...created an emotional bond that is similar/ equal to that of humans. This, then allows us to evaluate the second premise of the argument. A rational person can argue that the second premise is valid because their interactions make them a part of a community. To be treated like a person is all that it takes to be considered one. An example of this would be when dogs raise tiger cubs. The tiger cub has a valid reason to believe that he or she is a dog since he or she is being treated just like one and is accepted into that community. In conclusion, these are some of the reasons why Washoe-Delta and AL should be considered persons. On the other hand, there are also objections that can be made for the argument. An argument that goes against the belief that Washoe-Delta and AL are persons is the Argument from Definition. It comes to the conclusion that they are not persons and argues that they do not fit the primary sense of what being a person means. The primary meaning is the central or focal meaning of a word. Now that we have some background information, we can look at the...
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...reality testing, and moral judgement that results from in-group pressures” (Johnson & Weaver, 1992). Groups, such as the “The Manson Family”, tend to ignore alternatives and take unreasonable actions that degrade other groups. Manson and his followers, who have similar background’s, tend to be more vulnerable to groupthink especially when the group is protected from outside beliefs, and when there are no rules for decision making. Charles Manson and several of his followers were sentence to prison is 1969 for murder of eight people (Review In Brief, 1977). Manson was the leader of a group that some label as The Manson Family. He was said to have many followers in his group, some suggest close to one-hundred at one point who resided and often traveled together. Manson was the leader of what...
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...make faulty judgments. Groupthink occurs when a group make wrong decisions as the pressures of group lead to deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”. There are several symptoms of groupthink. The issues to be resolved for Enron are collective rationalization, stereotypes of out-group, illusion of invulnerability, deceit to increase shareholders’ investments and self-censorship. The causes of the case study are illusion of unanimity, self-appointed mindguards, complicated transactions, belief in inherent morality of the group and direct pressure in dissenters. The solutions to the case study are challenge the norms, discuss with trusted associates, forbid related-party transactions for the senior officers, monitor the power of CEO and assign the role of critical evaluator. When there are symptoms of groupthink, there must be solutions to prevent and solve. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose of the report 1.2 Company Background 2.0 SUMMARY OF THE CASE STUDY 3.0 GROUPTHINK 3.1 Definition of groupthink 3.2 Symptoms of Groupthink 3.2.1 Illusion of invulnerability 3.2.2 Collective Rationalization 3.2.3 Belief in inherent morality of group 3.2.4 Stereotypes out-group 3.2.5 Direct pressure on dissenters 3.2.6 Self-censorship 3.2.7 Illusion of unanimity 3.2.8 Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ 4.0 ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED 4.1 Collective...
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...Denial is simply refusing to acknowledge that an event has occurred. The person affected simply acts as if nothing has happened, behaving in ways that others may see as bizarre. In its full form, it is totally subconscious, and sufferers may be as mystified by the behavior of people around them as those people are by the behavior of the sufferers. It may also have a significant conscious element, where the sufferer is simply 'turning a blind eye' to an uncomfortable situation. Denial is a form of repression, where stressful thoughts are banned from memory. If I do not think about it, then I do not suffer the associated stress have to deal with it. However, people engaging in Denial can pay a high cost in terms of the psychic energy needed to maintain the denial state. Repression and Denial are two primary defense mechanisms which everybody uses. Children find denial easier, as with age, the ego matures and understands more about the "objective reality" it must operate within. Denial is one of Anna Freud's original defense mechanisms. Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the subconscious mind. Thus when things occur that we are unable to cope with now, we push them away, either planning to deal with them at another time or hoping that they will fade away on their own accord. The level of 'forgetting' in repression can vary from a temporary abolition of uncomfortable thoughts to a high level of amnesia, where events that caused...
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...In Neil Postman's novel, Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology, he describes a society where technology is deified and, in fact, becomes a source of rationalization in which it takes the place of humans. His basis for technological theology is attributed to whom he describes as the founder of scientism, namely the belief that empiricism or positivism grounded in pure scientific discovery would tell us all we need to know about the world excluding the need for metaphysics or religion. Science, in turn, accordingly became the new god and technology, a branch and product of science, become deified as its mirror image. Postman describes technopoly as a "totalitarian technocracy" - totalitarian in that it is worshipped as an authoritative, all-controlling voice that demands the "submission of all forms of cultural life to the sovereignty of technique and technology" (Postman, 52) - drawing on Ellul for credence. Ellul's ideas of technology were that technology was a category independent to human action that was autonomous, "self-determinative" and undirected in its growth and reducing human life to finding meaning in machines (Ellul,13). Thus Postman, elaborating on Ellul, saw technology (primarily, but not exclusively, in the shape of computer) striving for world domination and that technology has been for a long time the god of humans.Others whom Postman draws upon are Harold Innis' concept of "knowledge monopolies" that explains the ways in which technology usurps...
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...by Tanina Rostain. KPMG has used tax shelters as a form of tax evasion rather than tax avoidance. My goal in this paper is to discuss how the concept of Groupthink and Rationalization played a role in the partners decisions, point out when tax avoidance becomes tax evasion, Describe how CPA firms can provide high quality tax consulting for their clients without crossing the line into tax evasion, and Finally analyze why KPMG (as an organization) failed to prevent this scandal from occurring at their firm. First of all, when discussing concepts like "Groupthink" and "Rationalization" I prefer to start with a brief definition. "Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”(Irving). While " Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior"(Cherry). As we can see from these definitions, the tax partners in KPMG showed popular symptoms' of groupthink which are: * "Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks. * Collective rationalization – Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions. * Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions."(Irving) These symptoms...
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...educator have the power to impact my students and colleagues immensely. It is therefore imperative to implement a systematic, in-depth analysis of my ethical beliefs, thoughts, and conduct. The professional obligations of the educator require the educator to inspire students and guide them to possess the knowledge and skills necessary to discover “what is excellent and true” (Markie, 1994). This professional ethics statement affirms the role of the mind, body, soul, and community in ethics as well as the responsibility of educators to purposefully and consistently strive for portraying their ethical best in professional relationships and conduct. Keywords: ethics, utilitarianism, education, mind, body, soul Ethical Foundation Among the many facets that comprise the total human experience, ethical frameworks mold and shape the character and the conduct of each individual within both their personal and professional lives. Although there is a plethora of ethical frameworks existing within our contemporary society, each framework is unique and specific to the individual. Because all individuals exist in a state of perpetual development throughout their lifespan, crafting a professional ethics statement requires continuous and deep self-analysis and reflection. Upon conducting such deep self-analysis and reflecting on my beliefs...
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...People often ask questions like, “what should I do?” or “How should I act?” However, the fundamental questions that define ethics allow individuals to evaluate the moral principles behind the rationalization of their actions. Three forms of ethics come to mind and they are virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Each has differences, which distinguish one from the other, a point this paper will advocate to readers. In addition, this paper explains and addresses each theory in conjunction to ethics and morality, in addition to the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to each theory. Virtue Theory One of the principles reading into the virtue theory is excellence. Virtue theorizes that when living life, it aims to excelling in everything an individual does. When judging based on this theory, an individual bases their judgment on the exceedingly excellence of others actions. Boylan, 2009 states, “It takes the viewpoint that living your life you should try to cultivate excellence in all that you do and all that others do” (p. 133). In other words, virtue ethics aligns to the absolute good and emphasizes rationalization on the results of their actions that is likely to bring absolute good (Boylan, 2009, p. 62). A virtue theorist may ask what traits and dispositions enable them to act in a way that develops this potential. The answer is attitudes and dispositions that define an individual’s character that consist of traits...
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...Groupthink can lead to people making rather irrational decisions due to the belief that a group cannot be wrong (Janis, 1972). History has shown that some decisions made through groupthink have ended up being tragic. 12manage (2009) points out that some of the symptoms of groupthink are illusion of invulnerability, belief in inherent morality of the group, collective rationalization, out-group stereotypes, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, direct pressure on dissenters, and self appointed mind-guards. This symptoms can be solved through appointing a devil’s advocate; encouraging everyone in the group to be a critical assessor; avoiding stating one’s stance initially as the group leader; setting up independent factions; dividing the group...
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...With any faith our beliefs are strong and can be the foundation for how we live our lives. It can be difficult to express your religious beliefs to someone whose faith is different and try not to seem as if you are forcing your beliefs on to them. There are great differences between Christianity and Buddhism. Understanding why Buddhists believe in no soul, no life after death, and why there are no moral absolutes, so as not to raise any future issues, would be the best way to start of a relationship with someone of this religion. As to not offend their beliefs it would be best to probably avoid any activities that may have them question their beliefs because they believe that every decision determines your next place in life. Offering to teach them about your beliefs while learning from them about theirs is a good way to avoid offending either party It would be difficult to present any aspect of Christianity to a Buddhists because of the gap that is offered by the differences in our religions. Reincarnation is a touchy subject because it causes questions that many would not be willing to answer. Buddhists do not believe that there is the existence of a thing called soul but believe that everyone has lived more than one life. This borders on saying that as a human being we are not individual because we have lived many times. In Christianity the idea of this is preposterous because we believe that once our soul leaves our bodies it goes to Heaven or Hell not into the body of another...
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...This activity paper will discuss the importance of self-esteem and explore any discrepancies between the actual self and the ideal self. The theory of cognitive dissonance as it relates to the self-evaluation theory, self-affirmation theory and the realization trap will be covered while also defining the self-discrepancy theory. This paper will theoretically support the concept of the need for high individual self-esteem and how it may lead to irrational logic and individual actions that work against a person’s own best interest. It will conclude with the team position that individual competence may be inaccurate at times to maintain individual self-esteem. Individuals are motivated to maintain a sense of consistency among their beliefs...
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...Response Paper I. “Most theists do not come to believe in God as a result of reflecting on the proofs” (McCloskey, H. J., 1968). The “proofs,” as McCloskey calls them, do not play as big of a role in the Christian belief system as one would think. “Proofs may confirm a doubting theist in his belief” (McCloskey, H. J., 1968) but is does not typically sway someone devout in their beliefs. The most commonly accepted “proofs” are cosmological, teleological, and argument from design. If a theists does not accept these “proof” as evidence of a higher power and a belief of God then there is not much point in trying to change their minds. God is a subject that is mostly based in faith and faith is not a tangible thing that you can observe with your...
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...Chapter 4 Society I. Society. Society refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share culture. This chapter explores four important theoretical views explaining the nature of human societies, focusing on the work of Gerhard Lenski, Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim. II. Gerhard Lenski: Society and Technology. Gerhard Lenski (Nolan & Lenski, 2010) focuses on sociocultural evolution, the changes that occur as a society acquires new technology. According to Lenski, the more technological information a society has, the faster it changes. New technology sends ripples of change through a society’s entire way of life. Lenski’s work identifies five types of societies based on their level of technology. A. Hunting and gathering societies use simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation. Until about twelve thousand years ago, all humans were hunter-gatherers. At this level of sociocultural evolution, food production is relatively inefficient; groups are small, scattered, and usually nomadic. Society is built on kinship, and specialization is minimal, centered chiefly around age and gender. These societies are quite egalitarian and rarely wage war. B. Horticultural and pastoral societies employ a technology based on using hand tools to raise crops. In very fertile and also in arid regions, pastoralism, technology that supports the domestication of animals, develops instead of horticulture. In either case, these strategies encourage much larger societies to emerge...
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...Fast Food Nation: The McDonaldization of Society The term McDonaldization was introduced by George Ritzer. According to Ritzer (1996), the term described a sociological phenomenon that he noticed in society. When the concept of the McDonaldization was first introduced, it was viewed as a process of rationalization. Rationalization is viewed as a means of substituting consistent rules for traditional rules. The aspects of McDonaldization centers on the belief that any task presented can be rationalized. These concepts of Max Weber’s views on the structural change that occurs when humans interact and develop identities. This is compared to the principles of the fast food industry that dominates society. According to Larner and Spoonley (1995), the views of Weber’s analysis of society supports that notion that people will support traditional ways of thinking as an ends and means of viewing the world. When the fast food restaurant was first introduced, it was not seen as a traditional means of providing meals for families, but it has become a force that represents the process of rationalization when providing food for all families. Fast food restaurants have become huge in all American families. The fast food industry has grown faster than any other industry, to include the bookstores, childcare facilities, and toy stores. This process as viewed as the chain mentality. The chain mentality is when a concept or establishment becomes a force that comes to us. For example, fast food...
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...Self-Esteem over Logic and Beliefs Columbia College, Missouri Abstract Self-Esteem gives a person the right to value themselves. Our self-esteem sometimes overpowers our logic, and can lead us to act in ways that are not always our own. This paper examines how the following theories; Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Self- Evaluation Maintenance Theory, Self-Affirmation Theory, Rationalization Trap and Self-Discrepancy Theory impact a person's self-esteem decisions. Where people in different cases come to realize that the choices they have made overpower their superior perfect logic, they have to deal with the consequences that come along with the choices they have made. Self-Esteem over Logic and Beliefs According to Cherry (2010), “self-esteem is how a person values oneself”. It is a personality trait which comes from the inside of a person. It is all about what one believes about his/her looks, emotions, and behavior. It is an extremely essential need in a person so they can behave normally and be socially healthy. Self-esteem is intertwined with a person’s thoughts, and can also be called self-worth, self-respect or self-value. According to Kruger and Dunning (1999), “People often hold overly complimentary opinions of their abilities in many social and intellectual domains.” Many individuals end up doing things wrong without even realizing it, for the sake of a positive self-esteem. This paper will give examples of behavior that throw logic and common sense...
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