...History of Muslim Press in Sub-Continent – Part Four Continued from the previous part … Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was a great Muslim reformer, educationists and politician of the Sub-continent. After the revolt against the British, when the position of the Muslims in the Sub-continent was quite pathetic and Muslims were going through a social and financial crisis, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan came to the forefront and created awareness amongst Muslims about the importance of education and a lifestyle which was closer to the British. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made sure that the Muslims understood the importance of the modern education and science, so that they could compete with the Hindus and could claim their rights for the job opportunities and a better lifestyle. Sir Syed started Aligarh Movement, which had a motto of promoting education amongst the Muslims after the revolt of 1857. He fought against the Hindu conspiracies against Urdu. Risala-dar-Asbab-i-Bhagawati-i-Hind, Ahkam-i-Ta’am-i-Ahl-i-Kitab and Loyal Mohammadans of India were some of his best works. He started various schools and colleges where English language was taught with Urdu and Persian. He founded a Scientific Society where he started the periodical which was first called Scientific Society Papers and later, the Aligarh Institute Gazette. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan played a significant role in reshaping the public opinion amongst the Muslims. After 1857, Sir Syed had realized that it is very hard for Muslims to survive with the...
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...Rushdie is able to feature ciphers or metaphors for qualities, sins, behaviors, and specifically historical events which are materialised through character actions, appearances, and speech. The synchronized birth of Saleem Sinai and the nation of India, sets off a relation between the two, as the events that proceed are concurrent to both. Saleem’s encounters are magnified at a larger scale to re-enact post-colonial Indian history. Rushdie's allegory is not of the country as that might be imagined to subsist beyond the world of texts, but of the nation as already mediated by the pretext of national history. This is Indian history in its canonical form. Significant Indian historical events which shaped the nation’s cultural, political, and social position are all materialised, such as the violent process of secularization/partition, India’s genealogy, and the national emergency of 1975. To clearly understand the topical and historical references embedded in text, it is essential to be familiar with pre/post-colonial and post-partition history of the Indian sub-continent. The novel is in first-person past tense unreliable narration, as Saleem reflects upon the details of his life, in his account of the Free Islam Convocation opposed to the Muslim League and the Partition of India;...
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...aspects of British Colonialism in India and its influence on the Indian population . The British rule over India changed the course of history in India. The British came to India at the start of the seventeenth century. This was the time when the British East India Company was established in India to break the Dutch monopoly over spice trade. With time the East India Company increased its power and started to administer the country. However its policies were disliked by Indians and together they revolted against the company. This led to the downfall of the company and the administration of India went directly under the Queen. By 1800, the Mughals had been reduced by British Military power to its former greatness. During the next few decades, the British sought to the control over the Indian sub-continent, expanding from their base areas along the coast into the interior. Some territories were taken over directly, first by the East India Company and later by the British crown; others were ruled indirectly through their maharajas and rajas. Not all of the effects of the British rule were bad. British governance over the subcontinent brought order and stability to a society that had been rent by civil war. By the early nineteenth century, British control had been consolidated and led to a relatively honest and efficient government that in many respects operated to the benefit of the average Indian. One of the benefits of the period was the heightened attention...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, VOL. 12: 907±912 (1997) PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN ELDERLY FROM THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT LIVING IN BRADFORD KUMUD BHATNAGAR1Ã AND JUDITH FRANK2 1 Consultant Psychiatrist for Elderly, Bradford Community Health NHS Trust, UK 2 Senior Experimental Ocer, University of Bradford and Bradford Community Health NHS Trust, UK SUMMARY In our community study of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among elderly South Asian immigrants from the Indian sub-continent (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) living in Bradford (UK), we found depression in 20%, dementia in 4% and anxiety neurosis in 4%. Subjects were interviewed at their place of residence by a consultant psychiatrist familiar with their culture and language. The Hindi translation of the community version of the Geriatric Mental State schedule (GMS-A) was also administered. Psychiatrist's ICD-9 diagnosis was compared with GMS±AGECAT computerized diagnosis. We found low-level agreement in dementia cases (kappa 0.33) whereas the agreement in subjects with depression was high (kappa 0.81). In many subjects GMS-A made a diagnosis of dementia not diagnosed as cases by the psychiatrist, who had the bene®t of additional history information from carers in this population from a dierent culture and educational background. These ®ndings are discussed along with suggestions and present limitations of GMS-A in the diagnosis of dementia in cross-cultural research. Larger...
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...Analyse the reasons for the 1947 partition of the South Asian sub-continent into India and Pakistan. The partition of the South Asian sub-continent into India and Pakistan was one of the most crucial events in both countries histories. There was exceeding tensions in India between the two main political parties; the Indian National Congress, with predominantly Hindu based support and members and the Muslim League formed later as protest against the minority Muslim population and their overlooked rights. Violence and bloodshed between Hindu and Muslim population had become increasingly severe and forced the decision surrounding partition to be made quickly before it escalated any further. Furthermore, the British intention to leave India was a ticking clock forcing the two parties to come to a decision quickly rather than be granted independence only to be left in a civil war. However, the social and economic barriers between Muslims and Hindus also furthered the support for partition Tensions between the Muslim League and Congress led to the League’s increasing insecurity of being disadvantaged by having a single Indian nation dominated by Hindus and that their interests would not be accounted for. The Muslim League felt increasingly isolated which led them to push harder for the partition of India. Much of this sense of isolation was set about by the actions of Congress. For instance, in the 1937 elections the Congress won majorities in seven of eleven provinces in which...
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...geography in the development of Near Eastern civilizations * Identify the Hittites and Assyrians Indian Sub-Continent * Explain the role of climate and geography in the development of early Indian civilization * Recognize and identify key characteristics and features of Harappan and Vedic Aryan civilizations East Asia (China) * Explain the role of climate and geography on the emergence of civilization in East Asia * Identify and describe the key features of Shang and Zhou civilization The Americas * Explain the role of climate and geography in the development of civilization in the Americas * Focus on the Olmecs in Mesoamerica and Chavin de Huantar in the Andes Comparing the Four Great Revolutions * Identify and understand the main points of comparison and contrast between Chinese, Indian, Near Eastern, and Mediterranean philosophy and religion Philosophy in China * Identify and understand the key features and messages of Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism and recognize their shared origins and heritage Religion in India * Identify and understand the key features and messages of the Vedic texts, the Upanishadic sages, the Brahmanic tradition, and the Buddhist worldview, and recognize their shared origins and heritage The Religion of the Israelites * Explain the significance of the monotheistic revolution in world history...
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...the ice? or that huge volcanoes can be found here? Antarctica is the fifth largest of the Earth's seven continents. It is the coldest continent located at the southern end of Earth. Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. It's remote location and harsh climate of freezing weather and extreme winds makes it impossible for a permanent human population. The continent was circumnavigated by Captain James Cook in the 18th century, but he never saw it. In the early 20th century explorers were obsessed with reaching the South Pole and eventually it was Roald Amundsen who was the first to reach this point in 1911. History of Antarctica: Around 200 million years ago Antarctica was part of the super continent Gondwana. Joined with Australia, Africa, South America, India and New Zealand. Over time Gondwana began to break into pieces and slowly moved to their present positions. The word Antarctic comes from the Greek word 'Antarktos' meaning south of the bear or opposite north. Antarctica is the fifth largest of the Earth's seven continents. It has an area of nearly 14 million square kilometres. Antarctica was the last continent to be discovered. It was first sighted early in the 19th century, Scientific expeditions and seal hunters explored pieces of the Antarctic coast but had not made it to the South Pole until 1911. Contents: P1.Introduction P2.History of Antarctica P3-5.Early explorers timeline P6.Location P7-8.Geography and Geology P9.Climate P10-12...
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...UNDERSTANDING THE ARYANS A roadmap for students and beginners Burjor Avari (Manchester Metropolitan University) It is a known fact of history that the British curiosity and interest in Indian cultures increased phenomenally after the East India Company came to acquire a territorial hold on Bengal from the late 1750s onwards. Their paramountcy over India’s millions depended upon their thorough understanding of the cultures of the sub-continent which required a mastery in its languages.[i] The small circle of dedicated and assiduous students of India’s languages included Sir William Jones, the eminent jurist and polymath who resided in India between 1783 and 1794.[ii] After studying Sanskrit for just under three years he observed, in 1786, that Sanskrit, Greek and Latin and Old Persian had all descended from an original speech. His observation has proved correct; and, since his time, most learned philological opinion has accepted that, in terms of language classifications, the common source of these tongues was what is now called proto-Indo-European. Its geographical focus was presumed to be the area around the Caspian Sea. It is also generally accepted that the eastern branch of the Indo-European family of languages is known as the Indo-Iranian whose first speakers called themselves Aryans. Whether the Aryans, speaking some variety of Indo-European languages, invaded or migrated into Iran and India from their original trans-Caspian homeland or...
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...Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state. The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced two distinct cultures. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart. The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of...
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...The books on ayurvedic medicine such as Charaka Samhita and Susruta Samhita refer to the use of more than 700 herbs (Jain, 1968). Medicinal plants have been playing important role in modern world. The use of traditional medicines and medicinal plants in most developing countries as therapeutic agents for the maintenance of good health has been widely observed (UNESCO, 1996). In 2001, researchers identified 122 compounds used in modern medicine which were derived from traditional plant sources; 80% of these have had a traditional use identical or related to the current use of the active elements of the plant. Some of the pharmaceuticals currently available to physicians are derived from plants that have a long history of use as herbal remedies, including aspirin, digoxin, quinine, and...
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... Acknowledgement Content Introduction about the organization Management Team History Vision, mission and goals Business analysis Introduction about the organization Barista Lavazza is established in Jawalakhel, Lalitpur Nepal in June 20 20013.Frechising policy were made with the Barista Lavazza, India, in order to guarantee the best available quality and to maintain high standards. The café is run according to the standards maintained by the Barista Lavazza in India. Our management-team, constantly reinforce and evaluate these standards. Management Team G.M Achyut Parajuli Asst. G.M Deepa Karmocha H.R Manager Tenzin Samdup Account Manager Nutan Bhusal Duty Manager Sandhya Rai Sales and marketing Subhadra Dhakal History Established in February 2000, Barista Lavazza is noted as a pioneer of Indian café culture. The Barista Lavazza chain of espresso bars delivers a truly Italian coffee experience in warm, friendly and relaxed environments. It aims to provide a comfortable place for people to unwind over interesting conversations and a cup of coffee. The people who fill up Barista Lavazza consist of young adults, who are exposed to global lifestyles and appreciate the authentic flavours and tastes of coffee. Currently there are Barista Lavazza Espresso Bars and Barista Crème Lavazza’s in over 30 cities in India. Besides the Indian sub-continent, Barista Lavazza also has cafes in locations across Sri Lanka, Oman and the UAE. Barista...
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...By studying ancient rock formations throughout the world, geologists have been able to determine at least two times in the Earth’s history, its land masses have been combined as one super continent. Withgott and Laposata (2012) say that plate boundaries can be categorized into three different types; divergent plate boundaries, transform plate boundaries, and convergent plate boundaries. With divergent plate boundaries, the tectonic plates are pushed apart from one another as magma flows upward to the surface, creating new crust as it cools down (Withgott & Laposata, 2012). Withgott and Laposata (2012) explain to us, when two plates touch, they often slip and grind alongside one another. This process forms transform plate boundaries, says Withgott and Laposata (2012). When this movement takes place, it can generate friction that is known to cause earthquakes along strike-slip faults, explains Withgott...
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...plants and animals for human use in which individual species have been altered to create breeds with characteristics more desirable to human needs. Some of our earliest evidence of man (and art) is tied to animals. Dogs were the first species of animals to be domesticated due to security. SWINE BRIEF HISTORYOF DOMESTICATION All Pigs were descended from the European wild boar as early as 13,000 BC. And the Local breeds were introduced to African countries by the colonists DISTRIBUTION OF PIGS ACROSS THE WORLD The distribution of pigs around the world is not the same. Almost half the exotic world’s pig population is in Asia (China) 30 per cent in Europe and the former USSR. The population of pigs in large parts of the tropical and sub-tropical developing regions for example Africa and Latin America is relatively small. Local breeds are widely distributed in west- African countries ( Ghana and Nigeria). A typical example of local breeds is the Ashanti dwarf pig or Nigerian hairy black pig. CLASSIFICATION OF PIGS Generally, Pigs can be classified as; 1. Classification Based On functionality: Meat Type: They are meaty pigs with little fats e.g Berkshire, Chester white Duroc, Hampshire. Lard Type: These are small lardy pigs (composed of high percentage of fats). Bacon Type: They build sufficient muscles for desirable bacon (meat from the sides, belly, or back of a pig). Typical examples include; Yorkshire and Tamworth NIGERIAN BLACK HAIRY PIG: This breed is native...
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...structures, cramped and colly, perpetually cropping up beside them, diverse and anachronic in their designs. The neighbourhood is peopled by a bustling population, exercising multifarious vocations, whose diversity stands unparalleled in the entire region. The streets are always hustling with hawkers in ostentatious clothing and beggars with deformed limbs, trying every trick in the book to eek the sympathy out of one’s heart. Reminding one of Lord Kubera’s Alaka, the realm of Yakshas, Kinnaras and other preternatural beings, the entire neighbourhood is a world of its own. But the romantic onlooker will find tremendous heritage entombed under the sheath of malignance and stink that characterises today’s north. The locality’s first tryst with history occurs in the year 1639, when the idea of a city was ingrained here; thereby making North Madras the seed from which the entire Metropolis of today’s Chennai blossomed. But few people know about the hormonal slant of one man, Francis Day, that ultimately led to the founding of Fort St.George at its present location. Francis Day was an English merchant and a representative of the British East India Company. He brokered a deal with Venkatadri Nayak for setting up a trading outpost. He was smitten by a Portuguese noblewoman who resided in San Thome, a Portuguese establishment, and therefore wanted to set up the outpost as close to her as possible. This humble trade post, burgeoned into a fort and, at the behest of merchant Beri Thimappah, soon...
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...world has evolved a single dimensional worldview. Advances in technology and living standards have glossed over and in many places erased, the regional and class differences that characterised the world for previous generations. This is particularly obvious in countries like Australia where the national ethos has an ingrained commitment to egalitarianism. A view compounded by the dominant Christian belief system with its underlying conviction of personal and social equality. Westerners react to India as a paradox, an enigma, an absurdity. India is a complex, multidimensional and truly multicultural society which outside observers with their one dimensional worldview become completely confused. A population of almost one billion and a history of over 4000 years has developed with a belief system that institutionalises social difference and inequality yet underpins the world's largest and most vibrant democracy. The western visitor sees the complexity and confusion, the high rise apartment blocks being built next to the slum but fails to comprehend the rich and important connections between these seemingly irreconcilable establishments. To appreciate India a good starting point is any intersection on any day in the city of Jaipur1. The traffic will come to a halt at a red light and wait. Vying for position are hand carts, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws, bullock carts, camel carts and a plethora of buses, trucks and cars, not to forget the occasional elephant. The light turns...
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