...Position of Rice Production in Assam Khairul Islam Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan Abstract – Agriculture occupies a vital position in the State’s economy engaging about 53 per cent of the total working force, according in 2001 Census. The contributions of this Sector in State Domestic Product (SDP) at constant and current prices are 31.08 per cent and at 31.13 per cent respectively in 2002-2003. All the agricultural programmes have been assigned with high priority in the Successive plan periods for efficient use of available resources and to maximize production. These efforts have no doubt resulted some transformation in the pace of development under this sector, but much more still remains to be done to bring the situation compatible with other developed States of the country. Keywords – Rice, Agriculture, Assam, Production. I. INTRODUCTION Agriculture is the main source of income for families in India. Rice is the staple diet for about 65% people and cultivation of rice is the main occupation of those engaged in agriculture. It is grown in many regions across India. It is a part of nearly every meal, and it is grown on a majority of the rural farms. Rice is essential to life in India. India is the world's second largest producer of white rice. Here rice is cultivated in both seasons-winter and summer. It contributes about 43% of total food grain production and 46% of total cereal production in the country. It continues to play vital...
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...SOUMI BANERJEE UG:2 ; 4th Semester; ROLL NO. : 107 PAPER :Major 5----- INDIAN POLITICS SINCE INDEPENDENCE. THE CHANGING DYNAMICS OF PEASANT MOVEMENT IN INDIA The agrarian structure and land reforms in india have undergone a significant change since Independence both as a result of land reforms during the mid-fifties and more so as a consequence of rapid-technological changes, especially since the mid-sixties. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, increase inproduction of commercial crops and introduction of canal irrigation in some parts of india acted as a catalyst in enhancing agrarian development. However, irrigation investment was confined to only limited areas and also the archaic land relations provided a strong barrier to the full exploitation of the benefits of new technology. The land relations were more or less semi-feudal in the Permanently settled ares.Even in the Mahalwari and Ryotwariares, where land transfers had been legalized,large tracts of land had passed to absentee money-lenders and sahukars, due to large-scale peasants’ indebtedness. This resulted in peasant uprising in various parts of India. Moreover because of the non-differentiation in the peasantry and the all-embracing nature of the anti-imperialist struggle, the peasant movement was able to unite all section of the peasantry. The nature of the peasant movement in the colonial period can only be understood in the context of the then existing mode and relations...
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...With the development of trade and industry and the awareness produced by the mass media, rural poor are shifting towards the urban areas in order to improve their living standards and to search for better livelihood opportunities. The lack of employment opportunities in the rural areas and better employment prospects and infrastructure facilities in the urban areas motivate people to migrate to urban areas. In the rural areas, sluggish agricultural growth and limited development of the rural non-farm sector raises the incidence of rural poverty, unemployment and underemployment. Moreover, absence of non-farm employment, low agricultural production has resulted in a growth of seasonal migration. Seasonal migration is the migration for a limited period of the year when no farming activity is underway. As most of the high productivity activities are located in the urban areas, people from rural areas move towards town or cities with a hope to grab diversified livelihood opportunities. Migration primarily occurs due to disparities in regional development. The causes of migration are usually explained by using two broad categories, namely, push and pull factors. Studies conducted in the sphere of migration in India - found that poverty, job searching and family influence have been the main push factors for out-migration, while availability of better employment opportunity, prior migrants and availability of better educational facilities have been identified as the key pull factors...
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...CHINA’S NEW CONCEPT FOR DEVELOPMENT Jiyao Bi1 INTRODUCTION In the first 20 years of the 21st century China is entering a new development stage to comprehensively build a prosperous society and to accelerate its modernization drive. China views these two decades as a period of great strategic opportunity which should be pursued vigourously. From an international perspective, peace and development remain the central themes of our era, and China is working to achieve this peaceful environment for development. From a domestic perspective, 25 years of economic reform and opening up have laid a solid basis for development, and China has achieved favourable conditions to accelerate development. However, opportunities are always accompanied by challenges. A key challenge for China is to adopt new thinking and ideas for development and make a new breakthrough in reform, so as to tightly grasp and make a full use of this opportunity to further promote its modernization drive. I. CHINA’S DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND ISSUES China has experienced rapid economic growth since the late 1970s when economic reform and opening policies was initiated. From 1978 to 2004, China’s GDP grew by a yearly average of 9.5 per cent, the highest levels of GDP growth in the world. China has successfully maintained its sustained and rapid economic growth in recent years by improving and strengthening macro-control policies. Confronted with the external shocks of the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998 and...
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...food and nutrition requirements at the household level? (iii) What are the programmes and policies that India has followed in realizing food and nutrition security? (iv) What should be done to realize food and nutrition security for all citizens of India? Food availability is a necessary condition for food security. India is more or less self sufficient in cereals but deficit in pulses and oilseeds. Due to changes in consumption patterns, demand for fruits, vegetables, dairy, meat, poultry, and fisheries has been increasing. There is need to increase crop diversification and improve allied activities. It may be noted that the slowdown in agriculture growth could be attributed to structural factors on the supply side, such as public investment, credit, technology, land and water management, etc., rather than globalization and trade reforms per se. Access to food can be increased through employment due to growth in labour intensive sectors and/or through social protection programmes. The malnutrition problem is much broader than that of access to food. The South Asian Enigma (levels of malnutrition in Asia are higher than in Africa) is well known. India has malnutrition levels almost the levels double those of many countries in Africa. This problem needs a multi-disciplinary approach covering diet diversification including...
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...Expansion of Financial Institutions: One of the aims of a central bank in an underdeveloped country is to improve its currency and credit system. More banks and financial institutions are required to be set up to provide larger credit facilities and to divert voluntary savings into productive channels. Financial institutions are localised in big cities in underdeveloped countries and provide credit facilities to estates, plantations, big industrial and commercial houses. In order to remedy this, the central bank should extend branch banking to rural areas to make credit available to peasants, small businessmen and traders. In underdeveloped countries, the commercial banks provide only short-term loans. Credit facilities in rural areas are mostly non-existent. The only source is the village moneylender who charges exorbitant interest rates. The hold of the village moneylender in rural areas can be slackened if new institutional arrangements are made by the central bank in providing short-term, medium term and long-term credit at lower interest rates to the cultivators. A network of co-operative credit societies with apex banks financed by the central bank can help solve the problem. Similarly, it can help the establishment of lead banks and through them regional rural banks for providing credit facilities to marginal farmers, landless agricultural workers and other weaker sections. With the vast resources at its command, the central bank can also help in establishing industrial...
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...Economy of India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Economy of The Republic of India | Mumbai, financial center of India | Rank | 10th (nominal) / 3rd (PPP) | Currency | 1 Indian Rupee (INR) () = 100 Paise | Fiscal year | 1 April – 31 March | Trade organizations | WTO, SAFTA, G-20 and others | Statistics | GDP | $1.843 trillion (nominal: 10th; 2011)[1]$4.469 trillion (PPP: 3rd; 2011)[1] | GDP growth | 6.9% (2011-12)[2] | GDP per capita | $1,527 (nominal: 135th; 2011)[1]$3,703 (PPP: 127th; 2011)[1] | GDP by sector | agriculture: 18.1%, industry: 26.3%, services: 55.6% (2011 est.) | Inflation (CPI) | 6.89% (March 2012)[3] | Population below poverty line | 37% (2010) (Note: 42% live less than $1.25 a day)[4] | Gini coefficient | 36.8 (List of countries) | Labour force | 487.6 million (2011 est.) | Labour force by occupation | agriculture: 52%, industry: 14%, services: 34% (2009 est.) | Unemployment | 9.8% (2011 est.)[5] | Average gross salary | $1,330 yearly (2010) | Main industries | telecommunications, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals | Ease of Doing Business Rank | 132nd[6] (2011) | External | Exports | $303.7 billion (2011 est.) | Export goods | petroleum products, precious stones, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, vehicles, apparel | Main export partners | US 12.6%, UAE 12.2%, China 8...
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...GROUP- I SERVICES SYLLABUS GENERAL STUDIES AND MENTAL ABILITY (SCREENING TEST – OBJECTIVE TYPE) 1. General Science – Contemporary developments in Science and Technology and their implications including matters of every day observation and experience, as may be expected of a well-educated person who has not made a special study of any scientific discipline. 2. Current events of national and international importance. 3. History of India – emphasis will be on broad general understanding of the subject in its social, economic, cultural and political aspects with a focus on AP Indian National Movement. 4. World Geography and Geography of India with a focus on AP. 5. Indian polity and Economy – including the country’s political system- rural development – Planning and economic reforms in India. 6. Mental ability – reasoning and inferences. 7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT (Source : CBSE Publications) 1. Concepts in disaster management and vulnerability profile of India / State of A.P. 2. Earth quakes / Cyclones / Tsunami / Floods / Drought – causes and effects. 3. Man made disasters - Prevention strategies. 4. Mitigation strategies / Mitigation measures MAIN EXAMINATION (CONVENTIONAL TYPE) GENERAL ENGLISH (X CLASS STANDARD, QUALIFYING FOR INTERVIEW) 1. Comprehension 2. Precis-writing 3. Re-arrangement of sentences 4. Correction of sentences 5. Synonyms 6. Antonyms 7. Filling in the blanks 8. Correction of spellings 9. Vocabulary and usage 10. Idioms and phrases ...
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...Fund (FIF) and Financial Inclusion Technology Fund (FITF) were 18.49 crore and 128.05 crore reflecting a growth (over previous year) of 100.8% and 137.1% respectively. With this, the cumulative disbursement since inception touched a level of 36.05 crore under FIF and 183.82 crore under FITF. Support was extended for setting up of Financial Literacy and Credit Counseling Centres (FLCCs) to Lead Banks (111 FLCCs), capacity building programmes by commercial banks and (Regional Rural Banks)RRBs and Financial Literacy awareness camps by RRBs, under FIF. Under FITF, support was extended for implementation of Core Banking Solution (CBS) by weak RRBs (26 out of 28) and Information & Communication Technology (ICT) solution by RRBs (52 out of 82). Financial Inclusion During the year 2012-13, the disbursements under Financial Inclusion Fund (FIF) and Financial Inclusion Technology Fund (FITF) were 33.31 crore and 17.14 crore respectively. With this, the cumulative disbursement since inception touched a level of 69.77 crore under FIF and 201.30 crore under FITF. Support was extended for setting up of Financial Literacy and Credit Counseling Centers (FLCCs) to Lead Banks in 256 excluded districts and 10 disturbed districts, capacity building programmes by commercial banks and RRBs and Financial Literacy awareness camps by RRBs, under FIF. Under FITF, support was extended for implementation of Core Banking Solution (CBS) by weak RRBs and Information & Communication Technology (ICT)...
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...1. IMPACTS OF HIV/AIDS The impacts of HIV/AIDS on poor rural populations are many and intertwined. The impacts can be felt most dramatically in entrenched poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition, in the reduction of the labour force, and in the loss of essential knowledge that is transmitted from generation to generation. And the impacts are felt disproportionately among women. What's more, these same consequences of HIV/AIDS - poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, reduced labour force and loss of knowledge - contribute to making the rural poor more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection. This devastating cycle must be broken, and the agricultural sector has a critical role to play. It is estimated that 42 million people in the world are infected with the HIV virus. Assuming that each HIV/AIDS case directly influences the lives of four other individuals, at least 168 million people are likely to be affected by the epidemic. And approximately 95 percent of them live in develping countries. Food security HIV/AIDS takes its toll on food security in a number of ways. For example: HIV increases fatigue and decreases work productivity, which means less food on the table. In households coping with sick family members, food consumption generally decreases. As adults fall ill, families face increasing medical and health care costs, thus reducing the possibility for them to purchase the food that they can no longer produce. While the number of productive family members decline...
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...Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) and Narrowing the Development Gap (NDG) Narrowing the Development Gap Narrowing the Development Gap in ASEAN refers to reducing various forms of disparities among and within Member States where some pockets of underdevelopment persist. Measures in the ASEAN Political Security, Socio-Cultural and Economic Community Blueprints are targeted at policy reforms for narrowing the development divide to foster regional cooperation, greater social and economic integration, consistent with the objective of building an ASEAN Community in 2015. Initiative for ASEAN Integration The ASEAN Heads of State at their Summit in 2000 launched the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) with the objectives of Narrowing the Development Gap (NDG) and accelerating economic integration of the newer members of ASEAN, namely Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Viet Nam (CLMV). IAI Work Plans The efforts to narrow the development gap will be driven mainly by the IAI Work Plan (IAI-WP). The six-year IAI-Work Plans have been developed to assist the CLMV countries as well as ASEAN's other sub-regions to ensure that the economic wheels of their economies move at an accelerated pace. The first phase of the Work Plan covered the years 2002 to 2008. The current Work Plan (IAI-WP II) is based on key programme areas in the three Blueprints for the ASEAN Community: ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint, ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community...
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...www.ccsenet.org/ijef International Journal of Economics and Finance Vol. 4, No. 1; January 2012 The Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Nigeria: A Sectoral Output Analysis Philip Ifeakachukwu, NWOSA (Correspondence author) Department of Economics, Accounting and Finance Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Tel: 234-082-470-7555 E-mail: nwosaphilip@yahoo.com Muibi Olufemi, SAIBU Dept of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Tel: 234-085-338-1914 Received: May 31, 2011 doi:10.5539/ijef.v4n1p204 Abstract E-mail: omosaibu@yahoo.com Published: January 1, 2012 Accepted: July 5, 2011 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n1p204 The study investigated the transmission channels of monetary policy impulses on sectoral output growth in Nigeria for the period 1986 to 2009. Secondary quarterly data were used for the study while granger causality and Vector Auto-regressive Method of analysis were utilized. The results showed that interest rate channel was most effective in transmitting monetary policy to Agriculture and Manufacturing sectors while exchange rate channel was most effective for transmitting monetary policy to Building/Construction, Mining, Service and Wholesale/Retail sectors. The study concluded that interest rate and exchange rate policies were the most effective monetary policy measures in stimulating sectoral output growth in Nigeria. Keywords: Sectoral output, Monetary transmission channels, Granger...
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...Economy of India The economy of India is the tenth largest in the world by nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[1] The country is one of the G-20 major economies and a member of BRICS. On a per capita income basis, India ranked 140th by nominal GDP and 129th by GDP (PPP) in 2011, according to the IMF.[13] The independence-era Indian economy (from 1947 to 1991) was based on a mixed economy combining the worst features of capitalism and socialism, resulting in an inward-looking, interventionist policies and import-substituting economy that failed to take advantage of the post-war expansion of trade.[14] This model contributed to widespread inefficiencies and corruption, and the failings of this system were due largely to its poor implementation.[14] In 1991, India adopted liberal and free-market oriented principles and liberalized its economy to international trade under the guidance of Manmohan Singh, who then was the Finance Minister of India under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao the then Prime Minister who eliminated License Raj a pre- and post-British Era mechanism of strict government control on setting up new industry. Following these strong economic reforms, and a strong focus on developing national infrastructure such as the Golden Quadrilateral project by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister, the country's economic growth progressed at a rapid pace with very high rates of growth and large increases in the incomes of people...
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...History 103 001 Cultural Revolution in China: views on Mao’s Era. Yi Jie Yang 40223109 Professor: Steven Hugh Lee Chinese culture has had great misunderstandings particularly in the western countries owing to the views represented by socio-cultural scholars, historians and literature writers. This paper reviews two books that explore the Cultural Revolution in China with a major focus on the Authors’ Writing Style and their views on Mao’s Era. Writing Style In the book “Born red: a chronicle of the Cultural Revolution.” The author, Yuan Gao, explores the first violent years of China’s Great Proletarian culture revolution. Gao provides an account of his own experience as a Red Guard in the Cultural revolution bringing out the readers as close as they can get to the political vortex that shaped the views of millions of teenagers behind the national movement that brought China to the blink of civil war[1]. Born Red entails more than the recollection of a political nightmare including a concise narrative of an adolescent torn by conflicting loyalties as the author is called upon to participate in the destruction of the world that has nurtured him. The author’s story provides tribute to the durability of cultural traditions at a time when nihilism was at its best. Gao clearly outlines the Cultural Revolution in China in an attempt to create a way for a more egalitarian and...
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...Rural Finance Opportunities in China By Alison Kennedy and Albert Chan From the steppes of Inner Mongolia to the tropical islands of Hainan Province, half of rural Chinese households lack access to banks or other formal financial services. With central government blessing, that will change over the next decade. But Chinese and multinational players considering this vast and variegated market will need innovative marketing and business models, a taste for on-theground campaigning, and patience. 1 2 Hidden in plain sight: the other economic miracle The popular narrative of China’s economic rise has been overwhelmingly urban and state-sponsored, from glittering architectural wonders rising up in Shanghai to new high speed railway lines and the growing appetite for cars and branded luxury goods. 3 Edited by Foxit Reader Copyright(C) by Foxit Software Company,2005-2007 For Evaluation Only. Government investment and private finance have indeed focused mainly on the country’s large cities, particularly along the eastern coastal provinces. That’s just half the story. Rural China, with between 50 and 56 percent of the population, or close to 700 million people, has emerged from the shadows and come of age economically. This vast collection of farms, villages, and towns in secondary coastal and inland provinces is now attracting attention from the Chinese central government, multinational corporations, investors, and local companies. Many larger Chinese enterprises...
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