...1. African music was so highly integrated as a part of their everyday life that for almost every activity there was an appropriate music to accompany it. In other cases, music was also used as code to communicate messages between Africans during slavery. This makes it easier to describe how this music was able to survive and evolve in spite of the persecution and oppression of its people. 2. Through the 17th and 19th centuries, African music had already evolved highly into a complex art form built around concepts of structure. It was used ritually as an important part of life events. It was used to commemorate such major events as crowning a king, religious ceremonies, the birth of a child, and even the moment of someone’s passing. 3. The African heterogeneous sound idea was a term first described by African American composer Olly Wilson. It was a term used to describe an assortment consisting of many contrasting elements. This assortment was described as the interaction and combination of a wide variety of instruments. The degree of complexity within each assortment varied among individual African ensembles. 4. One notable aesthetic in African music is call and response. It is when a statement in music is made, either vocally or instrumentally, so that it may be responded to. The response can be the repetition of the first statement or the completion of it. This musical attribute is popular in jazz, ragtime, blues, gospel, and R&B. This is one of the many ways...
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... By definition, Christian values are those ideals or principles which Christianity as a religion cherishes. They refer to the values derived from the teachings of Jesus and taught by Christians throughout the history of the religion. Following the emergence of Christianity on the Nigerian scene in the 15th century, there has been a strong transference of the ideals of the faith on local lives resulting in changes in attitude, moral, social and marital behaviours. The Igbo culture of the Eastern part of Nigeria as a recipient of the Christian faith bears the weight of the religion’s values, thus, reflecting in her own cultural values. In an attempt to fathom the extent of the influence of the Western culture/Christian values on the African culture (specifically the Igbo culture of Nigeria) some historical and sociological perspectives becomes necessary to mirror this influence where it exists. Going down memory lane, the missionaries came to Igbo land in 1857, where they met...
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...Cultural Interaction Essay There are many complexities involved in the interaction between two cultures. The article, “A Battle of Cultures”, by K. Connie Kang, discusses the hostile relationship that formed between Korean-Americans and African-Americans due to their differing social customs. Another prominent text that covers the topic of cultural interaction is the book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. Achebe focuses the story on a protagonist named Okonkwo who lives in Umuofia, one of the nine Nigerian clans; Okonkwo resists the Christian religious practices that are rapidly replacing the original Nigerian traditions. Undesirably, cultural interaction can create hostility between peoples if one culture is deemed superior to the other. Still, cultural interaction can be positive in the sense that it promotes understanding and acceptance between the two cultures and encourages the development of constructive relationships between members of the two cultures. Thus, despite there being both benefits and detriments cultural interaction generally has a favorable effect. Opposition between peoples comes about when one culture is perceived to be better than the other. In Things Fall Apart by Achebe, he writes, “Three [Christian] converts had gone into the village and boasted openly that all the gods were dead and impotent…The [converts] were seized and beaten until they streamed with blood” (154). Previously, the Christians did not have much interaction with the...
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...A minority group within a minority group. This is the black Jewish person here in the United States. One can only imagine the prejudices and discrimination they have gone through, even by their own religious group. Many think a “black” person could not be Jewish and some even consider the practice of Judaism strictly a “white” person’s religion. Some have gone so far to think that being Jewish is a race or nationality and not a religion. First let’s explore what Judaism is and how it is different from other religions. Judaism (n.d.) according to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, is a religion developed among ancient Hebrews that believes in one God who revealed himself to Abraham, Moses and the Hebrew prophets, and a religious life according to scriptures and rabbinic traditions. Where Judaism really differs from other religions is that to be Jewish, you can either be born into it through matrilineal lines or you can be converted into Judaism (Rich, 2011). A person who has a Jewish mother, according to Orthodox Jews would be considered Jewish no matter who the father is or whether or not you believe in or practice Judaism. Accordingly, if you do not have a Jewish mother, but a Jewish father, you would not be considered Jewish even if you practice Judaism. One would have to be converted into Judaism in order to be considered Jewish if you do not have the matrilineal lines. Additionally, as opposed to Christians, practicing Jews believe that the Messiah has not yet come...
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...today-- especially in Africa -- are deep rooted. These conflicts over race, religion, language and identity have become so complex that they are difficult to resolve or manage. Ethnicity has a strong influence on one's status in a community. Ethnic conflicts are therefore often caused by an attempt to secure more power or access more resources. The opinion of this study is that conflict in Africa is synonymous with inequality . Using Nigeria and South Africa as case studies, it compares the management of ethnic conflicts in both countries and shows the difficulties in managing deep-rooted and complex conflicts. The governments of Nigeria and South Africa have taken bold constitutional steps to reduce tension, but the continuing ethnic and religious conflicts raise questions about the effectiveness of these mechanisms. This study proposes, among other things, that ethnic conflict has been at the heart of both countries' development problems. Politicized ethnicity has been detrimental to national unity and socio-economic well-being. It is important to note that most of these ethnic conflicts were caused by colonialism, which compounded inter-ethnic conflict by capitalizing on the isolation of ethnic groups. The...
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...is born into a certain circumstance and learns through interactions with the surroundings. Parents are generally the first and key people in a child’s life, so it should come as no surprise that parenting has influences on the development of children’s temperament, which later impacts their school performance. This article is going to explore how parenting varies among different ethnic groups including Asian Americans, African American, Latinos, and European Americans. More specifically, what factors should be included when considering the parenting characteristics of a unique ethnic group and what implications might they have for schooling today. Theories Two of the modern theories that are concerned with cultural influences on human development are Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory and Ecological Systems Theory proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner. First, Vygotsky’s theory defined culture as the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group. His Sociocultural Theory focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction – in particular, cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society – is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture (Rowe & Wertsch, 2002). Vygotsky believed that adults and more expert peers can help children master culturally meaningful activities. Communications between them could become part of children’s thinking. By internalizing...
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...There are also different levels of aggression between cultures. While people expect the level and type of aggression to be common across cultures, they are often different depending on what is socially and legally acceptable. For example, in the African American culture, racism is considered aggressive. People within this culture have gone through a history of racial prejudice and they are still under pressure to stay within their race (Stevenson, 2003). The Japanese culture emphasizes on the face in terms of the social status. Individual image is crucial in the context of social interaction. People can differentiate themselves from others by the virtue of their position in the hierarchy. Behaviors which threaten a person’s social status, such as insulting the individual in public are considered aggressive behaviors. Also actions that cause humiliation or embarrassment are included here. There are some behaviors which are usually considered aggressive through most cultures such as assaulting a target using weapons or body parts (Kassin, 2014). This form of aggression aims at infringing an individual’s right. Infringing upon what a person deserves or what belongs to another is considered as injustices across many cultures. It is also a focal interest of both religious and legal authorities. However, there are socially sanctioned violent actions that are acceptable in certain cultures. For example, gang violence in the African American culture has been accepted because of...
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...Between 1500 and 1750, Why were the Europeans primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean? large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper How did European powers penetrate the Asian trade system by 1600? opening rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico During the 18th century, which of the following reigned, but did not rule? a) The Ottoman sultan b) The king of France c) The Chinese emperor d) The Japanese emperor e) The Russian tzar d) the Japanese emperor, the true ruler was the shogun Between 1550-1750, most of the world's 10 largest cities were located where? East Asia What were African contributions to cultures in the Americas? forms of religious observance, musical forms, knowledge about growing African crops, African folklore What was a result from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450-1750? A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China Accurately describe the Columbian Exchange. African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere Which societal group made up the majority of agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire? free peasants What most clearly differentiates the sixteenth century from the previous century in world history? the extension of sugar production to the Americas What most accurately...
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...Clash of civilizations script What Huntington thinks * in his hypothesis he thinks that today’s world has actually come to a period where the age of ideology or economically has ended. * Instead he says that the primary source of conflict between nations and humankind will be cultural and religious. That nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations ad even groups of different civilizations * Huntington also suggested that the main reason of world politics tend to be conflict between western and non-western civilizations Why civilizations will clash * differences based on history, language, region, religion, tradition and culture are more fundamental and stable that other differences between people. And these fundamental differences are product of centuries so they will not disappear anytime soon * The world is becoming a ‘smaller’ place and as a result interactions across the world are increasing which intensifies ‘civilization consciousness’ and the awareness of differences between civilizations and commonalities within civilizations * Due to economic modernization and social change, people are separated from longstanding local identities. Instead, religion has replaced this gap, which provides a basis for identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites civilizations. * The growth of civilization-consciousness is enhanced...
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...situations, education, women with children and also has to do with the use of drugs. In this paper I will focus on what is the relationship between premarital cohabitation and divorce rates. One main reason for divorce is attributed to uncertainty about the quality of the current match and other characteristics that are important for a partnership. When beginning a partnership two partners have only limited information on each other. As time passes, the couple learns new information on the quality of the match and on the outside options of each partner and the couple decides whether to break up or continue the partnership. The longer a relationship has lasted, the lower the risk of break up. Couples who start out as cohabitants have the advantage of gathering information about their partner before marrying. Therefore only good matches evolve into marriage, and marriages preceded by cohabitation should have a lower risk of divorce (Svarer 2006). Married couples who begin their relationship by cohabiting appear to face an increased risk of marital dissolution, which may be due to self- selection or more dissolution-prone individuals into cohabitation before marriage (Lillard et al. 1995). Using nationally representative data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, it’s estimated the association between intimate premarital relationships (premarital sex and premarital cohabitation) and subsequent marital dissolution. Teachman finds that...
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...idea, reason that has examined issues and events and phenomenon relating to politics at large. It is the intellect one’s philosophical expression of one political part, that expresses itself. A person political thought is that which expresses itself through its interaction with others, and is often difficult to separate political thought from other thought like, economic, social, religious, jurisprudence, emotional and among others. Since it is made up of idea that involves politics, and has passed through from one generation to another. Its automatically made everyone in the society to be a potential contributor to political thought. Invariably since one had an idea on politics and share thought about what he thinks, like or dislike, its already playing or practicing politics and political process (which express the process of practicing politics). In order word, political thought is neither archaic nor restricted to professional philosophers who are terms as major thinker of political thought. Since we have body of idea of political thought, however is to simply imply that there might be other body which are not political thought which include (economic, psychological, sociology, religious, legal, social and so on. There is an interdependence and interconnection among various aspect of human life to identify a problem or issue that is unidimensional in other words, there is no particular issue, or thought as regard to different thought like economic...
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...Circuits of African Art/ Paths of Wood: Exploring an Anthropological Trail Before reading this article I researched Paul Stoller, in effort to get a better understanding of who he is and to also get a better understanding of the origin and nature of his works. In doing so I found out that Paul Stoller is an anthropologist was has been conducting research for about 30 years. His studies of West African immigrant in New York started in 1992, which has resulted in involving topics like the cultural dynamics of informal market economies and politics of immigration. His work has resulted in 11 publications which are widely read and recognized. ("Anthropology & Sociology) In this article Paul Stoller investigates the effects that evolution has on African Art. He starts with a scene set at The Ney York International Tribal Antiques Show at the Seventh Regent Armory on Park Avenue. As he highlights that African Art has been altered in the way the Western World perceived the art to be, he continues to provide evidence that indeed economic and social forces of globalization has changed the world of art. “There is a vast and varied literature on the social and economic impact of the globalization. Several analysts argue that globalization has fundamentally altered the nature of cultural processes, political dynamics and social interaction.” (Stoller 209) After reflecting on this statement, I believe that the Western World interpretation of the art may have predicted the way in...
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...Chapter 12: The African Diaspora in the Caribbean and Europe from Pre-emancipation to the Present Day by Roswith Gerloff Caribbean history of Christianity can be divided, with overlaps, into four main periods: the rather monolithic form of Spanish Catholicism from 1492, and of the Church of England from 1620; the arrival of the Evangelicals or nonconformist missionaries, Moravians, Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians from the mid-eighteenth century; consolidation and growth of various European denominations in the region in uneasy tension with the proliferation of independent black Christian groups and African religions in the post-emancipation era from 1833; the contest for political, economic and religious independence after 1870, including the shift from British Imperial intervention and influence to those from North America, and national independence after 1962. Contemporary studies in anthropology and sociology of religion speak of 'religions on the move', or the process of transmigration and transculturation, as it refers to dynamic, reciprocal, transitory and multidimensional creations in shaping a 'poly-contextual world'. This implies that religions have to be regarded as cultural and spiritual phenomena whose 'taken-for granted' essence1 has resulted from transcultural and transnational processes of mutual 1 Klaus Hock, University of Rostock, abstract for an essay on the African Christian Diaspora in Europe, January...
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...that will enable them to elicit sensitive racial and ethnic information. The Heritage Assessment Tool provides care givers with such a tool. This paper examines the application of this tool on three different cultures and discusses its usefulness in planning for the maintenance, protection, and restoration of the health of diverse cultures. Three families of Mexican American, European American, and African American heritages were assessed using the Heritage Assessment Tool. The tool consists of 29 questions that determine how deeply an individual identifies with a certain tradition and answers to the questions provide cues on patients’ health traditions. The tool is based on the understanding that all patients are unique cultural beings, with personal health traditions and affected by cultural phenomena (Spector, 2013). The tool reveals an individual’s traditional health and illness beliefs and practices, and is important in deciding the suitable community care resources (p. 376-378). After performing a heritage assessment on the Mexican American, European American, and African American families, common health traditions based on cultural were...
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...Impact of Societal Social Institutions on People These embody all the ideas and beliefs of members of the society about how they think their lives should be organized. Dominant ideas and beliefs are those usually of the ruling class or the rich and powerful and tend to be the ones people find legitimate. Minority and weaker beliefs are also apart of the social institution but are not felt to be legitimate by the majority of the society and so may be suppressed and alienated. These ideas are normally in competition with one another for supremacy. So how can ideas be the building block of an entire society. Each institution becomes tangible through social organizations. So religious beliefs of the Christian are made tangible through the church. The ideas and beliefs forming the institution become concrete in the society through social organisations which reflect how these ideas are held. In each institution there are values (ideas on how something should be ranked in society), norms (yardsticks and standards that have evolved on how we should act), statuses (assigned positions or locations), and roles (expectations of behaviour). They are then the fundamental building blocks of society and vary over time and are based on the ideals which the people of the society have on accomplishing the tasks of living together collectively The Family Nancie Solien defines the family as "group of people bound by that complex set of relationships known as kinship ties“. It is the basic unit within...
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