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Reflexion Enron

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Submitted By YasminYasmin
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Reflexion I:
Es ist unglaublich welche Gier, Macht und Selbstübereinschätzung damals bei Enron vorgeherrscht hat. Jahrelang konnte das Unternehmen Bilanzverfälschungen, Betrug und dubiosen Geschäften geheim halten. Doch letztendlich ging Enron bankrott und alle Geheimnisse des Konzerns kamen ans Licht.

Regulierungsphase (- 1985)
1926 wurde der Vorgänger von Enron, Houston National Gas, gegründet. Es war ein regionales Pipeline-Unternehmen mit einem guten Ruf. Aufgrund der Wirtschaftskrise in den späten 1920ern und frühen 1930ern fand sich die Firma in einem sehr stark regulierten Markt mit Preiskontrollen. Ken Lay brachte mit seiner Anstellung bei Enron neue Werte basierend auf der freien Marktwirtschaft in das Unternehmen mit. Durch die Deregulierung und Liberalisierung der Energiemärkte in den 80igern hatte der Konzern seine Anfangsschwierigkeiten sich im freien Markt zu positionieren. Während die Kernziele des Unternehmens sich nicht änderten, hat sich mit Lay das Einsatzumfeld des Unternehmens gewandelt.

Freie Markt Phase (1985-1997)
Im Jahre 1985 fusionierten die Unternehmen Natural Gas und InterNorth. Der neue Konzern Enron entstand. Während 1986 der Betrieb mit Gas-Pipeline rote Zahlen schrieb, machte das Trading Office (ein Teil von InterNorth) in diesem Jahr einen Gewinn von 28 Millionen Dollar. Das Unternehmen war dadurch ermutigt in diesem Feld weiter zu machen. Ziel war es Weltmarktführer im Energiesektor zu werden. Im Jahre 1990 trat Jeffery Skillings in die Firma ein. Durch seine sehr liberalen Ansichten machte das neue Unternehmen einige Veränderungen durch. Die finanzielle Performance wurde zum Maßstab des Erfolgs nach dem sich der Konzern richtete. Im Unternehmen wurde Selbstinteresse und Individualität zunehmend begrüßt.

Marketeering Phase (1997-2001)
Enron bewegt sich immer mehr von einer traditionellen Produktion zu einem Unternehmen, dessen Hauptaktivität das Handeln mit Rohstoffen ist. Das Ziel des Konzerns ist es Weltmarktführer zu werden. Außerdem wird die market-to-market Buchhaltung eingeführt, das dem Unternehmen langfristig erwartete Einkünfte als schon vorhandene Einnahmen nach Vertragsabschluss zeigt. Durch personalpolitische Maßnahmen (Rank and Yank) wird ein schlechtes Betriebsklima erzeugt, aufgrund dessen die Mitarbeiter egoistisch und gierig handelten.

Conclusio:

Seinen Aufstieg verdankt der Konzern der Deregulierung der Energiemärkte in den 90ern. Das hat Enron nicht nur zum eigenen Vorteil benutzt, sondern durch seine politischen Beziehungen selbst zu der Entstehung beigetragen. Jeff Skilling war vor seinem Eintritt in Enron, Berater bei McKinsey. Gemeinsam mit Lay machten sie Strom und Gas zu einem Produkt, welches gehandelt wurde wie Aktien. Sie setzten ihre Ziele immer höher vom Energie-Weltmarktführer zum weltmarktführenden Konzern. Skilling verstand es durch seinen charismatischen Führungsstil die Menschen zu überzeugen. In den Briefen die an die Aktionäre gingen wurde in einer kriegerischen Sprache von der Stärke des Konzerns erzählt. Den Mitarbeitern gab man das Gefühl, dass sie zu den besten und klügsten in der Welt gehören. Doch auf der anderen Seite sorgte ein strenges Bewertungssystem (Rang and Yank) der Mitarbeiter, diese bei schlechter Leistung als Verlierer abzustempeln. Durch Geld und Loyalität motiviert, dass man zur der Elite der Wirtschaftswelt gehört und durch die Angst getrieben, dass man bei persönlichem scheitern seinen Job verliert, wurde nichts kritisiert oder gar illegales Verhalten in Frage gestellt. Letztendlich wurde Gier, Macht und Selbstüberschätzung zum Verhängnis von Enron.

Reflexion II
„Jeder von uns ist ein kleiner Betrüger“ Dan Ariely

Dan Ariely ist ein amerikanischer Verhaltensforscher. Als der Konzern Pleite ging und einen Skandal auslöste, begann Arielys Interesse an Betrügen.
Dan Ariely führte mit Studenten in seinem Labour einen Test durch. Die Studenten mussten 20 Rechenaufgaben lösen und bekamen für jede richtige Lösung bis zu 10 Dollar. Die Lösungen der einen Gruppe wurden korrigiert, während die andere Gruppe ihre Lösungen zerreißen durfte. Man könnte jetzt meinen, dass die Studenten in der zweiten Gruppe alle Aufgaben als richtig gelöst angaben. Doch stattdessen gaben sie im Durchschnitt 7 richtige Aufgaben an. Die erste Gruppe hatte im Durchschnitt 4 Aufgaben richtig gelöst. Aus diesem Experiment geht hervor, dass jeder ein wenig betrügt, aber seinen persönlichen Schummelfaktor nicht überschreitet. Es gibt also eine gewisse Grenze über die man hinaus nicht betrügen möchte, damit wir noch im Einklang mit unserem Selbstbild als ehrlicher Mensch bleiben. Es wurde mehr betrogen, wenn man die Personen aus der eigenen Gruppe schummeln sah, da durch das Wir-Gefühl dieses Verhalten normativ akzeptiert wurde. Außerdem, wurde die Hälfte der Studenten gebeten die 10 Gebote aufzusagen. Man stellte fest, dass die Studenten die davor an die Moral- und den Ehrenkodex nachdachten, weniger schummelten. Dabei waren nicht alle diese Personen religiös. Ausschlaggebend war, dass sie sich dadurch an ihre moralischen „Codes“ erinnerten. Auch betrogen die Personen mehr, wenn sie von der Belohnung weiter entfernt waren. Der eine Schritt mehr, der nötig ist den Gewinn in Geld umzuwandeln, lässt die Personen sich besser fühlen, da sie nicht direkt das Geld bekommen. Zuletzt sagte Ariely, dass die Menschen nicht gerne ihre eigene Intuition hinterfragen oder überprüfen. Genau, das war das Problem von Enron.
Skilling hatte die Einstellung, dass das Unternehmen auf dem richtigen Weg ist und keiner besser ist als sie selbst. Die Kernelemente des Enron „Code of Ethics“ waren Respekt, Integrität, Kommunikation und Spitzenleistung. Was damals als grundlegende Werte des Unternehmens kommuniziert wurden, klingt heute wie ein Widerspruch in sich selbst. Zurückblickend können wir feststellen, dass dieses „Code of Ethics“ für die Manager nur eine symbolische Bedeutung hatte. Die Mitarbeiter betrogen, weil es große, monetäre Anreize gab und dieses Verhalten auch nie von der Führungsetage hinterfragt wurde. Sie hatten auch weniger Skrupel Milliarden von Dollar zu veruntreuen, da sie durch den Handel mit Derivaten und Aktien, diesen „einen Schritt“ vom direkten Geld entfernt waren. Sobald irgendjemand das Management von Enron kritisierte wurde dieser aus der Gruppe ausgeschlossen. Um Skandale wie den Fall Enron in Zukunft zu vermeiden, müssen die Menschen und Unternehmen sensibilisiert werden, damit sie moralische und ethische Aspekte in ihre Entscheidungen mit einfließen lassen.

Reflexion III

Doch nun stellt man sich die Frage, welche Maßnahmen als sinnvoll erscheinen, um solch ein Debakel wie Enron in Zukunft zu vermeiden.
Auch die Wirtschaftsprüfer von Arthur Andersen unternahmen nichts, um eine Pleite von Enron zu verhindern, da sie selbst als Prüfer und Berater gleichzeitig für das Konzern Enron tätig waren.
Eine Maßnahme um solch einen Interessenskonflikt zu vermeiden wäre ein Gesetz zu erlassen, welches Wirtschaftsprüfungsunternehmen verbietet bzw. beschränkt neben ihrer Prüfungsarbeit bestimmte andere Dienstleistungen, wie zum Beispiel, die Buchhaltung oder Steuerberatung durchzuführen. Auch könnte eine externe oder interne Rotationspflicht eingeführt werden. Bei der externen Rotation sollten die großen Unternehmen nur eine bestimmte Zeit lang (z.B. 10 Jahre) prüfen dürfen und danach muss die Prüfgesellschaft gewechselt werden. Dagegen werden bei der internen Rotation nur die Angestellten des Prüfungsteams regelmäßig gewechselt. Auf dieser Weise wird verhindert, dass die Mitarbeiter, auf die Dauer hin betrachtet, betriebsblind werden und sich auch nicht von lukrativen Aufträgen beeinflussen lassen.
Die Unternehmen müssen auch das System mit den sehr hohen Boni-Zahlungen an Manager überdenken. Um einen Interessenkonflikt innerhalb des Unternehmens zu vermeiden, kann man eine Pönale bzw. Zahlung einführen, welche die Manager, für die Fehler die später eventuell aufgedeckt werden, zurückzahlen müssen. Eine andere Maßnahme ist eine Höchstgrenze für Boni-Zahlungen zu setzen.
Doch all diese Maßnahmen alleine machen keine Sinn, wenn die Ethik-Kodexe und der „Code of Conducts“ nur ausgedruckt und an die Tafeln aufgehängt werden. Die Unternehmenskultur nur auf Papier festzuhalten ist nicht genug, sie sollten mit den Stakeholdern und Mitarbeiter kommuniziert werden. Ziel von Unternehmern sollte es sein, klare, konkrete und ehrliche Handlungsrichtlinien zu schaffen und Werte aufzubauen.
Sinnvoll wäre es Einführungsseminare für die Mitarbeiter zu veranstalten, um ihnen die Kultur und die Werte des Unternehmens zu vermitteln. Wichtig ist es auch, dass im Unternehmen eine offene Kommunikation herrscht und auch die Führungskräfte regelmäßiges Feedback bekommen. Somit stellt man sicher, dass das Unternehmen seine Werte wirklich auslebt und an die Mitarbeiter weitergibt. Denn ohne Ethik und Werte kann ein Unternehmen mit einer langfristigen Strategie auch nicht überleben.

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