...#3 War and Religion The history of human warfare goes back to the beginning of recorded history. Wars have been fought over Power, space, resources, personal preference, insults, to defend, racism, independence, and religion. People can be pretty passionate about their religious beliefs. So, it is not surprising that at least a few famous wars have resulted from disagreements about religion. Atheists say that most wars are fought over religion and without religion clouding the minds of individuals that most if not all wars would be eradicated from world. “John Lennon” sings in one of his songs “Imagine no religion” implying that without religion no wars would be fought. So how can all these “atheist” and political figures think that a majority of wars are fought over religion? I in fact think the opposite and would like to share some of my ideas with you. If wars were fought mainly over religion than history has deceived us. A recent comprehensive compilation of the history of human warfare, “Encyclopedia of Wars” by Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod documents 1763 wars, of which 123 have been classified to involve a religious conflict. So, what atheists have considered being "most" really amounts to less than 7% of all wars. It is interesting to note that 66 of these wars (more than 50%) involved Islam, which did not even exist as a religion for the first 3,000 years of recorded human warfare. These numbers show a staggering truth in the matter that most wars are...
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...Religion and War Since the dawn of time people have raged war. Many could argue that politics, power, or natural resources are the cause of war. But many people miss the underlying factor: Religion. Throughout history religion has been the prominent cause of wars. Religion has many conflicts in the history of the world. In ancient times civilizations believed that if they won a war it was because the gods favored them. The wars may have been over land or power but it was believed that it was their religion that won their victory. The bible says, "Some rely on chariots, others on horses, but we on the name of the Lord our God. They collapse and fall, But we stand strong and firm. Lord, grant victory to the king; Answer when we call upon you"(Psalm 20: 8-10). The key test is to see who wins. If God is really on your side, then you will win. One might face enormous odds against them, but this doesn't mean anything when God stands on one side. One of the major examples where religion caused war would be the Crusades. The Crusades were fought in the 11th century. The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars between Christian and Muslims, which was centered around the city of Jerusalem. In 1065 the Turks took Jerusalem and massacred 3,000 Christians starting a chain of events, which lead to the start of the Crusades. However, some researchers say that the massacre of the 3000 Christians which caused the crusades to begin and not because of differing religious beliefs. The Crusades...
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...Critical Thinking – PHI 210 12/14/2012 Religions are the Cause of War Most religions are not complex in their beliefs. There is a God and his angels or a hierarchy of deities to get to God. There is a heaven and a hell of sorts that the person will go to when they pass on. Most times this depends on how you treated your fellow man or what you did to show God how you felt about him. It’s a no brainer really, the whole “Do unto others as you have them do unto you” or a form of this is in every religion. Then let’s not forget the Messiah or Prophet. Every religion has one. The messiah/prophet was sent by God; a form of himself as human to save humanity from their evil ways. In some religions he was born of the virgin and in others he did not get his calling until he was older. They are more than life and do no wrong. They go throughout the world helping the poor. A Robin Hood if you will; who took from the rich to give to the poor. Religions are rooted and grounded in tradition and give people something to believe in. A “Higher Power”. The “Higher Power” gives a sense of direction. The church through religion gives guidance on how to live our lives and be better people. Regardless of religion or sect, the church brings people together for understanding of the religion and to pray. The church plays an important and is very influential role in the way people live or conduct their lives (Erwin, 2012). With most religions being around the same, the “same” meaning...
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...War in the Religions Religion divides people into separate groups and tells them that they are incompatible with each other. It provides justification for the killing of others and the promise of reward for martyrs. It justifies hate and murder. Religions are responsible for numerous conflicts and violence. Along with nationalism religion is the major cause of war. Even many wars that were not directly caused by religion, they were used to justify it and motivate soldiers. For example, the fact that Protestant Germany invaded Catholic Belgium was a main part of the recruitment process in Ireland during World War One, even though it was not a purely religious war . In recent past the civil war between West Pakistan and East and Pakistan, which...
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...select two backbone configurations and discuss which one you think is the better option for networks of today. Indicate why you think that planning an enterprise-level backbone can be such a challenging process. I think before going into details, we should understand what is backbone. After a lot of research, I came up this definition; a backbone is a means of connecting two or more LANs. It provides a transmission channel for packets being transmitted from one LAN to another. After connection to a backbone, a LAN may remain distinct or be merged with another. Backbone networks can be applied to a single building environment as well as to campus environments, where the backbone is used to connect LANs in different buildings. Parallel backbone: I think parallel back is the best worth it for any company. The additional cost of setting up a parallel backbone can be well worth the money. The design of this type of backbone consists of using two cables routed between the routers and switches. While there are additional initial costs of installing a parallel backbone, the benefits can quickly outweigh these costs. However if company wants to save some money, they can use distribute network. It consists of a number of connectivity devices connected to a series of central connectivity devices, such as hubs, switches, or routers, in a hierarchy. This kind of topology allows for simple expansion and limited capital outlay for growth, because more layers of devices can be added...
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...hoped to establish within France a principle of territorial sovereignty akin to the Peace of Augsburg * Calvinism served the forces of political decentralization. Calvinist conversations among powerful aristocrats as a means to achieve political goals o John Calvin and Theodore Beza saw this as a means to advance their cause o Beza converted Jeanne d‘Albert, the mother of the future Henry IV o The prince of Condé was converted by his Calvinist wife in 1558 o Calvinist religious convictions proved useful to their political goals Two main reasons to become a Calvinist with something to gain from the other o Religious Resistance made Calvinism a possible religion in Catholic France Secular/political reasons cast suspicion on religious intent Wanted to spread Calvinism, the religion As she had earlier sought Protestant support when Guise power threatened to subdue the monarchy, she now sought Guise support as Protestant influence grew. 1. Protestant Resistance Theory * Protestant leaders view on resistance against the emperor: o Luther: * approved resistance to the emperor after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 o Calvin: * Condemned wilful disobedience and rebellion against lawfully constituted governments as un-Christian * He also taught that lower magistrates had the right and duty to oppose tyrannical higher authority * John Knox [Scots reformer] (1513–1572): o Laid the groundwork for...
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...The Willingness of Henry IV to Embrace Religious Toleration Henry IV of France, born Henry de Bourbon, was the son of Jeanne d’Albret the King of Navarre. Although baptized as a Roman Catholic, young Henry was raised as a Protestant. During the French Wars of Religion, he joined the Huguenot forces and became one of the leading Huguenots after the deaths of both Conde and Coligny. He was crowned King Henry III of Navarre after the death of his mother in June of 1572. After the third and bloodiest of the religious wars, which ended after the signing of the Peace of Saint-Germain-En-Laye, Catherine de Medici, who was Queen of France at the time, arranged to have her daughter, Margaret, marry Henry III of Navarre, in an attempt to cement the peace. The marriage was unpopular with many prominent Catholics, especially Pope Gregory XIII and King Philip II of Spain. Soon after the marriage, the Massacre of St Bartholomew’s Day broke out, over 20000 Protestants were killed in four days throughout France. The King of France at the time, Henry the III, attempted to guide the nation by steering a course between the vengeful Huguenots, and the Catholic League which was a large organization of zealous and dedicated Catholics. Henry granted the Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom with the Peace of Beaulieu in 1576, but he was forced to revoke it the next year because of Catholic League pressure. In the mid 1580’s, the Catholic League became dominant in France. After he...
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...European Expansion and Religious Wars Pages 489-524 1. 2. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 3. Gunpowder’s contribution to the nature of war in the 16th century 4. Frances I & Henry II of France’s domestic policies 5. The nobility of the robe 6. Result of the Concordat of Bologna 7. Why Calvinism took hold in France 8. The sons of Henry II 9. The root of French religious violence 10. Saint Bartholemew's Day Massacre 11. The War of the Three Henrys 12. Politiques 13. Henry of Navarre 14. Edict of Nantes 15. the economic importance of the Netherlands 16. political history of the Netherlands (17 provinces) 17. Charles V’s abdication & the division of his lands between brother and son 18. Why Calvinism took root in the Netherlands 19. Margaret, regent of the Netherlands 20. The cathedral of Notre Dame of Antwerp 21. Duke of Alva 22. Prince William of Orange 23. Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma 24. Union of Utrecht 25. Why Elizabeth came to the aid of the Protestant Netherlands (Page 496) 26. The Escorial 27. Philip II (make sure and read his political, religious background) 28. Philip’s “British problem” 29. Spanish Armada 30. Results of the defeat of the Armada for both Spain and England 31. Lutheranism, Calvinism and German bishoprics 32. Protestant Union vs. Catholic League 33. Four Phases of the Thirty Years’ War a. Bohemian Phase (Defenestration...
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...Machiavellianism is "the employment of cunning and duplicity in statecraft or in general conduct".[1] The word comes from the Italian Renaissance diplomat and writer Niccolò Machiavelli, who wrote Il Principe (The Prince), among other works. In modern psychology, Machiavellianism is one of the dark triad personalities, characterized by a duplicitous interpersonal style, a cynical disregard for morality and a focus on self-interest and personal gain. Political thought In the 16th century, immediately following the publication of The Prince, Machiavellianism was seen as a foreign plague infecting northern European politics, originating in Italy, and having first infected France. It was in this context that the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572 in Paris came to be seen as a product of Machiavellianism, a view greatly influenced by the Huguenot Innocent Gentillet, who published his Discours contre Machievel in 1576, which was printed in ten editions in three languages over the next four years.[3] Gentillet held, quite wrongly according to Sydney Anglo, that Machiavelli's "books [were] held most dear and precious by our Italian and Italionized [sic] courtiers" in France (in the words of his first English translation), and so (in Anglo's paraphrase) "at the root of France's present degradation, which has culminated not only in the St Bartholemew massacre but the glee of its perverted admirers".[4] In fact there is little trace of Machiavelli in French writings before the...
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...America’s Invisible Cold War Weapon Often overlooked in analyses of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War, religion acted as a powerful tool to direct U.S. leaders’ decisions and unite Americans in the war against the Soviets (Kirby, 2003; Grimshaw, 2011; Winsboro 2009; Gaddis 1997). Emerging out of studies of the cultural dimension of the Cold War, the “religious Cold War” has become a subject of focus for scholars in the past two decades. Dianne Kirby, a professor of history at the University of Ulster, is the primary voice in the literature surrounding religion and the Cold War. Kirby argues that ideology, specifically the religious component, is key to comprehending “perceptions of and responses to the Soviet Union,” beyond the traditional...
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..."In the long term we can hope that religion will change the nature of man and reduce conflict. But history is not encouraging in this respect. The bloodiest wars in history have been religious wars." Richard M. Nixon. Many people believe that all war is caused by your religious beliefs but others disagree. One example is the Crusades. A crusade is a war fought on behalf of God. America uses this excuse all the time. The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291. The bloody, violent and often ruthless conflicts propelled the status of European Christians, making...
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...“Religion is the Cause of War“ Maher Khudari 1. What is your topic? Religion is the cause of war 2. What are the possibly different main claims/positions related to this topic? (There will be at least two (2) possibly different claims/positions, but there could be more; however, one of them will be YOUR claim/position.) Religion is the key for war, it’s the faith that people have to fight for. 3. What is your position regarding the topic? I believe that religion is causing war but not at all cases, For example Iraq war wasn’t one of the religion causing war, therefore I would like to replace the word religion to oil is the cause of war. 4. What “evidence” have you offered to support your claim/position? Have you included your survey results? • The Crusades: A series of campaigns from the 11th to the 13th centuries with the stated goal of reconquering the Holy Land from Muslim invaders and coming to the aid of the Byzantine Empire • The French Wars of Religion: A succession of wars in France during the 16th century between Catholics and the Protestant Hugenots • The Thirty Years' War — Another war between Catholics and Protestants during the 17th century in what is now Germany In addition to this, one could add the Taiping Rebellion and the never ending Catholic/Protestant struggles in Northern Ireland. Christianity has certainly been a factor in many conflicts throughout its 2000 year history. 5. Put your claim/position and “evidence” through...
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...Hemingway in his novel, A Farewell to Arms, makes a statement about the relation of religious beliefs to the war. Catherine tells Frederic, “You’re my religion. You’re all I’ve got.” (Chapter 18). Henry implies that he has no religion. The priest advocates religion under very difficult conditions and admits he is hopeless. Through the characters of the novel a portrait of religion is provided. Frederic Henry, the narrator of the story, describes his experience in the war. Henry portrays himself as a man of duty. He attaches to this understanding of himself no sense of honor, nor does he expect any praise for his service. Even after Henry was severely wounded, he discourages Rinaldi from pursuing medals of distinction for him. Time and time again, through conversations with the priest, Henry distances himself from abstract notions of faith. Faith means nothing to him beside such concrete facts of war as the...
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...Effects of Religion Billy Joe HUM/130 Eric Stauffer June 04, 2012 Organized religion has been and still is used for the good and the bad. “Huge numbers of people have been killed in the name of eradicating false religions and replacing them with true religion” (Fisher, 2005, p. 28). Problems are caused by religion because each person has their religion, and each religion thinks they are right and the other religions are wrong. Religion is supposed to unite people, teach people to love and respect one another but instead it has created war, and has divided people. With people thinking that they are right, it causes them to hate and kill other people with different beliefs. They will compete with each other on who is right, and who seems to be godlier. The Crusades was an event in the past, it was war between the Christians and Moslems. According to “The Crusades” (n.d.), “The Crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of the Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans” (The Crusades – What were the Crusades). Each religion thought that they had the right to have the holy places which resulted in wars between these religions. Wars have happened because one religion feels they are godlier than the other so try to have all authority or power over the people. Another event was the Spanish Inquisition. According to “Freeman” (2012), “Reasons for the Inquisition included a desire to...
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...factors. First, the major factors that aided in shift of the decline. What effect did the “Thirty Year War’ have on the overall decline of European Christianity. What effect did “The Thirty Year War” have concerning religious commitment and civil and political concerning life? Then I will focus on other factors that brought Europeans Christianity to the point that it came to in the past, and look at other factors as well. Finally, I will paint a clear picture as to the effect of all the concerns that I have taken place (years of war), and look to see the positive and the negative effect all the different changes has brought. Wars of Religion These wars set the stage regarding the progress and the decline regarding Christianity, one would think that this form of action (War) would somehow aid in the advancement of Christianity (this not the case). Then religious values were regarded as of primary concern. The great thinkers on political and economic subjects usually based their ideas on religious principles. The major wars were Wars of Religion.[1] As we read from the above statement, the religious values are a major concern, even to the point that war would breakout. So it is of these values that war wages forth, but the wars that should have aided in bringing the thought of religious ideas, has brought about “The war of Religion”. It was thought that through these wars...
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