...The Ignominy of Schizophrenia Al Borbs Understanding schizophrenia may be difficult because of the stigma it conveys to people connected to someone who has the disease, while those afflicted are targets of social prejudice. For those people who believe that the source is based on genetics, like a mother to child transmission, the mark of reproach may be even greater. For some strongly believe that this is caused by genetic factors while some argue that certain neurotransmitters have interplayed with some brain chemicals during the brain development like- a biological effect. There may be studies to identify this problem, but there is no true explanation as to the etiology of how this disease came about, so as to bewilder scientists and psychologists alike. One writing released mentions that this disease has garnered more than fifty thousand journals so far. Having worked in a geriatric-psych unit of our hospital for three years, I was amazed at how serious this illness really is. I began to consider that the people with this disease need a lifetime of attention. These patients, as I have learned, do not believe that they are sick, but they do self-medicate and that is the reason why they become addicted to other drugs. Although most of these patients are not violent, it is the effects of certain drugs that could make them commit heinous crimes and unforgivable acts of violence. Most of these...
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...The aim of this literature review is to explore factors that will determine whether race increases the frequency in diagnosis of schizophrenia or not and will look at factors that influence the diagnostic procedures. It will firstly provide the rationale of undertaking literature review. 1.2 Rationale The researcher’s interest in the topic is personal as a person from Black African background and from her observations during clinical placements. The researcher observed that a high proportion of Black services users had diagnosis of schizophrenia. A day spent on PICU ward made her realise that indeed there was indeed an over presentation of black service users especially males. From the previous numerous studies about the disparities in mental...
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...own work. 5. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment, or part of it, is wrong, and declare that this assignment is my own work. NAME: Lauren Otto DATE: 17/06/2015 MODULE CODE: PYC4802 ASSIGNMENT: Assignment 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE: LIVING POSITIVELY WITH A SCHIZOPHRENIA DIAGNOSIS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 5 3 POSITIVE SYMPTOMS 5 3.1 Delusions 5 3.2 Hallucinations 6 3.3 Disorganised Speech 6 3.4 Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour 6 3 NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS 7 4.5 Flat affect 7 4.6 Avolition 7 4.7 Alogia 7 4 AETIOLOGY 8 5 SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND SELF HARM 13 6 COMORBIDITY 15 7 EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AND ACCESS TO TREATMENT 15 8 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION Burke (2012) defines Schizophrenia as “a severe psychotic illness characterised by an array of diverse symptoms including extreme oddities in perception, thinking, action, sense of self and the manner in which the self relates to others.” The term “Schizophrenia” or...
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...716 Index major depressive disorder, brain imaging studies, 70–71 malignant catatonia, 333 malingering, 530–531 ‘manic depressive insanity’, 45 manic states, 250, 253 abnormal beliefs and perceptions, 254 amphetamines and, 266 course and outcome, 274 delusional, 16 in HIV patients, 345 in ICD-10, 42 in old age aetiology, 369 clinical features, 370 treatment, 370 in old age, 369–370 mixed state with depression, 255 sensations in, 6 stroke and, 344 stupor in, 31 manic states, 15–17 Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 206, 338 Marijuana Anonymous, 239 marital status, and suicide, 454 masculinity drunkenness and, 428 sense of, 395 Massachusetts Male Aging Study, 402 Massachusetts Women’s Health Study (MWHS), 442 masturbation, 396 McNaughton Rules, 558 McNaughton, Daniel, 558 m-CPP 435 , MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; ‘ecstasy’), 328 medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer’s disease, 359 MRI for detecting, 75 medical conditions anxiety disorders in, 170 depression treatment, 521 detection of psychiatric illness, 483 feigned illness, 530–531 mental disorders due to, 327 anxiety disorders, 333 cannabis and psychosis, 330 catatonia, 332 cognitive disorders, 334 delusions, 329 depression and Parkinson’s disease, 332 general principles, 327 hallucinations, 328 mood disorders, 330 personality disorder, 333 psychotic disorder, 328 stimulant psychosis, 329 mental disorders due to, 326–335 relationship to affective change...
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...Unit 4222-619 Understand mental health problems (CMH 302) Outcome 1. Know the main forms of mental ill health 1 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is a classification of mental disorders which offers a common language and classification of mental disorders. It is used by the medical profession, researchers, pharmaceutical companies and health insurers. The fifth edition was published in 2013. DSM 4 divided each psychiatric diagnosis into five dimensions or axes, each one relating to different aspects of disorder or disability. AXIS I: Clinical Disorders (all mental disorders except Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation) Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation Axis III: General Medical Conditions (must be connected to a Mental Disorder) Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (for example limited social support network) Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (Psychological, social and job-related functions are evaluated on a continuum between mental health and extreme mental disorder) The fifth edition has simplified this classification into three sections rather than the multiaxial system, but there has been much criticism of the new edition with doubts been thrown as to its impartiality, resulting in a petition calling for an outside review of DSM 5. In Europe there is a tendency to favour the I.C.D. as a means of classifying mental illnesses. The...
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...It is estimated that around 1 in 100 people will develop schizophrenia at some point in their lives, of which approximately 3 million live in the United States. Shockingly, 2.1% of African-Americans receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, compared to 1.4% of whites. What accounts for this? Is it because African-Americans have a biological predisposition to schizophrenia? Is it because clinicians from majority groups either intentionally or unintentionally misdiagnose African-Americans due to their cultural differences? Or maybe it’s because of the fact that African-Americans have always been on average economically disadvantaged compared to whites. The reasons are most likely a combination of these factors, and others may exist. The idea of “racial schizophrenia” dates back to the 1960’s at the Ionia State Hospital for the criminally insane in Michigan, one of the nation’s most notorious insane asylums. During this time, the civil-rights movement was in full force. The author, Jonathan Metzl, researched the diagnosis of schizophrenia among many of the patients admitted to this hospital over the years. He also published a book about it called, The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease. He discovered in his findings that many African-Americans during this time were admitted for armed-robbery, and property destruction, and considered insane, ultimately leading to a diagnosis of schizophrenia. These short court sentences were eventually turned into a...
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...Anxiety, panic disorders, bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia racism?? Some consider racism as a mental illness. So what is racism? Racism is "...the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a person's social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics..." ("Anti-Defamation League", para. 1). I am unable to comprehend how one sees racism as a mental illness. In fact, further proving my argument, "The American Psychiatric Association (APA) does not list racism in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)..." (Martin, para. 5). Mental health concerns and racism have no correlation due to their differences. Thus, racism should not identify as a mental...
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...Jocelyn Byers Yogunda Cochran Ngozi Uwadiale Del Washington Group Movie Essay Misery The character selected from the movie was Annie Wilkes (Kathy Bates). Her Diagnoses according to Axis were as follows: Axis I: 295.70, Schizoaffective Disorder, Bipolar Type Axis II: 301.22, Schizotypal Personality Disorder Axis III: None Axis IV: No support system, problems with legal issues, no interpersonal relationships According to the behaviors exhibited by Annie the criteria associated with her diagnosis of Schizoaffective Disorder are: 1.An uninterrupted period of illness during which there is a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or a mixed episode, concurrent with symptoms that meet criterion A for schizophrenia 2. During the same period of illness, delusions or hallucinations persisting for over 2 weeks in the absence of prominent mood symptoms. 3. Symptoms meeting criteria for a mood episode are present for a substantial portion of the total duration the active and residual periods of the illness. 4. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a drug of abuse, a medication, or a general medical condition. 5. Bipolar subtype: if the disturbance includes a manic or a mixed episode (or a manic or a mixed episode and major depressive episodes) Annie’s obsession with Paul Sheldon indeed contributed to her initial behaviors of keeping him hostage at her home. The additional behaviors associated with schizoaffective disorders were introduced...
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...his wife and starts his second job. Nash’s second job is top-secret, -and involves a mission to figure out where different bombings around the world will take place. Nash becomes paranoid after he drops off one of his top-secret code-breakers and things go awry. Things take a turn when Nash is supposed to be giving a lecture and people who he thinks are Russian spies start to chase him. The audience learns that these “spies” are from a psychiatric ward, and that they have come to take Nash into their care. These top secret missions and numerous assignments that Nash has been working on are, in fact, the symptoms of his illness -a psychological disorder called schizophrenia. In actuality, the assignments are not based on reality and are instead products of Nash’s mind. The audience notices first sign of Nash’s schizophrenia at this point in the movie, - when Nash is talking to Charles at the ward but in reality, no one is present other than the psychiatrist. This is when Nash is faced with the harsh reality that the life he has been living is a lie. The audience has discovered that all of his top-secret missions are made up and that Charles, his best friend, does not even exist… except for in his mind. The movie highlights Nash’s struggles with the disorder and the ways it impacts his close...
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...Overview/Background: Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is a disorder that begins in early adulthood and if found more common in men than in women. PPD falls into a group known as “Cluster A” disorder which involve an erratic and odd way of thinking. People with PPD may also suffer from paranoia, leaving them with the feeling of distrust and suspicion of others; when there is no need to be suspicious. The exact cause of PPD is unknown but has the likelihood to be have a combination of both biological and psychological factors. The fact that PPD is more common with those who have close relatives with schizophrenia, this suggests there is a genetic link between the two disorders. It is also suspected that in early childhood experiences, physical and emotional trauma may play a role in the development of PPD. Symptoms of PPD: People with PPD are always on guard, believe that others are trying to demean, harm, or threaten them. Even though these beliefs are generally unfounded, along with the habits of blame and distrust, may lead to interference with their ability to form close relationships. People with this disorder: Doubt the commitment, loyalty, or trustworthiness of others, believing that they are using or deceiving them. Are reluctant to confide in others or reveal personal information due to a fear that the information will be used against them Are unforgiving and hold grudges Are hypersensitive and take criticism poorly Read hidden meanings in the innocent remarks...
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...Dissociative Disorders An Overview The core concept of the Dissociative Disorders is a temporary disruption in the normally integrated functions of memory, identity, or consciousness, leading to amnesia, feelings of depersonalization, or multiple personalities in the same individual. For example, a person’s sense of identity changes along with their memories, feelings, and perceptions. They experience a loss in connections or parts of their identity are buried or compartmentalized. What Causes Dissociative Disorders? These disorders are controversial and their causes are not really known. Core Concepts A temporary disruption in the normally integrated functions of memory, identity, or consciousness, leading to amnesia, feelings of depersonalization, or multiple distinct personalities in the same individual. Key Definitions Anterograde amnesia – the inability to form new memories after the condition producing amnesia occurs. Dissociation – The splitting off of a group of mental processes from conscious awareness. Depersonalization – feeling detached from the self (as if watching ). Derealization – objects suddenly change dimensions, appearance, or location (i.e, one’s home becomes unfamiliar). Identity confusion – Unsure of own identity and who one is. Identity alteration – person’s behavior suggests they have assumed a new identity. Ego-dystonic – Thoughts, affect, and behavior elements of an individual’s personality that are...
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...The author of this work is currently employed as a community psychiatric nurse whose remit is to work with those clients with serious and enduring mental illness, the majority of whom have a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia and related psychosis. Over the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called ‘neurotic disorders’ but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its’ therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic and obsessional disorders. Treatments were aligned to the learning theories of Pavlov and Skinner,...
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...Confessional poetry emerged in the United States in the 1950’s. It was the first time a poet told his or her story through their poetry. It often explored ideas that were thought of as taboo in those times such as mental illness, sexuality, and suicide. Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton were two famous confessional poets. They both also suffered from mental illness which is often expressed in their poetry. Sylvia Plath’s “Lady Lazarus” and Anne Sexton’s “Her Kind” both use allusions and imagery to convey their emotions to the reader. In Sylvia Plath’s poem, there is an allusion in the title itself, “Lady Lazarus.” Lazarus refers to the biblical figure that was resurrected by Jesus Christ. It’s ironic that the speaker would choose a biblical reference when comparing it to her suicide attempt. Her ”resurrection” happened because she failed at taking her own life. Another allusion occurs at the end of the poem: “Out of the ash, I rise with my red hair, And I eat men like air.” She is referring to the phoenix found in Greek mythology. A phoenix is a long-lived bird that is frequently reborn. The speaker is obviously unhappy with life yet she uses allusions that represent a positive rebirth. The first lines of her poem state “I have done it again. One year in every ten I manage it—“ referring to the fact that she has attempted to commit suicide at least once per decade. “The second time I meant to last it out and not come back at all. I rocked shut as a seashell...
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...function in daily life. Many have tried to figure out the reasons for mental illnesses. All of these reasons have been looked at and thought of for thousands of years. The biological perspective views mental illness as a bodily process. Where as the psychological perspectives think the role of a person’s upbringing and environment are causes for mental illnesses. Researchers estimate that about 24 percent of people over eighteen in the United States suffer from some sort of common mental illness, such as depression and phobias. Studies have also shown that 2.6 percent of adults in the United States suffer from some sort of severe form of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, panic disorders, or bipolar disorders. Younger people also suffer from mental illnesses the same way that adults do. 14 to 20 percent of individuals under the age of eighteen suffer from a case of mental illness. Studies show that 9 to 13 percent of children between the ages of nine and seventeen suffer from a serious emotional disturbances, that disrupts the child’s daily life. Major depression is a severe disorder. Symptoms include withdraw from family and/or friends, weight loss, sleeping problems, frequent crying, fleeing helpless, delusions, and hallucinations. This disease is usually diagnosed during adolescence; parents may notice grades dropping, poor self-image, troubled social relations, and suicidal acts. This disease...
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...According to dictionary.com, alcoholism is the addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency. Alcoholism can affect a person physically and mentally. Alcoholism causes many physical consequences that are well known and easy to recognize. The psychological consequences are the ones people rarely talk about, they are hard to recognize, and most people do not even know about them; however, the psychological symptoms are the ones that lead alcoholics to keep drinking without realizing problems are being caused. These effects of alcohol allow people to continue to drink in order to self-medicate their symptoms, and vary depending on the person. The most common psychological effects that people undergo are depression, dysthymia, anxiety, personality changes, compulsive behavior, denial, and co-occurring disorders (“Mental”). Depression refers to a serious medical illness that affects one’s thoughts, feelings, behavior, mood and physical health. Depression is a life-long condition in which periods of wellness alternate with recurrences of illness. Depression can lead to feelings of sadness, poor concentration, lack of sleep (insomnia), fatigue, appetite disturbances, excessive guilt, and thoughts of suicide. These symptoms tend to increase over time. Five – eight percent of adults are affected by depression each year in the U.S, which means 25 million Americans will experience major depression just...
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