...from other groups based on abstract or actual physical qualities. A stereotype is a prejudiced view regarding a community. Racial profiling is a consequence of the stereotyping of a racialized people. This paper examines race profiling in Canada. Furthermore, it discusses how race profiling is evident in the process of “Carding” by law enforcement authorities. Racial profiling is the suspicion of certain individuals of law breaking due to a person’s faith, background, race, or nationality. It originates from racialization of ethnic groups since it occurs because of the stereotyping of racialized people by law enforcement officials. An instance of racial profiling is the halting of drivers for inconsequential traffic infringements based on race. In (http://torontolife.com/city/life/skin-im-ive-interrogated-police-50-times-im-black/) the police pursue the author’s father and eventually stop him just because the author’s cousin threw out a piece of Kleenex through the car window. The implications of racial profiling include sidelining of certain racial groups; hostility towards members of specific races; increased surveillance of distinct communities by the police and leads to the police losing faith and reliability from the citizens they serve. The first effect of racial profiling is the marginalization of communities that are more prone to race profiling....
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...Criminal Justice The literature on criminal profiling has risen to a considerable volume. It includes not only a high number of true criminals but also many scholars’ articles and texts. In light of this, the paper will be on the history of profiling, with specific analysis of inductive and deductive profiling. History of Profiling Offender profiling also referred to as criminal profiling, offender analysis psychological profiling or simply profiling is an investigative exercise that was initially established to provide behavioral counsel to the police investigations. Likewise, people have projected many definitions of what essentially institutes a profile, and what the objectives of this advice should be. Petherick (2009) says it is an educated endeavor to provide investigation organizations with particular information on who is alleged to have executed a criminal offense. Nevertheless, whereas many variation exists about content and...
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...Date: April 16, 2013 Time: 8:35 am Homework #5 1. The End Racial Profiling Act of 2004, among other things, says: In the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, many Arabs, Muslims, Central and South Asians, and Sikhs, as well as other immigrants and Americans of foreign descent, were treated with generalized suspicion and subjected to searches and seizures based upon religion and national origin, without trustworthy information linking specific individuals to criminal conduct. Such profiling has failed to produce tangible benefits, yet has created a fear and mistrust of law enforcement agencies in these communities. The purposes of this Act is to enforce the constitutional right to equal protection of the laws, pursuant to the Fifth Amendment and section 5 of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States; to enforce the constitutional right to protection against unreasonable searches and seizures, pursuant to the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States; and to enforce the constitutional right to interstate travel, pursuant to section 2 of article IV of the Constitution of the United States. My feelings on the End Racial Profiling Act of 2004 are based on my own personal observations of the world around me since September 11th. Numerous events in the news and television have demonstrated that African Americans and Hispanics are stopped in traffic and searched far in excess of their share of the population...
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...College. http://pages.emerson.edu/organizations/fas/latent_image/issues/1996-04/arabs.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 4. 100 Years of anti-Arab and anti-Muslim stereotyping by Mazin B. Qumsiyeh 5. Why Hollywood Owes Me Money by Laila Lalami 6. Khalil, Ashraf (4 October 2007). "But can you play a terrorist?". http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/04/entertainment/et-arabactors4. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 7. The Portrayal of Arabs in American Media 8. Patrick Harrington interviews, Jack Shaheen, author of Reel Bad Arabs 9. Driving to Zigzigland – Official site. Retrieved Oct 2012. 10. War on terror drives Arab actor to "Zigzigland" Reuters, 14 Dec 2006. Retrieved 2 Oct 2012. 11. "Terror Probe Changes Face of Racial Profiling Debate". FOX News. 1 October 2001. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,35521,00.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 12. "Official: 15 of 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were Saudi". USA Today. 6 February 2002. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/02/06/saudi.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 13. MacFarquhar, Neil (1 June 2006). "Terror Fears Hamper U.S. Muslims' Travel". The New York Times....
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...College. http://pages.emerson.edu/organizations/fas/latent_image/issues/1996-04/arabs.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 4. 100 Years of anti-Arab and anti-Muslim stereotyping by Mazin B. Qumsiyeh 5. Why Hollywood Owes Me Money by Laila Lalami 6. Khalil, Ashraf (4 October 2007). "But can you play a terrorist?". http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/04/entertainment/et-arabactors4. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 7. The Portrayal of Arabs in American Media 8. Patrick Harrington interviews, Jack Shaheen, author of Reel Bad Arabs 9. Driving to Zigzigland – Official site. Retrieved Oct 2012. 10. War on terror drives Arab actor to "Zigzigland" Reuters, 14 Dec 2006. Retrieved 2 Oct 2012. 11. "Terror Probe Changes Face of Racial Profiling Debate". FOX News. 1 October 2001. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,35521,00.html. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 12. "Official: 15 of 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were Saudi". USA Today. 6 February 2002. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2002/02/06/saudi.htm. Retrieved 17 May 2012. 13. MacFarquhar, Neil (1 June 2006). "Terror Fears Hamper U.S. Muslims' Travel". The New York Times....
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...are required to carry immigration papers, green cards, at all times. But natural born U.S. citizens are not required to carry papers proving citizenship. local police departments deny having policies that encourage the harassment of immigrants, but these attacks show how law-enforcement policies are not entirely respected by the officers. The enforcement program, Secure Communities, is sometimes considered a useless tool in bringing out dangerous foreign criminals, also gives full power to criminals and gives them power to commit abuse against our community. It also endangers any legal American who may be a victim of a crime witnessed by an immigrant/refugee who is scared of reporting it for fear of deportation.The program promotes racial profiling of any person who would fit the stereotypical look of an immigrant. It also gives free reign to prejudiced agents to unleash their abuse. Roth Shoer Daniel. "Miami Herald" Police Brutality against immigrants. Wednesday, 07.04.12 www.MiamiHerald.com The author Joshua Lunsford, an...
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...Policing in the United States is very unique and very confusing to other countries. As of 1999, there is approximately twenty thousand police agency’s locally and state wide here in the United States. As for other nations such as Canada they have 461, India has 22, Australia has 8, and England 43. However, in the United States these agencies are have overlapping jurisdictions, are loosely connected and have different levels of government. This consist of small towns, large cities, county, state township’s, and the federal departments as well. Mostly the major part of these departments handle routine duty’s such as patrolling, investigations of crime and murder, and responding to citizens’ complaints. Small departments employ fewer than 25 full time officers which equates to 81 percent or 11,015, then you have departments that employ approximately 5 full time officers which is 7.5 percent or roughly 1, 022, and the remaining rely heavily on part time or reserve officer’s. Then you have specialty departments that consist of airports, parks, agencies that enforce firearms, alcohol, and game or wildlife. Furthermore, you do have certain departments don’t fit into some of these categories such as county law enforcement (Sheriff). County law enforcement in some states only provide court house security, operate the county jails, serve papers for the courts, and assist other departments when called upon. Due to the different sizes and functions of these departments, it is to establish...
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...The Global War on Terrorism This was begun after the September 11th attacks on Washington and New York. For the last nine years the worlds has been in a constant state of vigilance for acts of terrorism. This is truly a global war in that the participants are from around the globe. There are many participants such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France and smaller countries that I would have never thought to have a large military force, such as Kenya, Australia and Lebanon. Each country has different reasons for joining. The general party line is to secure the freedom of all counties from further al-Qaeda attacks. Yet everyone has a different opinion of the necessary outcome. During an interview with the Daily Telegraph, General David Richards stated “a victory is unnecessary and would never be achieved.” They could be contained to the point that our lives and our children’s lives are led securely. The Chairman of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, Ambassador Apakan told the committee, “We should be as vigilant and resilient as ever and counter-terrorism should remain a priority for the international community”. The first President Bush stated “This Crusade – this war on terrorism – is gong to take a while and the American people must be patient”. A few days later during a speech to Congress he said “Our war on terror begins with al-Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped...
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...that framework to remain reasonable, the all inclusive community must make sure that at each period of the system, from the hidden examination of a crime to prosecution and teach individuals in like conditions are managed alike, enduring with the Constitution's sureties of equivalent treatment under the law. Our criminal laws, while facially unprejudiced, are actualized in a way that is enormously and unavoidably uneven. The injustices of the criminal equity framework undermine to render insignificant fifty years of hard-combat political freedoms advance. Of particular concern is the going with domains: Racial profiling and other law execution sharpen that single out minorities as objects of doubt solely on the start of the shade of their skin or clear ethnic inheritance. An administration cocaine condemning arrangement that gives a champion is among the most glaring signs of racial disparity in the criminal equity framework. The unreasonably severe treatment of minorities in the adolescent equity framework, a zone in which predominantly kept up varieties poses ominous outcomes for minority gatherings. The non-appearance of chances for prisoners returning the voting, cabin, direction, and occupation, which display, would massively decrease the rate of recommitting the crime among ex-prisoner after being released (Houston, 2008). Policy identification Social Reintegration Policy One of the standard goals of the United Nations in the scope of prison change is to add to the productive...
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...influenced by different cultures, which are said to have caused the inconsistency within the criminal justice system. If we are placing the importance of judicial discretion on a full spectrum, the concepts of intuitive synthesis with high importance, and mandatory sentencing marked with least, will possess their positions at each end of the spectrum, respectively. In the past few decades, there has been an increasing number of mandatory sentencing offences enacted by the legislature, and guideline judgements handed down by Court of Criminal Appeal, which may have limited judicial discretion and pushed away the judicature from intuitive synthesis. But where are we standing currently and what are the impacts of this change? In other states of Australia and many other common law countries across the world, particularly in the United States, are known as the ‘home for mandatory and grid sentences’. This essay will be looking at the developments and various implications of limiting judicial discretions, cross-examining and comparing with other criminal jurisdictions, and conclude that the concept of intuitive synthesis is still grossly present within New South Wales (NSW) criminal justice system. What were the changes? a) Guideline judgements During the period coming to the end of 20th Century, the Court of Criminal Appeal has handed down a number of decisions, known as guideline judgements. The purpose of these judgements is to create a more structured decision-making sentencing process...
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...The United States Constitution duly noted as the “Supreme Law of the Land” is probably regarded as one the most, if not the most important documents ever established. It laid the ground work for the future of this nation and through its influential power, has allowed this country to progress. The constitution was drafted in September 17, 1787 and enacted in March 4, 1789. Being over 200 years old, the Constitution has underwent 17 amendments. The first ten amendments are the Bill of Rights, with a 17 amendments making for a total of 27 amendments. These changes were due to the shifts of view and values of our society. Although the founders of the constitution could not foretell the future of our country, there was sense of understanding that the constitution was a much needed piece legislation to create a balance within the law. As we noted above, the constitution has evolved and will continue evolve over time. Jack Goldsmith, author of The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush and Administration and Robert Dahl, author of How Democratic is the American Constitution?, both have a working knowledge of the constitution, but in their various writings, have indicated that the constitution is not so democratic as it was intended to be. The Constitution should be respected by all individuals, and its administration and interpretation should be fair and just. Jack Goldsmith served as legal adviser to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense for the Bush administration...
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...Author Bio Gemma Halliday is a teaching assistant in the School of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration at Western Illinois University, where she has commenced study on a Master of Science in Kinesiology and exercise science. She holds a Bachelor of Social Science (Criminology) from Bond University Australia, where she was awarded undergraduate outstanding academic achievement. She is a recent graduate of Western Illinois University with a Master of Arts in Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, and was made a member of both Phi Kappa Phi and Golden Key International Honor Societies. Ms. Halliday has worked with and studied criminal justice issues in Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Her current research interests include transnational sex and drug trafficking, and police fitness testing and standards. LEJA 518 - Issues paper: Police discretion. Gemma L. Halliday Western Illinois University “Enforcing the law without fear or favor” (Goldstein, 1963, p. 141). The very nature of police work is extremely complex in today’s society. Police officers play an important role comprising of many different tasks concerning; actually enforcing the criminal law, performing order maintenance and other miscellaneous services. It is through these duties and services that police are constantly intersecting and interacting with the community on a daily basis. Thus,...
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...Culture and Globalization Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 GLOBALIZATION VS. LOCAL CULTURES .................................................................................................................................... 3 THE INFLUENCE OF U.S. CORPORATIONS ON LOCAL MORES ................................................................................................... 3 THE DOMINANCE OF THE AMERICAN MARKET .......................................................................................................................... 4 THE INTEGRATION OF CULTURES ............................................................................................................................................ 6 REAFFIRMATION OF LOCAL CULTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 6 A CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS?.................................................................................................................................................. 7 CULTURAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ....................................................
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...were reflected in the organizations of which she was Patron or President. These included the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London and the Royal Marsden Hospital, which specializes in the treatment of cancer. Her patronages also included Centrepoint, an organization working with the homeless, The National Aids Trust and The Leprosy Mission. The Princess's love of the arts was underlined by her involvement as Patron of the English National Ballet. During her lifetime she was at some time patron of an additional 100 charities. She made many visits to North America, visiting hospices, schools, charities and fundraising galas, and touched the lives of many wherever she went. Other major overseas visits included Angola, Australia, Bosnia, Egypt, India, Pakistan, and many European countries. The Princess spoke out on a wide range of issues and used her high profile to raise awareness as...
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