...NFC technology uses the following smart devices: • NFC – enabled mobile phone: NFC enabled mobile phones, which also are referred to as NFC mobiles, are the most important NFC devices. Currently, integration of NFC technology with mobile phones creates a big opportunity for the ease of use, acceptance and spread of NFC ecosystem. • NFC reader: An NFC reader is capable of data transfer with another NFC component. The most common example is the contactless point of sale (POS) terminal, which can perform contactless NFC-enabled payments when the NFC device is touched against the NFC reader. • NFC tag: An NFC tag is actually an RFID tag that 8. How Does The NFC Technology Work : NFC works in an intuitive way. The touching action is taken as the triggering condition for NFC communication. Two NFC devices immediately start their communication when they are touched. The NFC application is designed so that when the mobile or the device touches some other NFC component that contains the expected form of data, it boots up. Hence, the user does not need to interact with the mobile device anymore but just touches one appropriate NFC device, which may be an NFC tag, an NFC reader, or another NFC-enabled mobile phone, because the coupling occurs intuitively and immediately. When you consider ubiquitous computing requirements, this is a useful property of NFC communication. For each NFC communication session, the party who initiates the communication is called the initiator, whereas...
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...architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. 4. Simplex- is a simplex that is also a regular polytope. 5. Half-Duplex- system provides communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously). 6. Full- Duplex- system, or sometimes called double-duplex, allows communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to happen simultaneously. 7. Photodiode- is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. 8. Amplitude Modulation- is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. 9. Analog Transmission- is a transmission method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. 10. Digital Transmission- is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. 11. Sample Rate- defines the number of samples per unit of time (usually seconds) taken from a continuous signal to make a discrete signal. 12. Electromagnetic Wave- is a form of radiant energy, propagating through space via photon wave particles. 13. Refraction- is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its transmission...
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...works on a communication channel with a range approximately one decimeter. Operates on a ISM band of 1356 MHZ with data rates nearly up to 424 Kbps. NFC is mostly used on mobile devices, smart cards and electronic identification chips these NFC equipped devices are used on a security sensitive applications. For example; Electronic Ticketing, Payments, Access Control, identification. NFC enabled mobile phones can be a consumers electronic wallet with numerous advantages. NFC Technology: A standard NFC operates on a two modes of operations, active and passive. During the passive mode the user generates a radio frequency field (RF) to energize the target, in return the target responds by a load modulation scheme on the field that is generated by the user. In active mode both the user and target devices generate their own Radio frequency field. The user sends information on a radio frequency field and the target answers on another Radio frequency field. Near Field Communication Requirements: NFC technology generally...
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...TELEVISION NEWS media is one of the most important catalysts that has an invariably important role to play in shaping up public opinions, sentiments, and dogmas by promulgating accurate and desirable information and knowledge. Due to its vast intrusion in public life, it has the power of creating an enduring impact on society and culture of a region. Today, TV news channels in India are facing a qualitative crisis pertaining to disseminated content in the package of news. News is the source of gathering all the information needed to keep the people up to date with the latest trends and happenings. People now days get access to the news whenever they want. The main sources of tuning to the news include television, radio, newspapers, magazines and more of late the World Wide Web. Even the cellular services are not far behind as they keep people informed while one is away from the above mediums. Therefore, it is not necessary whether you CURRENT SCENARIO OF INDIAN NEWS CHANNELS Over 100 applications are pending with the information and broadcasting ministry for licence to start new TV channels. Currently, 454 Indian TV channels are on air, according to the list put up by the ministry on its website. Four months ago, the ministry had cleared 22 new TV channels. The additional requirements could include the financial viability of channels, a more rigorous background check of the profile of operators and their commitment to the welfare of employees, ministry sources said. The...
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...Business Strategy: Pandora created and provides an easily accessible Internet radio platform personalized to and by individual listeners. Launched in 2000, Pandora Media created a way for individuals to stream their favorite songs without purchasing them. With over 900,000 songs, Pandora takes the likes and dislikes of each individual consumer into account to make customized stations of exactly what they want to hear. Pandora is focused on Mobile Monetization which is a two prong approach. Digital Strategy and Radio Strategy are the two main areas of focus. The Digital strategy is focused on reaching its customers through the online and mobile devices where the Radio Strategy is trying to reach more consumers through the Interactive and Measureable Audio Products. Traditional broadcast radio currently stands at approximately $73 per 1,000 listener hours, where the mobile platform only stood at $20, which shows the most room for improvement. The mobile platform had increased by 50% since last year and is forecasted to continue to climb at a rapid rate. Close to 70% of all active listeners, now come from the mobile platform which shows transition of today’s society. Pandora has over 200 million registered users and more than 76 million active users. Pandora's major source of revenue are through advertisements it serves on its mobile and web platform. Currently Pandora serves less than one minute of audio ads per hour of listening. This guarantees greater consumer interaction...
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...Amor, John Anthony Y. Mr. Lopez BSIT-1A CRITIQUE PAPER Transmission Media is the physical path between transmitter and receiver. The transmission media that are used to convey information can be classified as guided or unguided. Guided media provide a physical path along which the signals are propagated; these include twisted pair, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Unguided media employ an antenna for transmitting through air, vacuum, or water. Bandwidth, transmission impairments, interference and number of receiver are just one of the design factors of transmission media, wherein in Bandwidth all other factors are remained constant. Transmission impairments, Impairments, such as attenuation, limit the distance. For guided media, twisted pair generally suffers more impairment than coaxial cable, which in turn suffers more than optical fiber. Interference from competing signals in overlapping frequency bands can distort or wipe out a signal. Number of receivers a guided medium can be used to construct a point-to- point link or a shared link with multiple attachments. Traditionally, twisted pair has been the workhorse for communications of all sorts. Twisted pair comes in two varieties: unshielded and shielded. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) is ordinary telephone wire. This is the least expensive of all the transmission media commonly used for local area networks...
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...involved, the word is often used in a plural form, as telecommunications. Early telecommunication technologies included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs. Other examples of pre-modern telecommunications include audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Electrical and electromagnetic telecommunication technologies include telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, communications satellites and the Internet. A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the 1900s with pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television). The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, to 471 petabytes in 1993, to 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and to 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person...
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...the print media.Although print media readership has declined in the last few decades, many Americans still read a newspaper every day or a newsmagazine on a regular basis. The influence of print media is therefore significant. Regular readers of print media tend to be more likely to be politically active. The print media is responsible for more reporting than other news sources. Many news reports on television, for example, are merely follow-up stories about news that first appeared in newspapers. The top American newspapers, such as theNew York Times, the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times, often set the agenda for many other media sources. The Newspaper of Record Because of its history of excellence and influence, the New York Times is sometimes called the newspaper of record: If a story is not in the Times, it is not important. In 2003, however, the newspaper suffered a major blow to its credibility when Times journalist Jayson Blair admitted that he had fabricated some of his stories. The Times has since made extensive efforts to prevent any similar scandals, but some readers have lost trust in the paper. Broadcast Media Broadcast media are news reports broadcast via radio and television. Television news...
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...transmitter, direct RF radio transmitter, IF, LO, I and Q, wireless base transceiver station, BTS, wireless base station, DAC, zero IF APPLICATION NOTE 5317 Implementing a Direct RF Transmitter for Wireless Communications By: Ajay Kuckreja, Principal Member Technical Staff, Product Definition May 16, 2012 Abstract: The application note summarizes the RF transmitter architectures of zero-IF, complex IF, high (real) IF, and direct RF before detailing the benefits of the direct RF transmitter for wireless applications, which have increased with the rise in smartphone and tablet computer use. As the application note shows, the superiority of a direct RF architecture with a high-performance DAC results in reduced component count and lower power dissipation while synthesizing very wideband signals. A similar version of this article appears on Wireless Design & Development, March 29, 2012. Introduction Wireless radio transmitters have evolved over the years from real IF (intermediate Click here for an overview of the wireless frequency) transmitters, to complex IF transmitters, to zero-IF transmitters. components used in a typical radio transceiver. However, there are still limitations associated with these commonly used architectures. A newer approach, a direct RF radio transmitter, can overcome the limitations of traditional transmitters. This article compares various radio transmitter architectures for wireless communications. The direct RF radio transmitter, enabled...
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...behind rural broadcasting programmes, we have to understand the meaning of a community radio and how it works. Community radio can be defined as a medium of communication that is owned, controlled and runned by the people in the community it is for the people, by the people and of the people. We must also understand the meaning of a radio broadcasting it means transmitting content to a particular area. In other words you give the people in the community what you think they need, and you can also go and find out what the people in the community needs. Always note that the main basic objective of rural broadcasting is to have nation development. You can use rural broadcasting programmes to develop Asong by getting a very active and energetic staffs of the rural broadcasts department to broadcast special programmes to the indigenes of Asong, such as the farmers, the fisherman and most especially the women in the community, this agents would ensure that these indigenes practice what they hear on the air, so as to get a desired result. The languages that would be used in these programmes must be in line with the Asong indigenes, they must be able to understand or decode the messages disseminated, so as to avoid a situation whereby the indigenes would have to wait for the person to help with the decoding process the person. As an important branch of rural broadcasting is creating rural radio forums, where people living in Asong would have the opportunity share...
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...occur. In your own words explain (use your own illustration if it can help) 1. What are the advantages to using radio frequencies as a medium for communications? a. It is a cheaper form of communication in a sense that it gets rid of all logistical requirements for wiring as radio waves travels through air. b. It is a more flexible means of communication as you can easily move transmitters and receivers around. c. Since communications no longer rely on wires, a person can communicate while on the move from point A to point B and doesn’t have to stay in a fixed location. d....
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...FCC Commercial Element 1 Question Pool (approved 25 June 2009) Subelement A – Rules & Regulations: 6 Key Topics, 6 Exam Questions Key Topic 1: Equipment Requirements 1-1A1 What is a requirement of all marine transmitting apparatus used aboard United States vessels? A. Only equipment that has been certified by the FCC for Part 80 operations is authorized. B. Equipment must be type-accepted by the U.S. Coast Guard for maritime mobile use. C. Certification is required by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). D. Programming of all maritime channels must be performed by a licensed Marine Radio Operator. 1-1A2 What transmitting equipment is authorized for use by a station in the maritime services? A. Transmitters that have been certified by the manufacturer for maritime use. B. Unless specifically excepted, only transmitters certified by the Federal Communications Commission for Part 80 operations. C. Equipment that has been inspected and approved by the U.S. Coast Guard. D. Transceivers and transmitters that meet all ITU specifications for use in maritime mobile service. 1-1A3 Small passenger vessels that sail 20 to 150 nautical miles from the nearest land must have what additional equipment? A. Inmarsat-B terminal. B. Inmarsat-C terminal. C. Aircraft Transceiver with 121.5 MHz. D. MF-HF SSB Transceiver. 1-1A4 What equipment is programmed to initiate transmission of distress alerts and calls to individual stations? A. NAVTEX. B. GPS. C. DSC controller...
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...The Indian Entertainment and Media Industry Unravelling the potential This report has been prepared on the basis of information obtained from key industry players, trade associations, government agencies, trade publications and various industry sources specifically mentioned in the report. While due care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in the report, no warranty, express or implied, is being made, or will be made, by FICCI or PricewaterhouseCoopers Pvt. Ltd., India (PwC), as regards the accuracy and adequacy of the information contained in the report. No responsibility is being accepted, or will be accepted, by FICCI or PwC, for any consequences, including loss of profits, that may arise as a result of errors or omissions in this report. This report is only intended to be a general guide and professional advice should be sought before taking any action on any matter. FICCI and PwC jointly hold all copyrights to this report, and no part thereof may be reproduced or replicated without prior explicit and written permission of both the parties. The Indian Entertainment and Media Industry Unravelling the potential March 2006 Foreword Welcome to the 2005 annual edition of the Indian Entertainment and Media (E&M) Industry Report. FICCI takes this opportunity to thank PricewaterhouseCoopers, our Knowledge Partners, for having devoted precious time and resources to prepare this report at our behest. The E&M industry is at an inflexion...
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...HUM/186 Jazmen Sears 2/16/2013 Some major developments in the evolution of mass media during the last century were print media which contained newspapers and magazines. Also broadcast media such as radio, video games, computers radios, high definition televisions, and film. Most importantly media convergence which is the merging of content through different media types allowed these sources to be available in many different outlets. Media convergence gave people the option to be more freely online or offline such as video games. One major development under media convergence was and still is books; books became available through many sources rather than just hard-copy. With books being the oldest form of media and the newest form of media, which is the internet; both merged resulting in media convergence. Internet emerged as a part of electronic media, resulting in one of the best dual impact source of communication. The twentieth century created an electronic phase which led to inventions and creations of cellular phones with more capability, computers with wireless detachments, and digital senders/scanners. All of these creations gave people the ability to connect to all ending sources though almost any electronic they chose. Following that was the digital era; which sparked a rapid growth towards the internet function. News anchors were no longer the only ones to obtain information as to what was occurring daily and constantly. Throughout U.S. history, evolving media...
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...Operation Guide NWZ-B152 / B153 / B152F / B153F ©2010 Sony Corporation 4-185-044-11(1) Table of Contents Home Menu Index Note Table of Contents Depending on the country/region in which you have purchased the player, some models may not be available. Browsing the Operation Guide To use the buttons in the Operation Guide Click the buttons located in the upper right of the pages of this manual to jump to “Table of Contents,” “About the Home Menu” or “Index.” Jumps to the table of contents Find what you are looking for from a list of topics in the manual. Home Menu Index Jumps to the Home menu list Find what you are looking for from a list of the option items in the player’s menu. Jumps to the index Find what you are looking for from a list of key words mentioned in the manual. Hint You can jump to the indicated page by clicking a page number in the table of contents or in the index. You can jump to the indicated page by clicking a page reference indication (e.g., p. 5) on each page. To search for a reference page by keyword, enter the keyword into the find text field on the Adobe Reader window. Operation procedures may differ, depending on your Adobe Reader version. To change the page layout The buttons on the Adobe Reader window enable you to select how pages are displayed. Text field to find text Continuous Pages are displayed as a continuous roll of pages, fitting the page width inside the window. When you scroll, the...
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