...Limitations Contraindications Safety Issues Technical Aspects of the 6-Minute Walk Test Required Equipment Patient Preparation Measurements Quality Assurance Interpretation References PURPOSE AND SCOPE This statement provides practical guidelines for the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Specifically, it reviews indications, details factors that influence results, presents a brief step-by-step protocol, outlines safety measures, describes proper patient preparation and procedures, and offers guidelines for clinical interpretation of results. These recommendations are not intended to limit the use of alternative protocols for research studies. We do not discuss the general topic of clinical exercise testing. As with other American Thoracic Society statements on pulmonary function testing, these guidelines come out of a consensus conference. Drafts were prepared by two members (P.L.E. and R.J.Z.) and were based on a comprehensive Medline literature search from 1970 through 2001, augmented by suggestions from other committee members. Each draft responded to comments from the working committee. The guidelines follow previously published methods as closely as possible and provide a rationale for each specific recommendation. The final recommendations represent a consensus of the committee. The committee recommends that these guidelines be reviewed in five years and in the meantime encourages further research in areas of controversy. BACKGROUND There are several modalities available...
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...Title: Outline the benefits of an Exercise programme for people with Cystic Fibrosis and discuss the factors which may influence Exercise compliance. Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common and life limiting autosmal recessively inherited diseases in the world with an estimated occurrence in newborns of 1 per 3000 per annum (Walters, 2007). The majority of people with this disease are diagnosed during their first year of life with many countries now employing newborn screening programs. The basic mechanism of the disease consists of manifestation as pancreatic insufficiency leading to malabsorbtion and failure to thrive and impaired mucocillary clearance leading to reoccurring chest infections and bronchiestasis (Savage et al. 2011). With the recent advances in treatment of CF which have resulted in increased life span and survival rates, individuals can now expect to live into their fourth decade. Stats from the UK show that CF affects over 9000 people with 4000 under the age of 16 (Williams and Stevens, 2013). Irish stats show a similar pattern where 1200 individuals suffer from CF with 45% being under the age of 18. According to the CF trust (2010) the primary cause of death in individuals with CF is respiratory failure. CF is a progressive respiratory disease which results in an abnormal ventilator response to exercise for individuals with CF (Bradley and Moran, 2008). This contributes to dyspnoea which is a shortness of breath and is a major limiting...
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...Pneumonia Case Study August 27th, 2014 Mrs. Yolanda Bone South University Pneumonia Case Study A major cause of morbidity and mortality is Pneumonia. Pneumonia is a lung infection caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses (Center for Disease Control, 2014).The infection is classified into two categories; community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) or health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP). The classification is determined by the environment in which the infection develops (CDC, 2014). HCAP develops during or following a stay in a healthcare facility. In contrast, patients who are diagnosed with CAP have had no contact within a health care setting prior to presenting with the infection (Driver, 2012). Pneumonia may be present as a mild illness but has the potential to be life-threatening. Despite advances in research, pneumonia remains a common illness contributing to the death of young children in developing countries and the elderly population of developed countries throughout the world (Ruuskanen, et al., 2011). In 2010, approximately 50,000 people in the U.S. died after developing the infection (CDC, 2014). From a global perspective, 450 million cases of pneumonia are recorded annually and roughly 4 million of those diagnosed will die from this illness (Ruuskanen, et al., 2011). CAP is the eighth-leading cause of death within the U.S. and is the leading cause of death from infection in the developed world (Brown, et al., 2012). While anyone is susceptible to contracting...
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...Clinical treatments of muscular diseases differ from case to case which includes medication testing that works on alleviating the diseases' symptoms. Myopathies' treatment relies on upon its cause (Gupta, 2014). The objectives of myopathy treatment are to abate the development of the disease and alleviate symptoms. Muscular and inflammatory dystrophies' treatments range from treatments using drugs to bypassing circumstances which makes muscles make a lot of effort for metabolic myopathies. Doctors often advise myopathy patients to lose weight and keep it low; as a lighter body needs less effort from the muscles. Also they advise them to abstain from making the muscles to fatigue. At the point when breathing issues appear, some patients use...
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...try to get into a conclusion on how the health condition should be resolved. Since CF is inherited, the defective gene must be passed from both the parents to the child in order to acquire the disease else if only a faulty gene is inherited, the child becomes a carrier. Actually carries of cystic fibrosis do not have the disease but can pass to other individuals. There are proposals on improvements as well as challenges in executing the CF treatment process. The paper discusses the proposal below. Literature Review According to Norm Brown (2009), the gene responsible for CF was identified and it was named Cystic Fibrosis Trans-membrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR). He introduced sweat testing which brought in the non-invasive diagnosis, which was considered as gold standard for CF testing. He suggested proper screening of children after birth to prevent the spread of the disease (Vanzo, 2009). Further, according to the research carried out by NBS Wilson et al, (2015) CF patients have better pulmonary function in...
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...respiratory alkalosis include dizziness, fainting, and numbness of the hands and feet. There are many causes of this disease such as anxiety, fever, and hyperventilation. Also, any lung disease that leads to shortness of breath can also cause respiratory alkalosis. Respiratory Alkalosis causes many possible complications such as severe seizures if the alkalosis is extremely severe but is very rare. The prognosis will happen depending on the conditions that are causing the respiratory alkalosis. Certain treatments are aimed at the condition that causes respiratory alkalosis like breathing in a paper bag or using a mask that causes the patient to re-breathe carbon dioxide can help to reduce symptoms. Also, there are certain types of tests to help detect this disease such as arterial blood gas test, which measures the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, and chest x-rays or pulmonary function test. Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state associated with high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by breaking down the fatty acids and deamination of the amino acids. Diabetic...
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...Travis Block Dominic Marino BME 262 – Cell and Tissue Engineering Professor Hani Awad Cellular Therapy for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Introduction: Traumatic brain injuries occur when external forces cause traumatic injury to the brain. They directly affect 1.5 million Americans annually, and annually result in 100,000 cases of life-long impairment with substantial loss of function. Today there are 3.2 million Americans living with long-term disability as a result of brain injury (Congressional Brain Injury Task Force, 2012). It is estimated that 2.5 to 6.5 million individuals live with consequences of TBI (National Institue of Health). In addition to the devastating effects on the families and friends of those injured due to cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral effects; TBIs are also responsible for significant economic cost to society. Annual societal economic impact of TBIs has been estimated at $60 billion. This cost accounts for 29% of the total cost of all injuries in the United States (Max, MacKenzie, & Rice, 1991). Even though the NIH considers the burden of disease when allocating funding, acute treatments for TBI are still limited to attempting to control intracranial pressure and optimizing cerebral perfusion to prevent further edema, inflammation and cell death, and chronic treatment is limited to motor, cognitive, and behavioral rehabilitation (Varmus, 1999). While these treatments are limited...
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...PBT Exam Study Guide 1. Circulatory system (5-10%) a. Structure & Function i. Heart: muscular organ (size of adult’s closed fist), contractions push blood throughout body, average heart beats 60-80 times per minute, 4 chambers: 2 atria & 2 ventricles. * Right heart pump | * Left heart pump | (Deoxygenated) | (Oxygenated) | Right atrium | Left atrium | Tricuspid valve | Bicuspid valve | Right ventricle | Left ventricle | Pulmonary valve | Aortic valve | lungs | body | ii. Arteries: transports blood from right & left chambers to body; large arteries branch into arterioles; carry oxygenated blood (bright red); has thick elastic walls; pulse; located deep in muscles/tissues; highly oxygenated vessels that carry blood away from heart. iii. Veins: transports blood from peripheral tissues back to heart & lungs; large veins branch into venules in peripheral tissues; carry deoxygenated blood (dark red) back to lungs to release CO2; have thinner, bluish walls; have valves to prevent back flow of blood; located deep & superficially. iv. Capillaries: connect arterioles with venules via microscopic vessels; exchange O2 and CO2, nutrients, & fluids in tissue capillaries; pass waste products from tissue cells into capillary blood, then onto removal from body; carries mixture of arteriole & venous blood. Properties | Arteries | Veins | Capillaries | Thickness of vessel wall | Thickest elastic...
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...bahtc phelbotomy Study online at quizlet.com/_5d2h4 1. 1- blood enters the heart 1st order of draw 2- goes to 3- from there to 4 Functions of the Blood Superior & Inferior Vena Cava (V-C) Red topper tube Right Atrium Tricuspid Valve Provides nutrients, oxygen, chemical substances and waist removal Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery - and lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Bicusped Valve Left Ventricle Aorta 18. ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) 2. 3. 4. 5. Analyses arterial blood for oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate content in addition to blood PH; * used to determine the effectiveness or respiration stem cells in the bone marrow Universal precautions 19. All blood cells originate from All specimens should be handled with caution, as if they were contaminated with a blood bourne pathogen. an embolism is Any object that can harbor infections agents and/or transmit infection. Aortic valve Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) sample must be run within Arterial blood is used to determine Aseptic 20. 6. 7. 4- then onto 5- and now out to the 6- back into the 7- then onto the 8- moves onto the 9- down to the 10- finally to your hot bod via the A group of test requested as one unit is called a: A Panel is A patient was rushed to the ER because of dehydration due to severe vomiting. The ER physician orders a test for STAT electrolytes. Which of the following tubes would the Phlebotomist use to do the collection? A Plug is 21. a clot that moves inside the vessel it...
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...Chapter 1 Nursing Images throughout History 1) The angle of mercy 2) The handmaiden 3) The battle-ax 4) The naughty nurse 5) The military image A. Nurses on the battlefield * Hospitalers – specialized soldiers who at the end of battle returned to the outposts to care for the sick and injured * Army nursing service – organize nurses and hospitals and coordinate supplies for the soldiers during the Civil War * Clara Barton a. Provided care in tents set up close to the fighting b. Did not discriminate c. Establishment of the American Red Cross * Harriet Tubman – helped slaves escape to freedom on the underground railroad * Walt Whitman – a poet * Louisa May Alcott – an author * Dorothea Dix – union’s superintendent of female nurses during the Civil War B. Nurses fighting diseases * Florence Nightingale d. Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and origins of disease e. Air, light, nutrition, and adequate ventilation and space assist the patient to recuperate * Lillian Wald & Mary Brewster f. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in NY to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants g. Improve health and prevent illness by promoting safe drinking water, adequate sewage facilities, and proper sanitation Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ...
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...(Provide reference listing using APA format) Reference List Criteria for Case Study I. Introduction – purpose of paper A. Significance B. Objectives II. Assessment a. Include date of admission; date of care; allergies; history b. Address and list analysis of Gordon’s Functional Patterns (list all 11). Integrate treatments, meds, nursing implications, and related assessments in paper. Includes nutritional analysis. III. Literature Review (at least three resources at least one professional journal) a. Disease Description b. Diagnostic Confirmation c. Signs & Symptoms (textbook vs. patient’s actual symptoms being experienced) d. Treatment and Rationale e. Disease Outcome Expectations f. Rehab needs g. Related to client situation IV. Nursing Plan of Care a. Problems Prioritized (list 3 diagnosis) b. Actual Diagnosis c. Potential Diagnosis d. Outcome e. Goals (short and long term) f. Actions/actual diagnosis g. Actions/potential diagnosis h. Rationales (resources documented) i. Evaluation/Revision V. Discharge Planning a. Resources for coping b. Knowledge/Teaching c. Referrals/Continuing Care VI. Summary VII. Format a. Length of paper should be - between 15-20 pages typed b. APA format c. Cover page, reference page, etc… d. Grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc… Faculty Signature_______________________________________________ Date________________________________ Name__________________________ Semester______________________ |Criteria...
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...copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. www.mhhe.com Contents PREFACE V An Overview vi Instructional Approaches viii Correlation of Textbook Chapters and Laboratory Exercises ix Suggested Time Schedule xi Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology Exercise 1 Scientific Method and Measurements 1 Exercise 2 Body Organization and Terminology 2 Exercise 3 Care and Use of the Compound Microscope 5 Cells Exercise 4 Cell Structure and Function 6 Exercise 5 Movements Through Cell Membranes 8 Exercise 6 The Cell Cycle 10 Tissues Exercise 7 Epithelial Tissues 11 Exercise 8 Connective Tissues 12 Exercise 9 Muscle and Nervous Tissues 13...
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...Diarrhea / ORT DEFINITION | SIGNS/SYMPTOMS | Most commonly due to acute infectious diarrhea (gastroenteritis) from a variety of causative organismsAntibiotics are a common cause of acute diarrhea! | Acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines caused by viruses, bacteria or their toxins or parasitesPresents commonly with diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting.CommunicabilityOften fecal-oral route (especially viruses)Food poisoning (especially bacteria)Day care centers, crowded living conditions, poor sanitation and cleanliness | DIAGNOSTIC TESTS | MAIN TREATMENT | Stool gram stain and culture (if bloody stools)Stool for Ova & Parasites (if hx suggestive)CBC – assess for anemia/infectionUrinalysis and urine culture (r/o UTI)Electrolytes | Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is one of the major worldwide health advances of the last decade:Safer, less painful, and less costly than IV rehydrationOral rehydration solution enhances and promotes reabsorption of H2O and NaReduces vomiting, diarrhea, and duration of illnessORT GuidelinesDiarrhea w/o dehydrationMild dehydrationMod dehydrationSevere dehydrationReplacing ongoing losses | MAJOR TEACHING POINTS | NURSING CONSIDERATIONS | Teach parents at well childcare visits in first yearKeep 24 hour supply of ORT in homeBegin with first sign of diarrheaReplace with ½ cup ORT for each diarrheal stoolSeek medical attention prn signs or dehydrationAfter re-hydration resume breast/formula feeding or normal diet...
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...RTT1 Organizational Systems Task 2 The purpose of this paper is to analyze the unfortunate sentinel event of Mr. B, a sixty-seven-year-old patient presenting with severe left leg pain at the emergency room. A root cause analysis is necessary to investigate the causative factors that led to the sentinel event. The errors or hazards in care in the Mr. B scenario will be identified. Change theory will be utilized to develop an appropriate improvement plan to decrease the likelihood of a reoccurrence of the outcome of the Mr. B scenario. A Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) will be used to project the likelihood that the suggested improvement plan would not fail. Lastly, key roles nurses would play in improving the quality of care in the Mr. B scenario will be discussed. A. Root Cause Analysis A root cause analysis (RCA) is “a process for identifying the basic or causal factors that underlie variation in performance, including the occurrence or possible occurrence of a sentinel event” (Cherry & Jacob, 2011, p. 442). The participants during the root cause analysis would be the emergency room physician (Dr. T.), the Mr. B’s LPN and RN (Nurse J) during the time of the sentinel event, the emergency room nurse manager, and the chief nursing officer (CNO) of the hospital. These members would meet in a root cause analysis meeting to discuss the causative factors that created Mr. B’s sentinel event. The first step in a root cause analysis on the sentinel event that caused...
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 59 (2007) 105–114 www.elsevier.de/etp Comparative ultrastructural analyses of platelets and fibrin networks using the murine model of asthma E. PretoriusÃ, O.E. Ekpo, E. Smit Department of Anatomy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, BMW Building, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa Received 10 October 2006; accepted 13 February 2007 Abstract The murine Balb/c asthma model has been used successfully for a number of in vivo immunological applications and for testing novel therapeutics, and it is a reliable, clinically relevant facsimile of the human disease. Here we investigate whether this model can be used to study other components of the human body, e.g. ultrastrucure. In particular, we investigate the effect of the phytomedicine Euphorbia hirta (used to treat asthma), on the ultrastructure of fibrin as well as platelets, cellular structures that both play an important role in the coagulation process. Hydrocortisone is used as positive control. Ultrastructure of the fibrin networks and platelets of control mice were compared to mice that were asthmatic, treated with two concentrations of hydrocortisone and one concentration of the plant material. Results indicate control mice possess major, thick fibers and minor thin fibers as well as tight round platelet aggregates with typical pseudopodia formation. Minor fibers of asthmatic mice have a netlike appearance covering...
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