...relation between smoking and infertility? Shayne Kremers 12/05/2013 University of Arkansas Fort Smith Introduction What is the relation between smoking and infertility? Cigarette smoking has been a common societal activity for decades. Cigarette smoking is known to cause chronic and sometimes lethal health issues, but the effects of Cigarette smoking on fertility are not well understood. Rationale My research will focus on the impacts cigarette smoking can have on human fertility. I will remain unbiased with regards to gender comparison and smoking. Scholars and researchers agree that smoking does appear to have some impact on human fertility. However, there are no published statistics detailing recent estimates for the population of smokers who suffer from infertility. Nor are there theories exploring which gender smoking most effects with respect to infertility. I aim to develop research and statistics that would represent viability of reproduction in relation to the amount and time of cigarette smoking. Problem The majority of smokers or those that are in contact with cigarette smoke are successfully reproducing with no apparent decrease in fertility. This can be due to several different factors, toxin metabolism, age, duration of smoking, and number of cigarettes smoked during a day. The aim of this research is not to prove that cigarette smoking will lead to human sterility. However, I believe there is a link between infertility and cigarette smoking...
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...leading healthcare organization dedicated to fighting disease and advocating healthy living, our policies and procedures must reflect that commitment,” said Delos M. “Toby” Cosgrove, M.D. CEO and President of Cleveland Clinic. “Having banned smoking from our campuses and launched a communitywide program to promote smoking cessation, incorporating Cotinine testing is a natural extension of our efforts to highlight the perils of tobacco use.” The Cleveland Clinic informs applicants when they apply for work that those that “applicants who test positive for tobacco products will not be considered for employment and will be referred to tobacco cessation resources paid for by Cleveland Clinic. After 90 days, applicants successful in quitting will be encouraged to reapply.” Existing personnel are not covered by this policy. The Clinic continues to offer existing personnel extensive support and guidance to quit using tobacco. Use of Tobacco by Employees One has to recognize that some people enjoy tobacco. Standing outside with a group of friends smoking during a break provides camaraderie. Pacing one’s actions throughout the day by indulging in a smoke break is pleasurable for many. Smoking also satisfies one’s oral needs that may otherwise be met by eating; weight gain is one of the unpleasant consequences for many smokers that quit. Nicotine also helps some smokers focus and enhances their mental alertness. Finally, smoking is highly addictive and nicotine satisfies one’s...
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...The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in high-income countries: a review of the evidence Marc Suhrcke, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom Carmen de Paz Nieves, Fundación Ideas, Madrid, Spain ISBN 978 92 890 0220 2 Keywords HEALTH BEHAVIOR - HEALTH STATUS - EDUCATIONAL STATUS - RISK FACTORS - SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS - REVIEW LITERATURE Suggested citation Suhrcke M, de Paz Nieves C (2011). The impact of health and health behaviours on educational outcomes in highincome countries: a review of the evidence. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. Address requests about publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for permission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest). © World Health Organization 2011 All rights reserved. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning...
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...Applied Statistical Methods Larry Winner Department of Statistics University of Florida February 23, 2009 2 Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Populations and Samples . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Types of Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Quantitative vs Qualitative Variables 1.2.2 Dependent vs Independent Variables . 1.3 Parameters and Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Graphical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Basic Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5.1 Diagnostic Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 8 8 9 10 12 16 20 21 25 25 29 29 29 32 32 32 32 32 35 35 37 38 38 39 40 42 42 44 48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Random Variables and Probability Distributions 2.1 The Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1.1 Statistical Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit Theorem 2.2.1 Distribution of Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Other Commonly Used Sampling Distributions . . . . . 2.3.1 Student’s...
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