...QUESTION 1 (B) - Students who go to class half an hour later than the prescribed start time for eight classes in a semester lost every desirable privileges (breaks during class, no football games, graduation dinner etc.). After the rule was implemented, there seemed to be a marked improvement in student attendance in class. How does operant conditioning explain the students’ behavior? Introduction Operant conditioning was thoroughly studied by Burrhus Frederick Skinner (B.F. Skinner), which he confirmed that someone learning ability is displayed by his or her behavior. When a factor in the person’s environment changes the consequences that they endure from their learning, can cause a positive or a negative impact on their behavior, which he categorize as reinforcers or punishments. Therefore, Operant Conditioning is a tool that can influence a person’s increasing or decrease his or her behavior by the consequences of their behavior. Operant conditioning will be illustrated by the behavior of the students when removing negative reinforcement or punishment or adding positive reinforcement or punishment (Robins et al, 2013). In this paragraph, the student’s behavior will be explained using Negative Reinforcement with the illustration of their behavior being increased frequently, towards the termination of the unfavorable consequence, which is, not having the privileges. From the question, the students attended to class early, which is their behavior, in order to avoid...
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...Julie Psychology Assignment Psychology and Management of stress Task 1 Outline and evaluate (i) Selye’s (1956) General Adaption Syndrome of stress. The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) is Selye’s belief that that the body has physiological ways in which to deal with long term and short term stress and its and that prolonged exposure to stress can result in illness. He started this in the 1930’s and based this on researching hormones of rats and found that the rats had stress response to his research. He believed that regardless of the type of stressor, the reaction of the stressor was always the same. (Rice et al 2010p100) Selye’s model has three stages: Alarm stage – This is where the environmental stimuli is viewed as a stressor and the ‘fight or flight’ instinct is aroused and the first reactions are aroused. This is where the automatic nervous system (ANS) is activated and the sympathetic branch of the nervous system to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, which in turn raises the heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration and digestion, slows. This stage is usually disappears quickly through the parasympathetic branch which returns everything to normal. If it continues we then move to the next stage Resistance stage – This is where the environmental stressors are still there, and the body physiologically starts to adapt and adjust. Arousal is still high and the high level of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is still in the body. ACTH will...
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...Executive summary This report draws attention to the current remedies used by Raffles Medical Group (RMG) to deal with obesity – standard consultations and surgical treatments – and how they are ineffective as the obesity is still prevalent in Singapore. This report also provides recommendations to improve the existing remedies in RMG to curb adiposity in Singapore. The recommendations are: creating a weight management package and instilling a more empathetic approach in their treatments. The report includes the benefits of these recommendations to RMG. The benefits include allowing RMG to gain a better reputation in Singapore healthcare system, and attracting more obese patients to seek treatment in their hospital thereby leading to increased revenue. Introduction Rising obesity rates have posed a huge problem in Singapore, as obesity brings about severe health detriments. One viable method to prevent obesity is when people manage their weight effectively, through means such as controlling their calories intake and exercising (Goh & Pang, 2012). Such efforts, however, are hindered by the external factors of obesity such as lower prices of unhealthy food (Tomer, n.d). This is further aggravated by the bad behavioral patterns of individuals due to their low endowments of personal and health capital as depicted by Tomer (n.d). According to Tomer, “[Personal capital]…reflects the quality of an individual’s psychological, physical, and spiritual functioning” while...
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...of Management Perspectives * Advances in Developing Human Resources * Applied Psychology: An International Review * Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources * Asia Pacific Journal of Management * Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences * Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science * Career Development International * Compensation and Benefits Review * Cross Cultural Management * International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management * European Journal of International Management * European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology * European Management Journal * Gender, Work and Organization * Group and Organization Management * Human Relations * Human Resources Development Review * Human Resources Development International * Human Resource Management * Human Resource Management Journal * Human Resource Management Review * Human Resource Planning * International Journal of Cross Cultural Management * International Journal of Environment, Workplace and Employment * International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management * International Journal of Human Resources Management * International Journal of Intercultural Relations * International Journal of Manpower * International Journal of Psychology * International Journal of Selection and Assessment * International Journal of Training and Development * International Studies of Management and...
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...Industrial/Organizational Psychology 1 Industrial/Organizational Psychology Crystal Bell PSY/435 Instructor: Dr. Simone Senhouse University of Phoenix June 16, 2012 Industrial/Organizational Psychology 2 Industrial/Organizational Psychology In the mead of a strike and management, psychology has studies ever since infancy in psychology itself (Spector, 2008). In the start, Industrial and organizational psychology was completely worried with the strike side of the mead in which concentrated on the organizational features of trade and highlighted individual resources- as contradicted to the management side, in which is worried with the reform of work conditions of the workforce, still, as the mead has expanded over the years, it was brought to contain the full bands of colour of the industry and management. Therefore, Industrial and organizational psychology was explained as, “a related which is distressed with the growth and a formal request of experimental principles to the workforce.” (Spector, 2008, p.5). on the empirical level, the ambition of the industrial and organizational psychology is to, “ ameliorate the grade of the surrounding for the workers, as well as to raise the successfulness and methodically of the worker’s behavior in that surrounding” (Barnes-Holmes et, al., 2006, p.56). The concise distinctness and practical action of applying something...
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...Industrial and Organizational Psychology Ronda White Industrial and Organizational Psychology PSY 435 April 2, 2012 Ronald Goodnight Industrial and Organizational Psychology Although industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology is an invention of the 20th century, roots of the profession begin in the late 1800s, and early 1900s with the infancy of psychology itself. These pioneers concerning themselves solely upon the industrial side of the profession had interests in placing into work new principles of psychology to improve efficiency in organization, and job performance. Through this beginning, I/O psychology continues to expand and develop into the psychological discipline it is today. A simple definition or practical applications of I/O psychology are the mere pinnacles in understanding the scope of the discipline. Examining the evolution of I/O psychology, in addition to explaining the role of research and statistics in I/O psychology will reveal the foundation upon which the pinnacles rest (Spector, 2008). Evolution of I/O Psychology The credit for the development of I/O psychology lies with Walter Dill and Hugo Münsterberg. Both individuals were professors and experimental psychologists who began applying principles of psychology to organization’s problems. Münsterberg’s interests in employee selection processes brought about the use of psychological testing. His inability to gain acceptability and respect for his theories at Harvard, or...
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...Name of school Popular majors Northern Arizona University Elementary education, biology, hotel and restaurant management, nursing, and criminology and criminal justice California State University Northridge Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Social Sciences, Psychology, Communication, Journalism, and Related Programs, and Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities Humboldt State University Natural Resources and Conservation, Visual and Performing Arts, Social Sciences, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, and Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities Los Angeles Film School Film Colorado Mesa University Business/Commerce, Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse, Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Psychology, and Biology/Biological Sciences Rocky Mountain College of Art & Design Art & Design University of Northern Colorado Health Professions and Related Clinical Sciences, Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Social Sciences, and Communication and Media Studies Western State Colorado University Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Parks, Recreation, Leisure, and Fitness Studies, Social Sciences, Psychology, and Visual and Performing Arts Colorado State University Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Communication, Journalism, and...
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...Introduction to Organizational Psychology Liz Warren University of Phoenix PSY/435 Amanda Major June 27, 2011 Organizational Psychology Organizational psychology is the empirical study of the human side of industries (Spector, 2008). The science of organizational psychology differs from other disciplines of psychology because it is not centered on the individual, but rather how the individual and work place affect each other. The evolution of organizational psychology provides insight into current methods used today in organizational structures. The actions recommended by organizational psychologists originate from research founded on the scientific method (Spector, 2008). The evidence and statistics obtained through rigorous scientific investigation cause organizational psychology to be a unique discipline. Evolution of Organizational Psychology Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott are considered founders of organizational psychology as they were both experimental psychologists and professors who applied psychology to industrial problems (Spector, 2008). The investigation of organizational efficiency and job performance in the 1880’s led to Frederick W. Taylor’s scientific management theory, which inspired the segregated study of organizational psychology (McCarthy, 2002). Taylor is responsible...
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...school | Popular majors | Northern Arizona University | Elementary education, biology, hotel and restaurant management, nursing, and criminology and criminal justice | California State University Northridge | Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Social Sciences, Psychology, Communication, Journalism, and Related Programs, and Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities | Humboldt State University | Natural Resources and Conservation, Visual and Performing Arts, Social Sciences, Biological and Biomedical Sciences, and Liberal Arts and Sciences, General Studies and Humanities | Los Angeles Film School | Film | Colorado Mesa University | Business/Commerce, Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse, Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Psychology, and Biology/Biological Sciences | Rocky Mountain College of Art & Design | Art & Design | University of Northern Colorado | Health Professions and Related Clinical Sciences, Multi-/Interdisciplinary Studies, Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Social Sciences, and Communication and Media Studies | Western State Colorado University | Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Parks, Recreation, Leisure, and Fitness Studies, Social Sciences, Psychology, and Visual and Performing Arts | Colorado State University | Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services, Family and Consumer Sciences/Human Sciences, Biological and Biomedical...
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...and Organizational Psychology Melissa Wojcik PSY 435 May 28, 2012 James Cunningham Industrial and Organizational Psychology The area of industrial and organizational psychology has been studied since the infancy of psychology itself (Spector, 2008). Originally, industrial and organizational psychology was concerned with the industrial side of the field that concentrated on the management aspects of business and emphasized human resources as opposed to the organization side, which is concerned with improving work conditions in the workplace. As the field has grown over the years it has come to include the complete range of industry and organization. Strictly speaking, industrial and organizational psychology is defined by “an applied field that is concerned with the development and application of scientific principles to the workplace” (Spector, 2008, p. 5). On the practical level, the aim of industrial and organizational psychology is to, “improve the quality of the environment for employees as well as to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of employee behavior in that environment” (Barnes-Holmes, 2006, p. 56). The concise definition and practical application of industrial and organizational psychology are only the capstone to an understanding of the length and breadth of the field. A full examination of the evolution of industrial and organizational psychology as well as an explanation of how research and statistics work throughout I/O psychology are needed to form...
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...Rodwell Industrial and Organization Psychologist Industrial and organizational psychology has been the study of psychology within the workplace since the 1800”s (Spector, 2008). Industrial/Organizational Psychology is the learning of different events within the job surrounding I/O psychology is extremely important within the workplace for employees. I/O psychology helps employee’s behaviors toward each other, customers, and it helps restore the business. Industrial and organizational psychology is an incorporation of psychological principles within a workplace to solve its problems (Spector, 2008). I/O psychology is basically there to improve the environment and the quality for employees, and to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of behavior in a business (Spector, 2008). Evolution of Industrial/Organizational Psychology In the 1800s and early 1900s psychologist was applying the theories of psychology to organization of business (Spector, 2008). The two scientists who started industrial/organizational psychology are Hugo Munsterberg and Walter Dill Scott who was university professors who had an interest in employee, and application of new psychological tests of industry. Scott and Munsterberg wrote two books one in 1903 The Theory of Advertising, and in 1913 Psychology and Industrial Efficiency. In 1911Fredrick Winslow Taylor developed the theory of “Scientific Management” (Koppes, 2007, p. 313). Frank Gilbreth an engineer and Lillian Gilbreth a psychologist...
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...Curriculum Vitae Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University 2001 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208 Phone: (847) 467-4095, Fax: (847) 491-2498 e-mail: ach@northwestern.edu Academic Positions Associate Professor: Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 2001 – present Assistant Professor: Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 1998 – 2001 Visiting Assistant Professor: Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, 1997 – 1998 Marketing, Duke University, 1997 Psychology, Sofia University, 1990 B.A. Honors & Awards Ph.D. Ph.D. Education Psychology, Sofia University, 1986 Faculty Impact Award. Given by students to faculty demonstrating “true excellence in interactions with students,” 2009 Outstanding Reviewer, Journal of Consumer Research, 2008 Early Career Contribution Award, Society for Consumer Psychology/ American Psychological Association, 2005. Given annually to the most productive researcher in the field of consumer behavior who has been a faculty member for less than ten years. Fellow, Young Scholars Program, Marketing Science Institute, 2005 Outstanding Reviewer, Journal of Consumer Research, 2003 Chair’s Core Course Teaching Award, Kellogg School of Management, 2002 – 2003 Dean’s Recognition of Teaching Excellence, Kellogg School of Management (based on student evaluations), 1998 – present McManus Research Chair, Kellogg School of Management, 1998 – 1999, 2001 – 2002 Kraft...
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...Industrial/organizational psychology is an area of study that has been studied since the early times of psychology (Spector, 2008). In the beginning industrial/organizational psychology put all of its emphasis only all the industrial side of the field. With only concentrate and on the industrial side of the field did not work well with the management side of the business; so a lot of emphasis was placed on human resources. If you look at the other side of the field, the organizational side puts on improving workplaces and work conditions. As psychology began to combine the two fields; they field began dealing with the full spectrum of industry and organization. Industrial/organizational psychology is explained as an applied field that concentrates on the development and application of scientific principles to the work environment (Spector, 2008). A more practical view of industrial/organizational psychology is that it is used to improve the quality of the work environment for the employees and to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of employee behavior in that environment (Barnes –Holmes et. al., 2006). Industrial/organizational psychology dates back to the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. It was at this time that the early psychologists were attempting to combine psychology with the organization of business’s (Spector, 2008). Two scientists that were both professors at universities Huge Munsterburg and Walker Dill Scott were accredited with the founding studies of industrial/organizational...
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...GROUP INTERACTION JOURNAL ARTICLES Compiled by Lawrence R. Frey University of Colorado at Boulder Aamodt, M. G., & Kimbrough, W. W. (1982). Effects of group heterogeneity on quality of task solutions. Psychological Review, 50, 171-174. Abbey, D. S. (1982). Conflict in unstructured groups: An explanation from control-theory. Psychological Reports, 51, 177-178. Abele, A. E. (2003). The dynamics of masculine-agentic and feminine-communal traits: Findings from a prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 768-776. Abele, A., Gendolla, G. H. E., & Petzold, P. (1998). Positive mood and in-group—out-group differentiation in a minimal group setting. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1343-1357. Aberson, C. L., Healy, M., & Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173. Abougendia, M., Joyce, A. S., Piper, W. E., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2004). Alliance as a mediator of expectancy effects in short-term group psychotherapy. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8, 3-12. Abraham, A. (1973a). Group tensions as measured by configurations of different self and transself aspects. Group Process, 5, 71-89. Abraham, A. (1973b). A model for exploring intra and interindividual processes in groups. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 23, 3-22. Abraham, A. (1974-1975). Processes in groups. Bulletin de Psychogie, 28, 746-758. Abraham, A., Geffroy, Y., & Ancelin-Schutzenberger...
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...Industrial/Organizational Psychology Samantha Trudeau PSY/435 March 26, 2012 Kristi Zimmerman Industrial/organizational psychology is an area of study that has been studied since the early times of psychology (Spector, 2008). At first, industrial/organizational psychology only concentrated on the industrial side of the field. The industrial side of this field dealt with management part of businesses and placed emphasis on human resources. On the other hand, the organizational side of the spectrum is concerned with improving workplaces and working conditions. However, as this area of study has grown over time it has began dealing with the full spectrum of industry and organization. Organizational/industrial psychology is explained as an applied field that concentrates on the development and application of scientific principles to the work environment (Spector, 2008). A more practical view of industrial/organizational psychology is that it is used to improve the quality of the work environment for the employees and to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of employee behavior in that environment (Barnes-Holmes et. al., 2006). The ancestry of industrial/organizational psychology begins in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. It was at this time that the early psychologists were attempting to combine psychology with the organization of business’s (Spector, 2008). There are two scientists in particular that are...
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