...CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter reviews the body of literature that is relevant to the research objectives. Since the main focus of the study is on the importance of guided reflection and reflective training to promote student teachers’ critical reflective thinking, it therefore, seeks to address the underlying premise of reflective practice, the defining terms as well as the related studies so far in the area of interest. 2.1 A Perspective of Effective Teaching The concept of effective teaching underpins the goal of this research study. According to Arends (1994, p. 9), effective teaching is defined by four sets of attributes namely knowledge-base, repertoire, reflection and life-long learning. These four attributes of an effective teacher are illustrated as follows: * Effective teachers have control of knowledge bases on teaching and learning and use this knowledge to guide the science and art of their practice. * Effective teachers command a repertoire of best teaching practices (models, strategies, procedures) and can use these to instruct children in classrooms and to work with adults in the school setting. * Effective teachers have the dispositions and skills to approach all aspects of their work in a reflective, collegial, and problem-solving manner. * Effective teachers view learning to teach as a lifelong process and have dispositions and skills for working toward improving their own teaching as well as improving schools...
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...[pic] The Reflective Learning Process One of the problems of "book learning", is the difficulty of trying to relate theory to practice. We might know the answers, but true understanding cannot be absorbed until the experiences have been captured, analysed and related to the environment in which we work. Experiential learning, can be useful to learners who want to use direct learning experiences in order to develop an understanding of a process and gain further knowledge about a topic or issue. So how easy is it to translate experiences into learning? Kolb's learning styles model and experiential learning theory are useful concepts towards our understanding of our learning behaviour and towards helping others to learn. The following example might illustrate the value of turning book learning and emotions into learning experiences. A social worker interviews a parent of a young child. The social worker receives a question from the parent: "Do you have children?" "No", is the reply. The credibility of social workers in the field can be undermined. A lot of distrust can arise from "book learning", so using the work place to apply learning can be very useful. Kolb's learning theory is a four-stage learning cycle, (which might also be interpreted as a 'training cycle') but can be very useful. Kolb's model is particularly well-designed, since it offers both a way to understand individual people's different learning styles and also an explanation of a cycle of experiential...
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...in Health & Social Care Level 3 | Unit number and title | Unit 44: Vocational Experience | Hand out Date | w/c 9th September 2013 | Hand in Date | 13th June 2014 | Learner Name | | Assessor name | Adelaide McLaughlin & New Lecturer (TBC) | | Assignment title | Vocational Experience | Criteria Assessed | P1 explain the structure and function of a health or social care organisationP2 report on own contributions to a specific team activity relating to health and social careP3 make regular reflective entries in a personal journal related to own contributions to work in a health and social care settingP4 present a portfolio of evidence from all placements that demonstrates the development of own practice in health and social care settingsP5 explain how continuing development of staff influences practice in settings.M1 assess how their contributions to the team influenced the success of the activityM2 assess how own development of knowledge, skills and understanding has made a difference to teams and individuals in health and social care settings M3 assess how continuing development of staff can enhance the care of patients/ users of services.D1 make recommendations as to how they could have adapted their own contributions to the team to enhance the success of the activityD2 evaluate how own effectiveness as a carer has developed as a result of workplace experiences. | The purpose of this assignment is to: to explore a health and social care organisation...
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...Definition of Reflective Practice Reflective practice is a way of studying your own experiences to improve the way you work (Deakin, 2010) Reflective practice highlights the importance of learning from experiences after thinking about it and relates the practical experiences to the theoretical learning approaches (Oxbridgewriters, 2011). Definition Cont’d It is a process by which practitioners focus on how they interact with their colleagues and environment in order to obtain a clearer picture of their own behaviour, thus building on existing strengths. Reflective Practitioner is usually engaged in some kind of activity (often professional) which they can use to reflect on their strengths, weaknesses and areas for development (Somerville & Keeling, 2004) Definition Cont’d Critical reflection includes questioning routines, habitual practice, challenging “conventional wisdom”, being able to ask others and ourselves “why-type” questions . Such as: 1What is my nursing care like? 2 Why is it like this? 3 How has it come to be this way? 4 What aspect of it would I like to improve? 5 Whose interest are being served (or denied) by my job? (Scribid, 2010) Benefits of Reflective Practice Increases confidence and allows one to become a more proactive professional; Improves the quality of care given and close the gap between...
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...in Health & Social Care Level 3 | Unit number and title | Unit 44: Vocational Experience | Hand out Date | w/c 9th September 2013 | Hand in Date | 13th June 2014 | Learner Name | | Assessor name | Adelaide McLaughlin & New Lecturer (TBC) | | Assignment title | Vocational Experience | Criteria Assessed | P1 explain the structure and function of a health or social care organisationP2 report on own contributions to a specific team activity relating to health and social careP3 make regular reflective entries in a personal journal related to own contributions to work in a health and social care settingP4 present a portfolio of evidence from all placements that demonstrates the development of own practice in health and social care settingsP5 explain how continuing development of staff influences practice in settings.M1 assess how their contributions to the team influenced the success of the activityM2 assess how own development of knowledge, skills and understanding has made a difference to teams and individuals in health and social care settings M3 assess how continuing development of staff can enhance the care of patients/ users of services.D1 make recommendations as to how they could have adapted their own contributions to the team to enhance the success of the activityD2 evaluate how own effectiveness as a carer has developed as a result of workplace experiences. | The purpose of this assignment is to: to explore a health and social care organisation...
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...Social work Theory Essay Introduction This essay will explain how Social work is about dealing with various problems within society and how Social work theories provide a framework which enable Social work practice find an effective solution to the issue at hand. It will explain how Social work theory draws on linking those theories and putting it into practice and that the relationship between the two aspects are imperative. The interrelationships between Theory and Practice. Social work is about dealing with society and the issues they have in their daily life. Society is complex and therefore having theories to work with can empower the Social worker as much as a client. The theories shape the course of action taken or the practice. Theories are described in Payne (2014) as generalized ideas that can describe our knowledge of situations and the world in which we live in an organised manner (p.3). Specifically in relation to social work theory, Payne (p.5) simply states it helps us do or understand social work. Nash, Munford & O’Donoghue describe how theory informs practice which in turn informs theory in action and describes it as a ‘map’ (p.15). Without being able to understand Social work, let alone do it in practice you would not assist the client and therefore is a key piece within the jigsaw of Social work. According to Payne (p.9) there are four different ways to approach theory; Perspectives which allows you to look at situations from different points...
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...MKTG304 Marketing Project Session 2, 2014 Reflective Journal Outline Department of Marketing and Management MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS REFLECTIVE JOURNAL OUTLINE Overview As part of evaluating the participative process, an individual reflective journal is required to be maintained throughout the course, due for submission after the group presentation and final group report has been submitted. There are two parts to this assignment. The first Part A consists of a pre-activity self-rating of graduate capabilities. The ratings are intended to be your perception of your own capabilities. This perception should draw on your prior experiences, including your university or other studies, paid employment or volunteer work, and from sport, hobbies and other interests. The self-assessment will not be graded, nor will it be shared with others in your class. Part A serves the purpose of allowing the student to focus on graduate capabilities and reflective points to be considered while collecting material and writing up the final reflective journal. Part A is due in your tutorial class in Week 4, Thursday 28th August. Part B, consists of the self assessment post activity audit of graduate capabilities and a 2,000 word reflective journal report. The self assessment post activity audit will not be marked, but will act as support for your findings in the final report. The final report provides your analysis and reflections about the process of...
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...MKTG304 Marketing Project Session 2, 2014 Reflective Journal Outline Department of Marketing and Management MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS REFLECTIVE JOURNAL OUTLINE Overview As part of evaluating the participative process, an individual reflective journal is required to be maintained throughout the course, due for submission after the group presentation and final group report has been submitted. There are two parts to this assignment. The first Part A consists of a pre-activity self-rating of graduate capabilities. The ratings are intended to be your perception of your own capabilities. This perception should draw on your prior experiences, including your university or other studies, paid employment or volunteer work, and from sport, hobbies and other interests. The self-assessment will not be graded, nor will it be shared with others in your class. Part A serves the purpose of allowing the student to focus on graduate capabilities and reflective points to be considered while collecting material and writing up the final reflective journal. Part A is due in your tutorial class in Week 4, Thursday 28th August. Part B, consists of the self assessment post activity audit of graduate capabilities and a 2,000 word reflective journal report. The self assessment post activity audit will not be marked, but will act as support for your findings in the final report. The final report provides your analysis and reflections about the process of...
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...theory (ELT) draws on the work of prominent twentieth century scholars who gave experience a central role in their theories of human learning and development-notably John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Jean Piaget, William James, Carl Jung, Paulo Freire, Carl Rogers, and others-to develop a holistic model of the experiential learning process and a multi-linear model of adult development. The theory, described in detail in Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development (Kolb 1984), is built on six propositions that are shared by these scholars.” 1. Learning is best conceived as a process, not in terms of outcomes. 2. All learning is relearning. Learning is best facilitated by a process that draws out the students' beliefs and ideas about a topic so that they can be examined, tested, and integrated with new, more refined ideas. 3. Learning requires the resolution of conflicts between dialectically opposed modes of adaptation to the world, i.e. reflection and action - and feeling and thinking. 4. Learning is a holistic process of adaptation to the world, not just cognition but also feeling, perceiving, and behaving. 5. Learning results from synergetic transactions between the person and the environment. 6. Learning is the process of creating knowledge. (see constructivism) Using the learning cycle proposed by Kurt Lewin and the philosophy of John Dewey, David Kolb developed the experiential learning model to describe...
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...relationships for strategic decision making. True False 3. The information age is the present time, during which infinite quantities of facts are widely available to anyone who can use a computer. True False 4. Technology provides countless business opportunities, but can also lead to pitfalls and traps for a business. True False 5. Top managers use social intelligence to define the future of the business, analyzing markets, industries and economies to determine the strategic direction the company must follow to remain unprofitable. True False 6. A variable is a business intelligence characteristic that stands for a value that cannot change over time. True False 7. Companies update business strategies continuously as internal and external environments change. True False 8. For an organization to succeed, every department or functional area must work independently to be most effective. True False 9. Porter's Five Forces Model outlines the process for a sales strategy. True False 10. With the Five Forces Model, companies should watch the forces in the market. If the forces are strong competition generally increases and if the forces are weak competition typically decreases. True False 11. Successful companies today operate cross-functionally, integrating the operations of all departments. True False 12. An overview of systems...
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...4. peer group 5. family tree Answer: c Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Analytic Skills 3. A child growing up in the United States is exposed to all of the following values EXCEPT ________. 1. achievement and success 2. activity 3. efficiency and practicality 4. the importance of the group in daily life 5. freedom Answer: d Page: 150 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Reflective Thinking 4. Which of the following would be the best illustration of a subculture? 1. A religion 2. A group of close friends 3. Your university 4. A fraternity or sorority 5. Your occupation Answer: a Page: 150 Difficulty: Hard 5. Based on information provided in the text, which of the following trends has lead to increased household consumption? 1. Growing female economic power 2. Higher growth in low-income households 3. Widening wealth disparity 4. Falling male college enrollment 5. The fall of the mass affluent Answer: a Page: 152 Difficulty: Medium AACSB: Reflective Thinking 6. ________ is defined as being relatively homogeneous and enduring divisions in a society, which are hierarchically ordered and whose members share...
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...Gibbs Reflective Assignment On Non-Verbal Communication With A Patient With Demenita Introduction This assignment is a reflective account of my first experience when assisting a patient to eat lunch. For the purpose of this assignment I will refer to this patient as Mrs C to maintain confidentiality and comply with the NMC code (2008). It will discuss the importance of non-verbal communication when providing effective nursing care to the elderly. Description Thoughts and Feelings Evaluation I felt this first experience was very rewarding and a big learning curve for me in caring for others. I was delighted that I had been able to support Mrs C to eat nearly all of her meal which she clearly enjoyed. The ‘protected mealtime’ policy ensured that I had time to dedicate to assist her and as she did not have the ability to feed herself, without my help she would have eaten very little or nothing at all. In order to communicate with Mrs C, I modified the usual rules of communication. I did not speak to Mrs C in an inappropriate way or use elder talk which may have damaged her self esteem and confidence (Argle 1994). I talked to her as I would address any adult but put more emphasis on non-verbal communication which according to Caris Verhallen (1999) is the main way in which humans communicate, in order for her to receive my message, extract the meaning and give me feedback. By holding Mrs C’ gaze I was maintaining communication and encouraging engagement and interaction...
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...style, and can show how the brain functions. This writer will show how learning styles are applied to K-12 students and why it is important to recognize these characteristics. Self Analysis The reflective learner, “likes to work alone, and lecture can be difficult if not given time to digest (Trustees, 2009).” Reflective learning is part of the intuitive learning style. The writer is able to comprehend information by having time to think about the material, and by not just reading and memorizing the information. Reflective learners have to writer, summarize, and come up with questions to the material. The reflective learner has to look over the information more than just one time. For example, a reflective learner would have to write down the information that is given in a lecture as it is being given. Reflective learners have to learn through writing and listening to lectures. How does this apply to K-12 students? Reflective learning is used every day in the classroom to help the teachers engage in giving the students instruction. Teachers are able to share their insights with other teachers. Teachers are able to see what is working in the class with the students and what needs fixed for future lessons. In the article, An Integrated Model for Practicing Reflective Learning, “Jack Mezirow introduced the concept of transformative learning to the field of education in 1978, and defines transformative learning as “an approach to teaching based on promoting change...
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...Style Dimensions Vienna University of Technology, Austria Sabine Graf Silvia Rita Viola and Tommaso Leo Universita’ Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Athabasca University, Canada Kinshuk Abstract Learning styles are increasingly being incorporated into technology-enhanced learning. Appropriately, a great deal of recent research work is occurring in this area. As more information and details about learning styles becomes available, learning styles can be better accommodated and integrated into all aspects of educational technology. The aim of this paper is to analyse data about learning styles with respect to the Felder-Silverman learning style model (FSLSM) in order to provide a more detailed description of learning style dimensions. The analyses show the most representative characteristics of each learning style dimension as well as how representative these characteristics are. As a result, we provide additional information about the learning style dimensions of FSLSM. This information is especially important when learning styles are incorporated in technology-enhanced learning. (Keywords: learning styles, Felder-Silverman model, data mining, student modelling.) IntroDuctIon In recent years, educational researchers have focused more and more on various aspects of learning styles and how they can be considered in educational technology. Investigations about learning styles in technology-enhanced learning were conducted and several adaptive systems were developed...
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...Historically very few professions were given the status of being a professional. Those who were in the profession of law and medicine were perceived to be ‘elite’, receiving professional status. This was given due to the structure and depth of their specialised training and high level qualification. The knowledge gained and the ethical standards of those professionals in their practice. They were governed by professional bodies, adhering to high values and having professional autonomy. These professionals were held in high esteem by society as possessing specialised knowledge and skills, who were equipped to apply this knowledge and implement their skills in the interest of others. The concept of professionalism and having status of being a professional within the early year’s workforce has been a contentious issue. Early year workers were one of the many professions not recognised by society as being professional. Some say it is due to the lack of value society in general placed on the quality and standard of qualification they held in comparison to that of other professions working within early year’s settings; such as teachers or speech and language therapists who held degree led qualifications. Early year workers skills and knowledge were also undervalued which reflected in lower levels of pay with no prospect of moving up the career ladder. It could be said that low pay relates to poor quality of service, while others say it indicates the status of the job. Society portrayed...
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