, Kellogg School of Management (based on student evaluations), 1998 – present McManus Research Chair, Kellogg School of Management, 1998 – 1999, 2001 – 2002 Kraft Research Chair, Kellogg School of Management, 2000 – 2001 Fellow, American Marketing Association Doctoral Consortium, 1996 Honorable Mention, Alden G. Clayton Doctoral Dissertation Proposal Competition, 1995 Alexander Chernev 2/2012 RESEARCH Focus Research Articles (Peer Reviewed) Consumer Decision Behavior 1. Brough, Aaron and Alexander Chernev...
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...Introduction The assumption that economics and psychology are directly related disciplines rests upon various inferences made during the last decades and advanced by famous researchers such as Daniel Kahneman, W. Brian Arthur, Hugo Münsterberg, George Katona or Günther Schmölders. Although the perception today is that both fields are closely related, throughout history, the homogeneity between economics and psychology was not adequately elaborated. The challenge to introduce psychological concepts into economics appeared to be difficult and it was even more daunting 30 years ago, (Kahneman, 2003). Up to the present time, both disciplines have borrowed concepts from each other and tried to contribute to the improvement of theories developed...
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...“What can Psychology Tell us About Business Ethics?” by David Messick (2009). This article was published in the Journal of business ethics. The article explores the relationship between business ethics and psychology through examining the concepts of discrimination and conflict of interest and how they influence ethics in business settings. The article affirms that as much as numerous studies have explored these two concepts from a psychological perspective; there is very limited information on how they influence decision making in business settings. The researcher explores various circumstances related to the two concepts while highlighting scholarly positions to position his arguments. The article is concluded by asserting that analysis of business ethics from a psychological perspective can enhance the ability of promoting high ethical standards business decision-making The position taken by the author is well founded as it is generated through amalgamation of relevant scholarly sources in the positioning of the relationship between business ethics and psychology (Fassin et al., 2011; Shakeel et al., 2011). The author also highlights individual circumstances where his individual unconscious thoughts may have influenced his decision-making. This not only enhances the authenticity of the work, but also its effectiveness to address the research issue. For this reason, it is a good read both in writing and content. Based on the position taken by the author, psychology is imperative...
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...GROUP INTERACTION JOURNAL ARTICLES Compiled by Lawrence R. Frey University of Colorado at Boulder Aamodt, M. G., & Kimbrough, W. W. (1982). Effects of group heterogeneity on quality of task solutions. Psychological Review, 50, 171-174. Abbey, D. S. (1982). Conflict in unstructured groups: An explanation from control-theory. Psychological Reports, 51, 177-178. Abele, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768-776. Abele, A., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Petzold, P. (1998). Positive mood and in-group—out-group differentiation in a minimal group setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1343-1357. Aberson, C. L., Healy, M., & Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173. Abougendia, M., Joyce, A. S., Piper, W. E., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2004). Alliance as a mediator of expectancy effects in short-term group psychotherapy. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8, 3-12. Abraham, A. (1973a). Group tensions as measured by configurations of different self and transself aspects. Group Process, 5, 71-89. Abraham, A. (1973b). A model for exploring intra and interindividual processes in groups. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 23, 3-22. Abraham, A. (1974-1975). Processes in groups. Bulletin de Psychogie, 28, 746-758. Abraham, A., Geffroy, Y., & Ancelin-Schutzenberger...
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...the results cannot be accurately measured, then confident objectivity that the fundamental moral construct even exists or is of any penalty to ordinary people. The Role of Personal Ethics in Psychology Ethical guiding principles shift focus as of late from personal character to organizational ethics. The major focal point of this change is, “…the misuse of power and discretion by individuals performing organizational roles” (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2006, Introduction). The client-patient association in psychological therapy and clinical practice is the creation of ethical guidelines with the possibility for abuse of control and lack of attention to discretion. The results-centered approach to psychology would dictate the actions of the clinician must be in line with the declared principled rules of the practitioners. Also, ethical perspective recommends that ethical guidelines that support the practice of psychology should seek the greater good for the greatest sector of humanity. Affect of Ethics Application of Psychological Principles to Personal, Spiritual, Social, and Organizational Issues The inventory begins with a quick introduction about the process, applicability, and purpose of the measure (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2006). It is made clear that ethical decision making is comprised of three separate tasks:...
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...course this is my ethical perspective and ethical approach. I do not see how one could measure ethical conduct, perhaps through measurable results. I believe if the outcome cannot be measured, there is no way one could be confident that the fundamental ethical construct exists or causes consequences to others. The Inventory Itself The Ethics Awareness Inventory starts with a small introduction about the process, applicability, and purpose of the measure (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2013). The inventory makes it known that ethical decision-making consists of three different tasks, such as awareness, articulation, and application. I must disagree that any exclusion of the last task would disprove any discussion of the first two. The goal of the inventory is to identify the significant belief structures that guide our ethical decisions. It also assumes that this is just the beginning that concludes in the application of ethical decision-making. Questions in the measure were made up of partial statements followed by four complete statements. Participants were asked to finish each statement with a most liked statement and a least liked statement. Ethical justifying principles change focus as of late from personal character to organizational ethics. The primary focal point of this change is “the misuse of power and discretion by individuals performing organizational roles” (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2013). The client-patient association in psychological therapy or clinical...
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...Theoretical models of decision-making, and their neuroscientific underpinnings Introduction In this essay I would like to focus the theoretical models of decision making that have come from psychology, cognitive and ecological alike, and review relevant literature from cognitive neuroscience that may or may not provide neural foundation for the claims that they have formulated. The reason for which I find it interesting to contrast these two approaches is there different outlook on the concept of “bias”. Traditional – closed systems - approaches to decision-making The investigation of decision-making is a multidisciplinary endeavor with researchers approaching the area from different fields and applying numerous different models (Hastie, 2001). The normative model of decision-making originates from mathematics and economics and the most prominent normative model is perhaps Subjectively Expected Utility (SEU; Savage, 1954). This model of rational behavior implies that people act as if they are calculating the "expected utility" of each option, choosing the one that they believe has the highest value. It has been criticized however, as some researchers doubted whether humans actually perform the mental multiplications and additions suggested by SEU. Simon (1955) was the first to challenge the assumptions of optimizing decision theories (such as SEU) making strong arguments concerning the limited capacity of the decision maker, for which he introduced the term “bounded rationality”...
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...Problem Solving Paper Psych. 560 June 24, 2013 Prof. Pitt Problem Solving Paper Problem solving skills are a necessity in order to make effective decisions and manage a team. Without problem solving skills it is impossible for one to be credible and make reliable decisions each and every time. Problem-solving is a mental process that is used to discover, analyze, and solve problems. When problem solving, the ultimate goal is to conquer hurdles and come up with the best solution. Discovering and identifying the Problem can be complicated process. When individuals mistakenly identify the source of a problem incorrectly it will most often lead to inefficient or useless attempts to solve it. The aim of this paper is to identify the approaches to the study of problem-solving and inform the role of insight and creativity in the process of problem solving. The paper also seeks to examine issues with representation and solution. As well as examining the role of reasoning, judgment, and decision making in the process of problem-solving. Approaches to the Study of Problem-Solving The approaches to the study of problem solving include Behaviorism, Gestalt psychology and Cognitive Psychology. Behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. Discovered in the early twenties by John Watson but made popular by B.F Skinner, behaviorism concentrates on what goes on in minds and solemnly focuses on general behavior. They came up with a principle...
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...behaviour & consumer decision making ............................................2 1.2 Theoretical approaches to the study of consumer behaviour..............................3 1.3 Economic Man .....................................................................................................4 1.4 Psychodynamic Approach ...................................................................................4 1.5 Behaviourist Approach ........................................................................................5 1.6 Cognitive Approach .............................................................................................6 1.6.1 Cognitive Models of Consumer Behaviour ..................................................9 1.6.1.1 Analytic Cognitive Models ..................................................................10 1.6.1.2. Prescriptive Cognitive Models............................................................20 1.7 Humanistic Approach ........................................................................................25 1.7.1 Humanistic Models of Consumer Behaviour..............................................25 1.9 Summary ............................................................................................................28 References................................................................................................................29 Figure 1.1: Stimulus-Organism-Response Model of Decision Making..................
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...they identified that it is caused by fundamental mistakes in the decision-making process. In other words, they make irrational investment decisions. In recognizing these mistakes and means to avoid them, to transform the quality of investment decisions and results, they realized...
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...Inventory Personal ethics in psychology The American Psychology Association (APA) has set standards for psychologist to follow while practicing, practicing psychology is a commitment to increase professional knowledge of behavior and scientific knowledge. Psychologist uses his or her gained knowledge to assist individuals in understanding themselves and to improve conditions of society, organizations, and themselves (O’Hanlon, 2006). Commitment to society to develop choices concerning human behavior and informed judgments, practicing this in psychology will require many roles, educator, therapist, consultant, and researcher (O’Hanlon, 2006). Principles in psychology are important in safe guarding the rights of the individual interacting with the psychologist, if a conflict occurs attempts to resolve the conflict with a responsible solution that does the least harm to the client. Psychologists display professional and scientific judgment that affects the lives of others, they guard against political factors, financial, personal, and social factors that have the potential to misuse of the psychologists influence (O’Hanlon, 2006). The Code of Ethics in psychology is a guideline for psychologist providing guidance and standards of professional conduct. Psychologist while practicing use these guidelines to made decisions concerning professional behavior, consulting with...
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...Positive Psychology Brittney Parker PSY/220 John Scalise May 25, 2012 Originally, psychology focuses on aiding the mentally ill and any other psychological issues in treatment. As for positive psychology is a field in which examines how ordinary, everyday people can become more fulfilled and happier, as well as the attempt to understand and establish the human strengths to improve what individuals thrive. In other terms, positive psychology isn’t meant for treating mental illness but to make a normal life more fulfilling for those who have difficulty in finding their inner contentment. Positive psychology is based on central themes in which the method aims to assess the human strengths. We are who creates our world personally and socially. We as individuals have the most control of ourselves as well as our perceptions and actions throughout our lives. When we know we are capable of choice, change, and control, the more we are influenced to pursue our goals we have set for our present and future. Through the incremental theory, positive psychology contains the importance of human adjustment as a malleable cognitive characteristic that encourages the change in ways in our beliefs and behaviors, in which such actions lead to changing our environment. It is up to us whether we choose to follow or direct our own path throughout our lives. Not only do we create our worlds, but we also have the tendency to go by another’s word, or rules. I believe that sometimes we choose...
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