...UNIVERSITY OF GHANA DEPARTRMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH PROPOSAL BY SOLOMON AUBIN 10402316 THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLES ON WORK RELATED OUTCOMES. SUPERVISOR MRS. ANGELA A. GYASI-GYAMERAH Introduction Background of Study Work environments have become more complex and sophisticated in such a way that emphasizing on improving the human resource determines the success of the organization. Most organizations today face tremendous challenges from external environment, including an uncertain economy, continued globalization of markets, and rapidly advancing technology. Organizations are also facing major internal challenges, many of them resulting in restructuring, re-engineering and downsizing in the form of mergers and acquisition. With the increasing challenges resulting from internal and external environment, organizations can succeed by emphasizing on certain decisive factors that affect the work related outcomes of their employees (Kuchinke, 1999). Assessment of effective leadership styles in organizations has therefore become more critical for employees’ work related outcomes such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Earle, 1996). To run organizations smoothly, effectively and efficiently, the most valuable and indispensable factor organizations need is human resource (Mosadragh, 2003). Well-qualified and capable personnel are important in context of achieving goals and objectives of an organization. The success of an organization depends...
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...Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Ratings by Spanish Listed Firms Carmelo Reverte ABSTRACT. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether a number of firm and industry characteristics, as well as media exposure, are potential determinants of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure practices by Spanish listed firms. Empirical studies have shown that CSR disclosure activism varies across companies, industries, and time (Gray et al., Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 8(2), 47–77, 1995; Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 28(3/4), 327–356, 2001; Hackston and Milne, Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 9(1), 77–108, 1996; Cormier and Magnan, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting 1(2), 171–195, 2003; Cormier et al., European Accounting Review 14(1), 3–39, 2005), which is usually justified by reference to several theoretical constructs, such as the legitimacy, stakeholder, and agency theories. Our findings evidence that firms with higher CSR ratings present a statistically significant larger size and a higher media exposure, and belong to more environmentally sensitive industries, as compared to firms with lower CSR ratings. However, neither profitability nor leverage seem to explain differences in CSR disclosure practices between Spanish listed firms. The most influential variable for explaining firms’ variation in CSR ratings is media exposure, followed by size and industry. Therefore, it seems that the legitimacy theory, as captured...
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...Q1. What is the difference between a theory and a model? Leadership Theory is an explanation of some aspects of Leadership; it has practical value as it is used to better understand, predict and control successful Leadership. A Leadership Model is an example for emulation or use in a given situation. The Leadership Theory is the longer text that explains the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation. The Leadership Model is the short summary of the theory to be used when selecting the appropriate leadership style for a given situation. Q2. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? Leader, followers and situation. Q3. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? Contingency Leadership is important in the global economy of today. Global companies realize that successful leadership styles can vary greatly from place to place. In Europe and some other parts of the world, managers have more cultural than technical variables to deal with as they encounter diverse value systems and religious backgrounds among employees. Employees in some countries prefer domineering, seld0centered, autocratic leadership style. More companies are now looking for graduates with an international openness and flexibility who can master the complexity of the global economy. Cross-cultural leadership is highly in demand. Q4. What are the two contingency leadership theory leadership styles? Task oriented and...
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...favorable work attitudes and higher job performance. The article Using Social Exchange Theory to Distinguish Procedural from Interactional Justice differentiates the importance and role of procedural and interactional justice in the workplace. The authors’ state procedural justice is normally associated with the relationship between the employee and the organization while interactional justice is the relationship between the employee and immediate supervisor. The predictions of the authors were field tested on 107 employees and supervisors. The purpose of the study is to determine if procedural justice will be associated with attitudes toward organizational decision makers and if interactional justice will be associated with an employee’s immediate supervisor. The researchers believe the outcome of the study will confirm their hypothesis on what each justice is associated with. First, we need to understand the foundation of social exchange theory. According to Miles (2012) “the theory assumes that self-interested parties transact or exchange with self-interested others in order to accomplish outcomes that neither could achieve on his or her own.” People collaborate with other people to get the job done that they could not otherwise do on their own and the interaction of the relationship is fundamental to success. Working in exchange for money or excelling for a reward are basic examples of social exchange theory. There are more intrinsic motivators such as respect, status, knowledge...
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...WORKING PAPER Cultural Perceptions of Community Leadership and Participation in Health Improvement Efforts in Indonesia By J. Douglas Storey Linda C. Kenney Paper presented to the Intercultural/Development Communication and Health Communication Divisions of the International Communication Association 54th Annual Conference New Orleans, LA MAY 2004 The STARH (Sustaining Technical Achievements in Reproductive Health) Program is a fiveyear program funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development under Cooperative Agreement No. 497-A-00-00-00048-00, effective August 22, 2000. The program is implemented by Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs. Any part of this document may be reproduced or adapted to meet local needs without prior permission provided the material is made available free or at cost. Any commercial reproduction requires prior permission from STARH. Permission to reproduce materials, which cite a source other than STARH, must be obtained directly from the original source. The analysis and opinions expressed in this report are, unless otherwise stated, those of the authors, and are not necessarily endorsed by the STARH Program or any of its partners, or by USAID. This report is a STARH Working Paper. Working Papers are distributed to facilitate the use of data, create awareness of an issue, or to advice on a current policy issue. Working Papers are usually not finished products. Users are encouraged to check with STARH to see if the re...
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...of individual-level cultural values on social exchange relationships involving organizational justice and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) in Pakistani organizations Samina Quratulain* Abdul Karim Khan* CERGAM, Université Paul Cézanne Aix-Marseille-III, France ABSTRACT The relationships among employee’s work related variables, cultural variables and OCB are investigated in Pakistani work setting. Based on the review of literature it has been observed that perceived organizational justice (procedural, distributive & interactional justice) is an important antecedent of OCB. This study intends to extend the previous research by assessing the validity of social exchange theory within Pakistan where norms of reciprocity (social exchange ideology) may play a lesser role in social exchange relationships. The primary objective of the study will be to compare the influence of individual differences in values using Hofstede’s cultural value framework (collectivism-individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity-femininity, Power distance) as moderators of generally well established positive relationships between OCB & employee’s perception of organizational justice. The results will provide insights into the influences of employees value differences on relationships established in management literature. Keywords: Organizational citizenship behaviour; Individual-level cultural values; Perceived Organizational Justice, Social Exchange Relationships Authors are Doctoral candidates...
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...Utilitarianism According to the theory of Utilitarianism, the decision which will produce the best consequences would be broadcasting the prank call as the greatest amount of pleasure will be produced through this decision. The extent of the happiness will be the listeners of the radio station being entertained at the time the prank is broadcasted, which is a huge number of people (Low, 2013). Owners of the radio station will also be happy when the amount of listeners that tune into the radio channel at this particular time increased to listen to the prank calls made by the radio DJs. This extent of happiness will far exceed the extent of unhappiness caused by this prank call, which are only the nurses being pranked and/or the characters being imitated in the prank call. We can also take another feature for the calculation of the amount of happiness being generated, for example, the duration of happiness (Low, 2013). The duration of the unhappiness is longer than happiness because people who are unhappy tend to take a longer time to recover from that unhappiness. The happiness that the listeners have only will last during the few minutes of the broadcast or maybe a few minutes after as well. The total amount of happiness will still outweigh the total amount of unhappiness because the extent of happiness far exceeds and dominates the net amount of happiness. Therefore, it will be ethical to broadcast the prank call based on utilitarianism. * Kantian Ethics Based on Kantian Ethics,...
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...Running Head: LITERATURE REVIEW: HALO EFFECT 1 Literature Review: HALO EFFECT NO NAME GIVEN HERE Liberty University BUSI 600-B04 21 January 2013 LITERATURE REVIEW: HALO EFFECT Abstract 2 The term “Halo Effect” has several definitions. In conducting business research, it is important to understand which definition is to be used and apply that definition to the problem at hand. In this paper, we will attempt to define the correct version of the halo effect as it applies to this literature review. This paper will then look at the history of the halo effect in business and define how it is being used today. During the writing, examples and studies regarding the halo effect that have already been completed will also be reviewed to see if the halo effect can genuinely and repeatedly be used in business to increase profits or generate revenues. LITERATURE REVIEW: HALO EFFECT Literature Review: Halo Effect Introduction Definition When discussing and researching the term “Halo Effect” the various definitions of the 3 phrase must be reviewed. Once reviewed, the researcher then has the responsibility to determine which definition best fits their research question at hand in order to best formulate the research design and subsequent answer. One of the definitions of halo effect is from the textbook Business research methods by Donald Cooper. It is defined as “error caused when prior observations influence perceptions of current observations” (Cooper & Schindler...
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...Final Exam Social Psychology Professor Anderson-Woodard Alfreda Leonard June 17, 2011 Cognitive dissonance - was originally based on the concept of cognitive consistency, but is now more related to self-concept theory. When people do something that violates their view of themselves, this causes an uncomfortable state of dissonance that motivates a change in either attitudes or behavior. Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and actions.[2] Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and denying. It is one of the most influential and extensively studied theories in social psychology. Observational learning (social learning) - suggests that behavior can be acquired by observation and imitation of others, unlike traditional learning theories which require reinforcement or punishment for learning to occur. Self-perception theory - emphasizes that we observe ourselves in the same manner that we observe others, and draw conclusions about our likes and dislikes. Extrinsic self-perceptions can lead to the overjustification effect. Self-verification theory - focuses on people’s desire to be known and understood by others. The key assumption is that once people develop firmly held beliefs about themselves, they come to prefer that others see them as they...
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...Thessaloniki, October 31 s t , 2012 MA in Politics and Economics of Contemporary Eastern and South Eastern Europe Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies University of Macedonia Topic: “Foreign Direct Investment and Country Risk: What kind of Interaction?” Supervisor: Professor D. Kyrkilis Stavroula Samara stav_samara@windowslive.com Foreign Direct Investment and Country Risk Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………4 Foreign Direct Investment…………………………………………………………………………………………6 The Definition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 The Types………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 The Multinational Corporations………………………………………………………………………………..9 The Effects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11 The Final Remarks…………………………………………………………………………………………………..13 Country Risk……………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 The Definition………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 Various approaches of the literature on country risk (table)……………………………………17 The Historical Background………………………………………………………………………………………17 Country Risk Types and Measurements…………………………………………………………………..18 The Factors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22 Country Risk Assessment…………………………………………………………………………………………23 Risk Measures (table)………………………………………………………………………………………………25 The Methods…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27 How does Country Risk matter for FDI?................................
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...As organizations change and adapt to pressures in the external and internal environment, managers and employees are required to learn new competencies and skills. Ideally, new skill requirements should be identified and developed early in the change process in order to ensure that managers and employees are ready to face their new tasks and roles when the changes are implemented. However, despite good intentions at the top management level, employees and middle managers often report uncertainty and a lack of the necessary skills required to implement change. In this paper, we report from a qualitative study of two planned organizational change initiatives in the public sector. The changes involved new work tasks and managerial roles for a group of middle managers. Although the skill requirements appeared to be clear and formal training was initiated, a number of uncertain and ambiguous issues emerged among the change recipients. We examine the types of uncertainty and ambiguity that emerged and how change recipients attempted to handle these challenges. Our findings suggest that although necessary and important, formal training procedures are not adequate for resolving competence-related uncertainties and ambiguities during change. Instead, more informal and horizontal communication appears to successfully resolve ambiguities about new skill requirements during change. Keywords:training, organizational change, change recipient A MODERATED MEDIATION MODEL OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN...
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...International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2013, 3(9):1952-1961 International Journal of Asian Social Science Special Issue: International Conference on Teaching and Learning in Education, 2013 journal homepage: http://www.aessweb.com/journal-detail.php?id=5007 INNOVATIONS IN ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AUDIT (APA) TO EMPOWER TEACHING & LEARNING: THE UNITEN EXPERIENCE Zainal Ariffin Ahmad Graduate Business School, College of Graduate Studies, UNITEN, Kajang Malaysia Norsalwati Binti Mohd Razalli Quality Management Centre,UNITEN, Kajang Malaysia ABSTRACT Institutional audit is an integral part of the quality assurance process in the Malaysian higher education to determine whether the institution is achieving its mission and goals, to identify strengths and areas of concern, and to enhance quality. One form of institutional audit is the periodic academic performance audit to determine the continuation or maintenance of programme accreditation status. In 2011, UNITEN conducted an institutional audit (Academic Performance Audit) exercise to prepare for SETARA 2012 or the Rating System for Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia. UNITEN was conferred SETARA Tier 5 - Excellent in 2012 compared to Tier 4 in 2009. Based on action science approach, this paper discusses the lessons learned during the Academic Performance Audit (APA) conducted in 2011 and how they empowered the teachinglearning environment at UNITEN. It will also highlight the three innovations introduced...
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...education [pic] Figure 1. A Model of Consumer Behavior Personal Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior A. Cultural factors 1. Culture – is the most basic determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. It comprises the basic values, perceptions, wants and behaviors that a person learns continuously in a society. 2. Subcultures – are groups of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations. 3. Social classes – are relatively permanent and ordered divisions in a society whose members share similar values, interests, and behaviors. B. Social factors 1. Reference groups – serve as direct (face-to-face) or direct point of comparison or reference in the forming of a person’s attitude and behavior. 2. Family – family members have a strong influence on buyer behavior. 3. Role and status – a role consists of the activities that a person is expected to perform according to the persons around him or her. Each role carries a status reflecting the general esteem given to it by society. People often choose products that show their status in society. 4. Online social networks – are online communities where people...
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...What is Social Media http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Impacts_on_history_and_memory Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks.[1] Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange ofuserHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User-generated_content"-generated content."[2] Furthermore, social media depends on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content. It introduces substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities, and individuals Social media differentiates from traditional/industrial media in many aspects such as quality,[4] reach, frequency, usability, immediacy, and permanence.[5] There are many effects that stem from internet usage. According to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PC and mobile devices increased by 37 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 88 billion minutes in July 2011 Social media technologies take on many different forms including...
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...Report on Pragati Life Insurance Limited INTRODUCTION Background: This term project was prepared for fulfilling the requirement of EM-553 Strategic Human Resources Management course. The work started as assigned by the honorable Course Instructor. It took about one month to finish the project. Objectives: The objectives of the term project were: To understand the strategic planning and implementation process of Performance Appraisal at Pragati Life Insurance Ltd. and matching it with the theoretical concepts of the course 1. To identify the executive level and officer level strategies of Performance Appraisal Pragati Life Insurance Ltd. 2. To identify a problem in performance evaluation system and recommend strategies for the improvement, which will strengthen the company’s overall effectiveness for serving its objectives. Scope: The scope of the term project was limited to analyze the performance appraisal system at Pragati Life Insurance Ltd. and recommend restructuring measures for improvement of the system. Limitation: The limited time given for the term project was a major limitation. The company set the condition that they would not provide some confidential information. The lower level employees of the company were not available for interviews while doing the research. Methodology: Primarily interview of employees of Pragati Life Insurance Limited was conducted to know the system Secondary data was analyzed to gain further understanding of the performance...
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