...regarding partition of 1947: A holistic approach incorporating an analysis of the State account to understand the political agendas, and deconstruction of Manto’s writings to comprehend the biases present in the literary arena. The history of the partition of India has been viewed, contemplated and constructed with a variety of perspectives, each differing according to a large number of variables. These variables include the time in which the perspective was formed and documented, the side of the border at which the writer resided, the views of the resultant states and how they portrayed these views, the personal experiences of the literary writers, and so on and so forth. With a vast number of variables, it becomes an impossible task to present an unbiased and accurate depiction of the historical events that occurred during this period. The sheer scale of the event was such that it encompassed people residing in an assortment of areas, with varying lifestyles, ethnicities, religions and socio-economic statuses. The exodus of people from both sides of the border was, and remains, incomprehensible. The breakout of violence in previously peaceful communities, the horrifying tales of tragedies of all parties involved and the politicized character of the event were of such multifaceted natures that a uniform historical account can not be formed. With this consideration, the literary writings provide a different insight, from a different perspective so as to study the partition with a...
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...------------------------------------------------- Reasons for Partition By the end of the 19th century, several nationalist movements had emerged in India. Indian nationalism had expanded as the result of British policies of education and the advances made by the British in India in the fields of transportation and communication. However, British insensitivity to and distance from the people of India and their customs created such disillusionment among Indians that the end of British rule became necessary and inevitable. While the Indian National Congress was calling for Britain to Quit India, in 1943 the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding the British Divide and Quit. There were several reasons for the birth of a separate Muslim homeland in the subcontinent, and all three parties — the British, the Congress and the Muslim League — were responsible. As colonizers, the British had followed a divide-and-rule policy in India. In the census they categorized people according to religion and viewed and treated them as separate from each other. The British based their knowledge of the people of India on religious texts and the intrinsic differences they found in them, instead of examining how people of different religions coexisted. They also were fearful of the potential threat from the Muslims, who were the former rulers of the subcontinent, ruling India for over 300 years under the Mughal Empire. To win them over to their side, the British helped establish the Mohammedan...
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...Question: 2. What are the key reasons for the continued hostility in Indo-Pak relations? What steps in your opinion can the two countries take to develop and sustain cordial relations in the twenty-first century? Introduction “Indo-Pak rivalry is the uncompromising struggle of two ways of life, two concepts of political organisation, two conflicting ideological foundations, two scales of values, and two spiritual attitudes that find themselves locked in deadly conflict, a conflict in which Kashmir has become both symbol and battleground, making the Indo-Pak rivalry an enduring one (Ashok 2012, 1)”. This essay will argue that the key reasons underlying the continued hostility in Indo-Pak relations are due to an antithetical idea of state identity. This essay will first outline the origins of the Indo-Pak conflict in order to give historical context to the conflict. It will be argued that the predisposing conditions for the conflict are a fundamental ideological difference in state construction which is closely linked to the second condition being the irredentist/anti-irredentist relationship between India and Pakistan. This essay will firstly consider the differences in state identity by outlining the fundamentals of Indo-Pak state construction with particular focus on why India and Pakistan feel their ideological existence is threatened by the other. Subsequently, the irredentist/anti-irredentist relationship will be outlined and considered in the context of the enduring...
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...THE INDO-PAKISTAN WARS The Great Britain had ruled over India for more than a century and had much influence over the nation. During that period, the people of India struggled to gain freedom from the British rule which later became a reality on August 15, 1947. When the British government decided to leave India to function as an independent nation, there were many issues arising concerning the future of the newly independent state. The Hindu and Muslim communities of India already had an existing tension between them and so the independence from the Great Britain only stirred a sense of separatism amongst the two communities. The Muslim people wanted a separate Islamic state for themselves because they believed that Muslims would always be in the minority if they were in India because of its larger Hindu population. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, the leaders of Indian National Congress did not want the Muslim community to form a separate state from India claiming that India was a secular state where all religion could live together under one nation. However, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the All-India Muslim League, was able to create an Islamic state for the Muslim people of India, also known as Pakistan today, through his negotiations and persistence before independence. Following the independence of India from the British rule and the partition of Pakistan from India, there have been three major wars fought between the two countries with continued tension going...
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...Indian-Pakistani confrontation from the partition of the British Indian Empire to these days. Over the Kashmir issue DATE: 06/JAN/2013 Introduction to the Indian-Pakistan conflict: Since 1946 the British began dynamically to negotiate a shift of authority, but this did not prove to be an easy affair, for as independence was established in August 1947 it was not to a single unitary state, but to two- India and Pakistan. The detachment of India occurred as Congress and the Muslim League had principally incompatible thoughts about how to represent a single successor state to British rule. Put plainly, The Muslim League preferred a weak political centre and the devolution of power to groups of provinces, which would permit the Muslim-majority areas a superior deal of self-government, while Congress sought the construction of a sturdy centralized state in order to become conscious on its social and economic goal. With neither side enthusiastic to compromise at the country on the brink of chaos. The easiest resolution was partition. The outcome was that the Muslim-majority areas of Baluchistan, Sind, the North-West Frontier, the western half of the Punjab and Eastern half of Bengal were amalgamated into the state of Pakistan underneath the premiership of the leader of the Muslim League. Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In the meantime India gained its independence under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the leader of the Congress party. In addition, it hastily added to its territorial...
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...How Rural-Urban Migration Contributes to the Development of a Megacity: A case from Bangladesh Abstract Like other developing countries, rural-urban migration is the prime reason of developing megacity in Bangladesh. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization as well. Dhaka, the only megacity in Bangladesh, became a megacity having more than 10 million of population in 2001. Dhaka is the center of attraction of this region since 7th century and the development phase of this megacity can be categorized into five- Pre-mughal period, Mughal period, British period, Pakistan period and independent Bangladesh period. Although rural-urban migration plays the crucial most role to turn Dhaka from a city to megacity, it was not very significant during the first three period. With the partition of subcontinent Dhaka became the capital of independent Bangladesh and huge numbers of migrants start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords: Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with...
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...recognised, this is in fact only the most recent chapter in a longer history. This paper offers an understanding of the part played by the Indian subcontinent role and its people in the making of the modern world. From the decline of the great empire of the Mughals and the rise of British hegemony, to the rise of nationalism, the coming of independence and partition, the consolidation of new nation states despite regional wars and conflicts, and the emergence of India as the largest democracy in the world, this paper is a comprehensive and analytical survey of the subcontinent's modern history. The dynamic and complex relationships between changing forms of political power and religious identities, economic transformations, and social and cultural change are studied in the period from 1757 to 2007. In normal circumstances students will be given 6 supervisions in groups of 1 or 2. Key themes and brief overview: The paper begins by examining the rise of British power in the context of economic developments indigenous to southern Asia; it analyses the role played by Indian polities and social groups in the expansion of the East India Company's activities. It tracks the emergence of modern intelligentsias and their definitions of what constituted proper religious, public and domestic behaviour. The paper places these changes in the context of the concurrent decline of Indian handicrafts and the impact of British revenue arrangements on rural society, and explores India's place in the...
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...Siraj-Ud-Daulah in lie of being the Nawab. Mir Jaffar himself, was betrayed by Mir Qasim later on. o Superiority over other colonial powers. The other colonial powers in India competing for the share of resources were France, Portugal, Denmark, and Holland. Of the 4, Denmark and Holland could never really be serious competitors to the British. The battle of Amboyna happened in 1623 and this left the Dutch in South East Asia while the British had South Asia. o Portugal focused primarily on the Western coast, Goa, parts of Kerala, Karnataka, and this left the British with vast swathes of unoccupied territory. o France as the major contender to Britian in the race for colonialism. The British Army was more well equipped, more professional, more disciplined compared to the French army, suffering from indiscipline and corruption. o Doctrine of Lapse. One of the most effective tactics, the British used to take over most of India. Instead of waging an all out war against some of the princely states, they signed a treaty with them, where in if the ruling king died without a heir, the East India company could take over that area. And that is how Satara became one of the first states to end up under British...
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...HISTORY SHOWS THAT DEVELOPMENT HAS STARTED EVERYWHERE WITH THE BANKING SYSTEM AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY IS HIGHEST IN THE INITIAL STAGE. MODERN BANKS PLAY AN IMPORTANT PART IN PROMOTING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF A COUNTRY. BANKS PROVIDE NECESSARY FUNDS FOR EXECUTING VARIOUS PROGRAMMERS UNDERWAY IN THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. THEY COLLECT SAVINGS OF LARGE MASSES OF PEOPLE SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, WHICH IN THE ABSENCE OF THE BANKS WOULD HAVE REMAINED IDEAL AND UNPRODUCTIVE. THESE SCATTERED AMOUNTS ARE COLLECTED, POOLED TOGETHER AND MADE AVAILABLE TO COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY FOR MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS. ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH IS IN THE GROUP OF WORLD’S MOST UNDERDEVELOPED ECONOMIES. ONE OF THE REASONS MAY BE ITS UNDERDEVELOPED BANKING SYSTEM. GOVERNMENT AS WELL AS DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE ALSO IDENTIFIED THAT UNDERDEVELOPED BANKING SYSTEM CAUSES SOME OBSTACLES TO THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. SO THEY HAVE HIGHLY RECOMMENDED FOR REFORMING FINANCIAL SECTOR. SINCE 1990, BANGLADESH GOVERNMENT HAS TAKEN A LOT OF FINANCIAL SECTOR MORE TRANSPARENT, AND FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATIONS OF THESE REFORM ACTIVITIES HAS ALSO BEEN PARTICIPATED BY DIFFERENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS LIKE WORLD BANK, IMF, ETC. IN 1996, WORLD BANK PUBLISHED ‘BANGLADESH: AGENDA FOR ACTION’ IN WHICH IT HAS SUGGESTED A LOT OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF OUR COUNTRY. THESE RECOMMENDATIONS INCLUDE SPECIAL PRESENTATION FOR REFORMING...
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...Political legacy of colonialism in India A lot of countries were experienced of political legacy of colonialism. This essay will focus on concept colonialism and its reasons. This notion could be defined in different ways. Colonialism is a situation of some territory which ruled by another country. Colonialism is a political-economic phenomenon whereby various European nations explored, conquered, settled, and exploited large areas of the world. Colonialism developed from imperialism, which can be reffered to as the highest stage of capitalism. In nineteenth century colonialism was motivated by a number of factors including a nation's desire for political and cultural domination and economic exploitation. One example of this period colonialism is Britain's colonization of India. Essay will explain the political legacy of colonialism based on British colonialism in India. In the long history of European colonialism, some colonists did better by their colonies that others. Many motivations pushed Europeans towards colonizing foreign lands. Primarily, nations established colonies to gain economic profits. In the early 1800's, the Industrial Revolution was beginning in such places as Great Britain, and new markets and raw materials were needed to uphold th enew industries. Nations depended on their colonies for raw materials to be used in their factories so that they could produce a growing number of manufactured goods. They then hoped to sell the manufactured goods to their...
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...Harappan 8. Legacy 9. Historical context and linguistic affiliation Introduction The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India (see map). Along with Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilizations of the Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and the Ghaggar-Hakra River, which once coursed through northwest India and eastern Pakistan. At its peak, the Indus Civilization may have had a population of over five million. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappan Civilization, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India, and now is Pakistan. The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards, Mohenjo-Daro, was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological...
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...TERRORISM Terrorism is just a word in English, but it is a hazard for mankind. India faces the problems of poverty, population, hunger and literacy. But spread of terrorism is the most frightening of all. Be it in the small countries like Ireland and Israel, or in the big ones life Russia and USA, terrorism has become the main challenge to most of the governments today. Terrorism has been described as ‘the use of international violence by group or individuals to achieve political goals’, by the experts in U.S.A. In simple words, it is the spread of terror. It has to be remembered that if destruction of people is taken by the behalf of an established government against another country, then it is known as war, not terrorism.Terrorism is more accurately defined as act(s) of violence by an organization directed towards civilians, rather than against the military done to achieve an objective.It consists of a series of act planned to spread pressure, panic and destruction in a population. Terrorists aim at achieving political power by overthrowing and destroying the democratic and lawful governments. They try to create disturbance and unstable conditions on a vast scale to achieve their own political ends. They are trained, inspired and financed by very powerful national and international vested interests. They receive deadly weapons and ammunition from these powers and create havoc. This ugly and dangerous socio-political phenomenon called terrorism knows no limits of land, time...
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...NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE CHINA-INDIA-PAKISTAN WATER CRISIS: PROSPECTS FOR INTERSTATE CONFLICT by James F. Brennan September 2008 Thesis Co-Advisors: Alice Lyman Miller Feroz Khan Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2008 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis: Prospects for 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Interstate Conflict 6. AUTHOR(S) James F. Brennan, Lieutenant, United States Navy 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY...
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...STALEMATE Abstract: In an era of globalization with regional states in Asia growing up to compete against the developed nations, regional powers trying to assert its regional influence over one another is raking up the old issues of control of water. These issues of controls over water had arises from its need to fulfill the growing demand of power shortages and its ambition of supply on upstream and downstream. This paper aims to study the reasons behind the reemergence of this water dispute which had previously had been put through cooperation or arbitration for sharing. Also it will analyze the problem of managing the river transboundary in the South East Asia. INTRODUCTION...
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... | |e | |Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts | | | The Kashmir conflict (Hindi: कश्मीर विवाद, Urdu: مسئلہ کشمیر) is a territorial disputebetween India and Pakistan over the Kashmir region, the northwesternmost region ofSouth Asia. India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and as of 2010, administers approximately 43% of the region, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley,Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India's claims are contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 37% of Kashmir, namely Azad Kashmir and the northern areas of Gilgit and Baltistan. India has officially stated that it believes that Kashmir is an integral part of India, though the Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, stated after the 2010 Kashmir Unrest that his government is willing to grant autonomy within the purview of Indian constitution to Kashmir if there is consensus on this issue.[1] Pakistan says that Kashmir is a disputed territory whose final status must be determined by the...
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