...New Art Forms of the High Middle Ages Throughout history Europe has experienced countless changes in culture and other aspects. The Middle Ages, or Medieval Period, lasted from around 800 into the 1400’s (349). This period can be subdivided into three categories: early, high, and late. The Middle Ages brought about changes in religion, law, and daily life. Changes also occurred in the arts with the introduction of Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry. Although the Middle Ages began as a time of violence, the emergence of Gothic architecture and troubadour poetry are examples of devotion and expression. During the tenth and eleventh centuries cathedrals were constructed (367). The style of the cathedrals resembled Roman architecture, which was the preceding time period. (367). Features of Roman architecture included “massive walls, rounded stones arches, and small windows” (367). By the twelfth century, this new style gained the name “Gothic.” The Gothic style introduced new engineering improvements and emphasized more emotional expression. The structures of Gothic architecture consisted of pointed arches, high ceilings, and flying buttresses (367). A flying buttress carried the weight of the roof. “Midieval Archtechture” states: “The walls of Gothic buildings could be thinner than previous styles of architecture because the weight of the roof was supported by the arches rather than by the walls. The pointed Gothic arch provided greater flexibility could also span...
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...Britsh Literature SparkNotes Editors. “SparkNote on Italian Renaissance (1330-1550).” SparkNotes.com. SparkNotes LLC. n.d.. Web. 12 Dec. 2015. The women of the Renaissance era, like the women of the middle Ages in there time, were denied all political rights and considered legally subject to their husbands. Women of all classes were expected to perform, first and foremost, the duties of housewife. Peasant women worked in the field alongside their husbands and ran the home. The Italian renaissance article shows how the wives of middle class shop owners and merchants often helped run their husbands' businesses as well. Even women of the highest class, though attended by servants, most often engaged in the tasks of the household, sewing, cooking, and entertaining, among others. Women who did not marry were not permitted to live independently. Instead, they lived in the households of their male relatives or, more often, joined a convent. From this article I collected a good bit of information on how and why Lady Macbeth acted the way she did back in the renaissance era BeyondJane , The role of women during the renaissance era , May 20, 2010 Women were often placed in arranged agreements to marry as early as the age of eight years old. A woman in the Renaissance usually got married somewhere between the ages of sixteen and twenty years old. Marriages were arranged not for reasons of romantic love, but for business reasons, in the interest of trade relations, and...
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...UNIT# 2: TOURISM THROUGH THE AGES Introduction; Great Empires; The Middle Ages; The Renaissance; The Industrial Revolution and Tourism Today. Objectives of this unit: Recognize the antiquity of human travel over vast distances on both sea and land; Understand how these journeys have evolved from trips that were difficult and often dangerous, to mass travel for millions today. Introduction: People have always traveled, in search of food or animal skins for clothing, or for territorial expansion. Travel in these early days was time-consuming and dangerous. Indeed, our word travel comes from the French word TRAVAIL, which means work, and that is what it was, hard work. Most early travel was on foot, but later donkeys begun to be used. Waterways and seaways also frequently become paths for trade and commerce. 1. EARLY BEGINNINGS (THE GREAT EMPIRES): Organized travel in the West probably began during the great empires of Persians, Assyrians, Greeks, Egyptians, and Romans. This period began several millennia B.C. and continued to several hundred years A.D.1 (or C.E./Common Era). During the empire period, travel developed for military, trade, and government reasons, as well as for communication from the central government to its distant territories. (i) Travel Methods: For overland travel, ordinary people used donkeys or camels, but for military and government purposes, horses were used, along with wagons and chariots. Goods also had to be transported. In Persia between 500 and 400...
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...There are many ways to examine the subject of alchemy, including alchemy as a source of symbolism, psychology, and mysticism. It has also been an influence on the world view of various writers, artist, and musicians. The focus of this report is alchemy as a pre-chemistry, which gave a new impulse towards the preparation of medicinal remedies and also was a major influence on today's scientific investigations. Alchemy is an ancient art, practiced in the Middle Ages. The fundamental concept of alchemy stemmed from Aristotle's doctrine that all things tend to reach perfection. Because other metals were thought to be less perfect than gold, it was reasonable to believe that nature created gold out of other metals found deep within the earth and that a skilled artisan could duplicate this process. It was said that once someone was able to change, or transmute a "base" chemical into the perfect metal, gold, they would have achieved eternal life and salvation. In this way, alchemy turned into not only a scientific quest, but a spiritual quest as well. Although the purposes and techniques were often times ritualistic and fanciful, alchemy was in many ways the predecessor of modern science, especially the science of chemistry. The birthplace of alchemy was ancient Egypt, where, in Alexandria, it began to flourish during the Hellenistic period. Also at that time, a school of alchemy was developing in China. The writings of some Greek philosophers may be considered to be among the...
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...mathematicians. Math Background People have believed in mathematics and the discipline that comes with it since centuries ago, some may like, and some may not. Some people used to worship mathematics and believe in it for living like Aryabatta and Bhaskara. Back to the 4th century, Aristotle and Plato had already an idea of the existence of mathematics in their mind and the external world; also he argued about a positive effect on individuals (Dossey). In the middle ages, mathematicians were coming out and at one point competing without knowing in discovering new techniques. Archimedes had one of the greatest impacts on its work in mathematics but he was known later in the 16th century when Federico Commandino in 1558 translation into Latin most of his printing texts and spread it out with other mathematicians and physics of the time, that includes Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei (Toomer, 2014). Many other mathematicians were able to join the works of Archimedes but for other mathematicians, Arabic and Renaissance the methods were unknown until the 19th century. Mathematics has played a huge role in the technological and social history of humankind (National Academy of Sciences, 1968). The number of mathematicians has grown rapidly and so the quality of research, it has become the central part on most...
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...The Elizabethan Age (1558 - 1603) refers to the period of Elizabeth 1's reign and is characterized by vigorous intellectual thinking, an age of adventure and discovery, a time in which new ideas and new experiences were sought after. The period revolutionized many aspects of English life, most significantly literature. The Elizabethan Age is considered the Golden Age of English literature. English writers were intrigued and heavily influenced by Italian Renaissance writing and readily adopted this model. This period also saw the introduction of a new genre in English theatre, the tragicomedy, which became very popular. The era is also considered the era of sonnets. The works of writers such as Shakespeare, Wyatt and Thomas Campion became very popular as printed literature and was widely distributed in households. Drama, under Elizabeth's reign, became a unifying influence, drawing people of different social classes together, since watching a play became a common experience and was not exclusively restricted to the gentry or upper class. Commoners and royalty could enjoy the same performance in each other's company, albeit in separate seating arrangements. Elizabethan Literature has so deeply stamped its authority on all future literate endeavors and developments, that we, almost half a millennium later, still study it and admire its exceptional beauty and greatness. Women's Rights were nonexistent Women were meant to be seen and not heard They were baby makers and...
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...A kitchen is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation. In the West, a modern residential kitchen is typically equipped with a stove, a sink with hot and cold running water, a refrigerator and kitchen cabinets arranged according to a modular design. Many households have a microwave oven, a dishwasher and other electric appliances. The main function of a kitchen is cooking or preparing food but it may also be used for dining, food storage, entertaining, dishwashing and laundry. The evolution of the kitchen is linked to the invention of the cooking range or stove and the development of water infrastructure capable of supplying water to private homes. Until the 18th century, food was cooked over an open fire. Technical advances in heating food in the 18th and 19th centuries, changed the architecture of the kitchen. Before the advent of modern pipes, water was brought from an outdoor source such as wells, pumps or springs. Antiquity[edit source | editbeta] The houses in Ancient Greece were commonly of the atrium-type: the rooms were arranged around a central courtyard for women. In many such homes, a covered but otherwise open patio served as the kitchen. Homes of the wealthy had the kitchen as a separate room, usually next to a bathroom (so that both rooms could be heated by the kitchen fire), both rooms being accessible from the court. In such houses, there was often a separate small storage room in the back of the kitchen used for storing food and kitchen...
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...discovery of theories by using experiments - Analysis to find the suitable design - Ask why? - Experimental Design -Logical skills Engineering: Aim: check the needs of society Basic operation: -Innovation – design – Production - Analysis – Imagine –deriving - Test – planning - Communication skills - Problem solving 4- The earliest civil engineer is: (Imhotep - Newton -Jon Semiton – EbnSena) 5- The Engineering word was found at 18th century by Jon Semiton 6- Divide civilizations according to the historical times 1.Ancient era (from 4000 until 450 BC) 2.Renaissance era (from 450 BC until 1400) 3.Modern era (from 1400 until now) 7- Divide civilizations according to the materials of engineering used 1.Stone Age 2.Copper Age 3.Bronze Age 4.Iron Age 5.The era of machines 8- Mention the most important distinguishing features for all historical era from engineering point of view. Old Stone Age: * Tools from stone, fire,...
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...The history of the world is the history of humanity, beginning with the Paleolithic Era. Distinct from the history of Planet Earth (which includes early geologic history and prehuman biological eras), world history comprises the study of archeological and written records, from ancient times on. Ancient recorded history begins with the invention of writing.[1][2] However, the roots of civilization reach back to the period before the invention of writing. Prehistory begins in the Paleolithic Era, or "Early Stone Age," which is followed by the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age, and the Agricultural Revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BCE) in the Fertile Crescent. The Neolithic Revolution marked a change in human history, as humans began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.[3][4][5] Agriculture advanced, and most humans transitioned from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle as farmers in permanent settlements. Nomadism continued in some locations, especially in isolated regions with few domesticable plant species;[6] but the relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed human communities to expand into increasingly larger units, fostered by advances in transportation. World population[7] from 10,000 BCE to 2,000 CE. The vertical (population) scale is logarithmic. As farming developed, grain agriculture became more sophisticated and prompted a division of labor to store food between growing seasons. Labor divisions then led to the rise of a leisured...
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...town, Maya's grandmother always made sure to teach Maya and her brother strong values. At the age of eight, Maya's mother, Vivian, took the children back to live with her in St. Louis. Shortly after the move, Maya was raped by her mother's live-in boyfriend. This traumatic event caused Maya to become mute for a period of time afterward and withdraw from family and friends. It also created a major rift between Maya and Vivian. At thirteen, Maya moved to San Francisco where she attended George Washington High School and received a scholarship to the California Labor School for dance and drama classes. Maya was one of the only black students in her school and found life in San Francisco intriguing and liberating. Maya's Young Adult Life She became pregnant with her son, Clyde, at age seventeen. Maya had just earned her high school diploma and her dreams of attending college were fleeting. Instead, she took various waitressing and cooking jobs and was even the madam of a brothel. Maya yearned for stardom in her young adult years, but her dancing career did not take off. Soon, Maya figured out that she needed to find a way to secure a more steady source of income for herself and her son. As a young woman, Maya dreamed about becoming a housewife and essentially “living the American Dream.” She married a Greek sailor at age twenty-one and became a wife for the first time. Her idealistic view of marriage was soon soured by...
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...writing. The Roman word for cheese is caseus, which is derived from the word casein, which means milk protein that is curdled to make cheese. The French word for cheese fromage and Italian is formaggio and Italian word, which come from the Greek word formos which stands for form or mould. Essentially, cheese is produce by curdling fermented milk then removing the liquid that forms which is known as the whey. The curds are generally curdled using rennet; a substance extracted from the stomach of animals such as cows, and salt is used to flavor it. It was unclear when exactly rennet was first used, but there is assumption that it was by the Etruscans, during the fifth and sixth century BC. The Romans were the ones who pioneered the method of cooking curds in cheese making, allowing for longer shelf life, enabling harder cheese to be trade and transport conveniently. The combination of bacteria used to ferment the milk, in combination with kind of milk and particular type of cheese-making method used, plus the action of time as cheese is matured, are the factors of having so many different types of cheese today. This cheese production fact accumulated gradually over centuries. In the beginning, folk made one or two types of cheese in this particular locale, each cheese’s character differ by the local conditions such as presence of bacteria, climate, type of animal and grazing...
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...Vitamin From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A bottle of high potency B-complex vitamin supplement pills. A vitamin (US /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/ and UK /ˈvɪtəmɪn/) is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts.[1] An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term "vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms. Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people.[2] By convention, the term vitamin includes neither other essential nutrients, such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids (which are needed in amounts greater than are vitamins) nor the great number of other nutrients that promote health, and are required less often to maintain the health of the organism.[3] Thirteen vitamins are universally recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, not their structure. Thus, each "vitamin" refers to a number of vitamer compounds that all show the biological activity associated with a particular vitamin. Such a set of chemicals is grouped under an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor"...
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...Something stupendous happened in the middle of a recession last year. At a time when vast swathes of Europe were being laid waste by an economic tsunami, world trade grew fastest in the last 50 years. It is not hard to figure where this growth was taking place – not in Europe or the United States. The long anticipated South-South show is now a reality. Trade data show a paradigm shift from the advanced nations, which will show an import growth of 0.9-1 percent, while the emerging economies will exhibit import growth of 4.5-5 percent this year. What this means is that the emerging nations are trading more among themselves while the West is being edged out of the fastest growing markets. But behind these statistics hides another story – the United States, the flagship of the Anglo-American empire, is listing. And from its shadow is emerging a new world order being drafted by the BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China and the latest member, South Africa. Since the G-7 has turned into a gabfest, the BRICS will increasingly set the global economic agenda. This is not a replay of the Great Game – geopolitical manoeuvres aimed at top dog status – though you can never discount that possibility entirely. The BRICS have no empire ambitions, and in fact are a diverse group of multi-ethnic nations with very little in common. Russia and South Africa are literally and racially poles apart, and India and China are on opposite ends of the freedom index. This rainbow coalition...
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...VALEN, Aira Geyle C. --- AC402 * Political System A political system in which government is controlled by a king or queen is called a monarchy. In Sumer and Babylon, the king was often the monarch and the high priest. The position of these so-called priest-kings was relatively unstable. If the god(s) didn't provide for welfare of the citizens, the people often held the king responsible, and deposed him. Ancient Mesopotamia was a region that contained several city-states, much like Italy during the Italian Renaissance period. Mesopotamia at this time did not have a centralized government but, instead, had many smaller regions with their own separate governments. The early kings ruled over only their own city-states. Lacking a centralized government and leader, the ancient region was prone to internal fighting among the kings for land and resources. The Mesopotamians believed their kings and queens were descended from the City of Gods, but, unlike the ancient Egyptians, they never believed their kings were real gods. Most kings named themselves “king of the universe” or “great king”. Another common name was “shepherd”, as kings had to look after their people. Sumerians: Gilgamesh (c. 2650 BC) - Gilgamesh was the 5th king of the Sumerian city of Uruk. He became known as a demigod with superhuman strength in later legends and tales such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. Akkadian Empire: Sargon the Great (reigned 2334 - 2279 BC) - or Sargon of Akkad, founded the world's 1st...
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...Mariann HNC Business – ITAS Contents Introduction This report has been requested by Anniesland College, and has been put together by Mariann. It will examine the history and progress of HARIBO throughout the years. It will contain brief descriptions of when HARIBO was founded and by whom, the famous slogan, the products that HARIBO produce and how the products are produced, and the successes of the years. The History of HARIBO The founding of HARIBO Hans Riegel was born on 3 April 1893 in Friesdorf near Bonn, the son of Peter and Agnes Riegel. After technical school he sought work as a confectioner and spent five years at the firm Kleutgen & Meier. Further stages in his career include jobs at production plants in Neuss and Osnabrück. Then after World War I, Heinen, a company based in Bonn-Kessenich, was looking for a confectioner, and Riegel was taken on as a partner, after which the company became known as Heinen & Riegel. In 1920, Riegel became the sole owner of the firm. He acquired a house on Bergstrasse in Kessenich, a suburb of Bonn where he set up his first production plant. The starting capital consisted of a sack of sugar, a marble slab, a stool, a walled-up stove, a copper kettle and a roller. Here, in a small kitchen sink, the legacy of an internationally successful enterprise was born. On 13 December 1920, Riegel registered the name HARIBO, an abbreviation of HAns RIegel BOnn, in the Bonn Commercial Registry. In 1921, he married Gertrud...
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