...business. In business the objective may be to make a product, to provide a particular service and so on. Cost is usually a monetary valuation of effort, material, resources, time and utilities consumed risks incurred, and opportunity forgone in production and delivery of a good or service. The costs incurred by a business may be classified in various ways and one important way is according to how they behave in relation to changes in the volume of activity. There are: Based on behavior two types of cost are there 1.FIXED COST: those are fixed when changes occur to the volume of activity. Ex: the salary of employees, rent… 2.VARIABLE COST: these are cost which vary according the volume of activity. Ex: cost of raw materials used in manufacturing a product. DIFFERENT TYPES OF COST WITH EXAPLES * SEMI-FIXED(SEMI-VARIABLE )COST: In some cases, particular costs have an element of both fixed and variable cost. Thesecan be described as semi-fixed (semi-variable) costs. * Ex: telephone bill, electricity bill. * Actual Cost Actual cost is defined as the cost or expenditure which a firm incurs for producing or acquiring a good or service. The actual costs or expenditures are recorded in the books of accounts of a business unit. Actual costs are also called as "Outlay Costs" or "Absolute Costs" or "Acquisition Costs". Examples: Cost of raw materials, Wage Bill etc. (B) Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is concerned with the cost of forgone...
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...2014-06 July 2014 * Financial Stability Department ** Economic Research Department Reserve Bank of Australia Thanks to Tom Cusbert, Luci Ellis, Richard Finlay, Alex Heath, Jonathan Kearns, Christopher Kent, David Lancaster, Tony Richards, Nigel Stapledon, Iqbal Syed, Chris Stewart and Marc-Oliver Thurner for helpful comments and discussions. We would like to acknowledge earlier RBA research by Robert Johnson. Views in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Authors: foxr and tulipp at domain rba.gov.au Media Office: rbainfo@rba.gov.au Abstract This paper examines whether it costs more to own a home or to rent. We argue this is a useful criterion for assessing housing overvaluation. We use a new Australian dataset, which includes prices and rents for matched properties, letting us value housing in levels. We find that if...
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...success and joy to everyone, including immigrants, but it will come at a cost of integrating into a new world and nation different from their own. Instead of making the easy transition into this new society, the characters come to the realization that there will be some give and take with adjusting to this new world. She implies that cultural traditions and heritages may have to be forfeited or lessened in this new world to make room for what is socially acceptable in America. This is only if one wants to be successful and take full advantage of the American dream and all this country has to offer. For immigrants who seem to be able to merge the various aspects of each culture successfully, they learn that American society doesn’t really view them equally, but instead looks upon them as a lower class citizen compared to naturalized citizens. In “Wings”, Shenah Pessah, the protagonist is on adolescent immigrant who looks forward to making something of herself, brimming with joy and aspiration to improve her life. In the new world her life seemingly becomes better when she meets a young professor, John Barnes, who represents everything she wanted to be in America. Unknown to her are his true motives of his interests in her. When she says she’s from Russia, the first thing he thinks of is: “So he was in their midst, the people he came to study. The girl with her hungry eyes and intense eagerness now held a new interest for him” (Yezierska 7). To...
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...Patterns of Discrimination in Police Agencies George Phillip CJS/221 October 13, 2015 LaTishia Wheaton Introduction Purpose Different Forms of Discrimination Patterns Discrimination refers to the arbitrary denial of opportunities, rights and privileges on the basis race, gender, sex and other aspects. Discrimination can be both legal and illegal depending on the situation. In a real-estate contract, for example, a land lord can legally discriminate against someone depending on the applicant’s situation. If the rent contract mentioned “NO PETS”, the landlord can deny the applicant and then turn around and accept an applicant with no pets. If the landlord on the other hand, refused rent to a female applicant because of her gender and gives rent to a male applicant, this type of discrimination is illegal. Discrimination is classified into individual discrimination, institutional discrimination and structural discrimination. In this paper, we will define each form of discrimination and compare them to see differences and similarities they have. In this paper, we will talk mainly about racial discrimination however, keep in mind all three forms of discrimination apply not only to race but also to gender, ethnicity, sexual preferences, religion marital status and other things. Institutional Discrimination Institutional Discrimination is defined as unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions as a whole...
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...ECO/ 365 Wednesday, March 13, 2013 William Mason Supply and Demand Simulation Paper In the simulation, Goodlife Management is a company who rents and leases two-bedroom apartments in the city called Atlantis. The simulation helped students understand shifts in demand and supply, the effect of a price ceiling on the quantity demanded and quantity of supplied two-bedroom apartments, and the equilibrium point as well. “Microeconomics is the study of how individual choice is influenced by economic forces” (Colander, 2010). Individuals in this case refer to both people and businesses. Two microeconomic principles that are apparent in the simulation are the supply of two-bedroom apartments for rent, and the demand for renting them. In all the scenarios, students were challenged to either increase or decrease rental rates on behalf of Goodlife Management, depending on how high or low the demand of two-bedroom apartments were. On the other hand, macroeconomics is the study of the economy as a whole and considers problems of inflation, unemployment, business cycles, and growth (Colander, 2010). The increase in population, or growth, had an impact on the apartments because there was a parallel increase in demand for rented apartments. The reason for an increase in population was the fact that a new business was opening up in Atlantis, thus creating job opportunities in the city. Because the employment rate in Atlantis was rising, the demand for renting apartments increased as well...
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...MGT219 Organisational Behaviour Case Study Gap, Next and Marks & Spencer in Sweatshop Scandal Story of case study Gap, Next and Marks & Spencer’s suppliers in India have been found paying low wages to workers and force them to work extra long hours. Workers told the Observer that the factories are usually hire them through middlemen, from whom they are paid “as little as 25p an hour, in the case of Gap and Next, and 26p an hour for M&S”, and they are forced to work 16 hours per day with only 2 thirty-minute breaks. For workers who refuse to do extra long hours would be asked to find new jobs or even get beaten up. "We need to work for the money and if we don't the company will kick us out, said Bitthu, 26.” Since workers have to work till late at night, their children are left at home along and many are roaming on the streets. A 6-year-old girl, Bubli, told the observer that her parents were both out working and they usually leave the house at 8am and return home after 10pm. Her 11-year-old sister was left in change while their parents were working. Because of the low wages, many families cannot afford £5.50 a month (which is 10% of their salaries) to send their children to school. However, all three companies claim that they are “totally committed to ethical trading” and abuses are not allowed in their supply chains, also, certain actions had been taken to solve these problems. (The Observer 2010) Sweatshop Definition The U.S. General Accounting Office...
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... | | |Objective of CSSA |4 - 5 | |Clientele profile/composition |6 - 8 | |The problem |9 | |Caseload and expenditure |10 - 12 | |Levels of benefit |13 - 14 | |CSSA cases...
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...Tax Case study to: | Professor | from: | | subject: | | date: | [Click to Select Date] | cc: | | | | This memo will go about discussing the issues and resolution of them to assist the four physicians that have come to KPMG to get professional guidance on the type of entity they should become and taxation they should follow. The four physicians have found a location for the practice. It does not need any updates or repairs. They have also informed KPMG that they plan to purchase medical equipment for $1,500,000. To address what type of entity they should I recommend an S Corporation as described in the Code § 1361(a),(b)(1-2) in which it is defined: (a) S corporation defined (1) In general For purposes of this title, the term "S corporation" means, with respect to any taxable year, a small business corporation for which an election under section 1362(a) is in effect for such year. (2) C corporation For purposes of this title, the term "C corporation" means, with respect to any taxable year, a corporation which is not an S corporation for such year. (b) Small business corporation (1) In general For purposes of this subchapter, the term "small business corporation" means a domestic corporation which is not an ineligible corporation and which does not- (A) have more than 100 shareholders, (B) have as a shareholder a person (other than an estate, a trust described in subsection (c)(2), or an organization described in subsection (c)(6)) who is not an individual...
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...approach from the Skagit County, WA case study. The American Farmland Trust Cost of Community Services methodology compares the ratio of expenditures to revenue for different land uses, which are used in municipal land-use planning. Land uses, from residential / commercial / industrial , agricultural / and open space, largely determine the different revenues and expenditures of the municipal government because they generated different amounts of revenue from being taxed at different rates. Expenditures also vary from municipal services because different services need to be provided per use like education, police protection, fire protection, roads, and other infrastructural uses. The basic methodology of CCS studies is to first partition land uses into three classes: residential, commercial / industrial, and agricultural / open-space. Expenditures and revenues from the municipal budget are then allocated to the three different land-use categories. Although the specific methodology for fiscal allocations differs among CCS studies, the final result is always a ratio of expenditures over revenues for each of the three land uses. For example, a residential ratio of 1.2 means that for every U.S.$1.00 of revenue raised from residential land uses, U.S.$1.20 of expenditures is spent on residential land uses. Studies then report a separate ratio for residential, commercial/industrial, and agricultural/open-space land uses. A general finding of CCS studies is that commercial/industrial and...
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...Case Study: Zipcar Bryan Gibson IT496 June 24, 2013 Contents Case Description 3 Firm History & Products 3 What Do They Do Well? 4 Are Their Things They Do Poorly? 5 Porter’s Five Forces 6 POTENTIAL THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 6 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 6 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 6 THREAT OF SUBSTITUES 6 INDUSTRY COMPETITORS 7 Sustainable Competitive Advantage 7 Case Questions 8 Discuss the synergy between the business strategy of Zipcar and information technology. 8 As the CEO of Zipcar, what would you do to sustain a competitive advantage? 8 Is Zipcar a Success or Failure? 9 Will Zipcar Survive? 9 Should Zipcar Alter Their Strategy? 10 References 11 Case Description Zipcar is a company that was co-founded by Antje Danielson and Robin Chase in January of 2000, and was based on a car-sharing system originally utilized in Germany and Switzerland. The concept was to allow car rentals by the hour, with arranged pick-up and drop-off times located in neighborhoods allowing customers to simply walk to the vehicle without the need to wait in line. Danielson and Chase were concerned about the environment and this was their solution to vehicle overcrowding. Additionally, they feel their service helps to alleviate the headaches associated with owning a car, and gives people the option of having a second car or a bigger car, if it suits their needs, without having to buy. Zipcar is backed by a proprietary IT platform which allowed...
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...Case study «Play it safe at home, or take a risk abroad» Coe’s is a big lease-to-own chain in U.S., which has been established by Terry Windham from 1950’s from investing $600 in 32 chairs to rent out to auction. Starting from this the business expanded to party equipment and sickroom gear and later on in 1970’s it is oriented on furniture and the household goods. Stan Windham, a CEO of Coe’s chain and the son of Terry, has opened the 1,000’s store in South Tucson. Not looking for a market saturation, such as Mr. Rental and Walmart, the company doing great as it is differ from them. Unlike its competitors, Coe’s is accented on ownership offering a monthly payment schedule and a shorter contract period, as well as free delivery of items and free repairs. The policy of a chain is to train Coe’s managers in way that they only approve lease agreements only for people who could afford the payments. The policy of a company to identify customers who were not aware about renting-to-own before, but though he economy has a recession, were afraid about committing a big-ticket items at once. Another things, which make Coe’s chain more attractive to customers is that, in case they couldn’t afford to make payments, it is possible to resume the contract with no penalties whenever the financial situation improved. The situation is that investors want the Coe’s chain to grow. One expansion which was rather successfully done in the 1990’s into Canada and there are over 100 stores now. But...
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...Contents 1. 2. 3. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Background Scenario and Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Analysis of Questionnaire Responses 3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 3.2. Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 3.3. Financials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Food Trends-At home and abroad . . . . ....
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...Contents 1. 2. 3. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Background Scenario and Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Analysis of Questionnaire Responses 3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 3.2. Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 3.3. Financials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Food Trends-At home and abroad . . . . ....
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...Contents 1. 2. 3. Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Background Scenario and Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Analysis of Questionnaire Responses 3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 3.2. Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 3.3. Financials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Food Trends-At home and abroad . . . . ....
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... In order to avoid any misunderstandings and problems it is very important that you both understand the rules of renting a home/apartment and the rules to allow someone to rent you home/apartment. Ordinarily, when an individual pays someone to live on their property, they become a tenant at which time they are protected by a law that is governed in their state. As a property-owner, you have certain responsibilities, which are derived from property rental laws as well as from any arrangement whether it was written or verbal amongst the two parties. As with any type of business, there are going to be disputes of some kind. It will mainly be on the tenant’s behalf, they are not happy with something in the property. In turn they get upset with the landlord and says it is their fault. Typically these disputes can be handled amongst the two parties. Every now and again you will come across some that were just not able to dissolve the situation so they had to take it to court. They followed the legal proceedings which they are entitled to. In the case of Larry (landlord) and Roger (renter), if I were the mediator I would first go over the rights and responsivities of both the tenant and the property-owner. These are things that they should already know of. I would make sure that they both understand any and all legal proceedings that follow in such a case. This will be done so that they both understand what has happened or going to happen on their part. According to the law of...
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