...Part IV Emerging and Integrating Perspectives January-2007 MAC/ADSM Page-213 1403_985928_17_cha14 January-2007 MAC/ADSM Page-214 1403_985928_17_cha14 CHAPTER 14 Complexity Perspective Jean Boulton and Peter Allen Basic principles The notion that the world is complex and uncertain and potentially fast-changing is much more readily acceptable as a statement of the obvious than it might have been 30 years ago when complexity science was born. This emerging worldview sits in contradistinction to the view of the world as predictable, linear, measurable and controllable, indeed mechanical; it is the so-called mechanical worldview which underpins many traditional approaches to strategy development and general management theory (see Mintzberg, 2002 for an overview). The complexity worldview presents a new, integrated picture of the behaviour of organisations, marketplaces, economies and political infrastructures; these are indeed complex systems as we will explain below. Some of these behaviours are recognised in other theories and other empirical work. Complexity theory is unique in deriving these concepts through the lens of a coherent, self-consistent scientific perspective whilst nevertheless applying it to everyday, practical problems. These key principles can be summarised here: There is more than one possible future This is a very profound point. We are willing to accept the future may be too complicated to know, but the notion...
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...so. This is an inaccurate geographical imagination, though one which is useful to some. In fact what is going on is far more complex. To give some examples of this greater complexity; first at the same time as some barriers are falling we are also building a newly regionalised world of Europe, of the Far East, and of the countries of NAFTA." Using this quotation the complexity is the creation of new types of borders (i.e. while some barriers are falling, others are being put up). What you need to do then, is think about what types of challenges this complexity might create in future. For example, perhaps the challenge will be the inaccessibility and exclusivity these barriers might pose to some. Or perhaps the challenge is the management of those barriers? Another way of conceptualising the challenges presented by this complexity may be to consider the way in which it fosters isolated cooperation or understanding amongst peoples. Does this make sense? The readings cite a number of complexities associated with globalisation - they are present conditions that have resulted from global processes. The challenges are things that we will face in future, as a result of these complexities. We cannot know definitively what those will be, but we can certainly think about the prospects. | | Another complexity: trade with nations far away? | INTRODUCING HUMAN GEOGRAPHIES BY CRANGE ET. AL. | NOTES | PAGE NUMBER | COMMENTS ON INFORMATION | - | | | | NOTES | PAGE NUMBER...
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...hj Amazon US | UK | There is a growing popular literature on chaos and complexity (eg Stewart 1989; Kauffman 1993) authored by scientists of high reputation writing about research fields in which they are themselves active. There is also a burgeoning literature (eg Wheatley 1992; Stacey 1992, 1996; McMaster 1995, Merry 1995) which draws on this work to address management concerns and practices, but whose authors are experienced in management and management education rather than in the substantive scientific fields whose findings they report and interpret. I shall refer to this arena as ‘management complexity’. There is some evidence of managerial take-up of ‘complexity’ as a framework for informing organisational practice. This is still at an early stage, and take-up may or may not lead to take-off. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a discussion of the validity and significance of these ideas for the management of organisations. The type of questions which I shall at least be raising are: * what failings in current management theory or practice are claimed to be corrected? * how novel are the management prescriptions which are derived from complexity theory? how plausible? * does complexity theory provide scientific authority for these prescriptions? I will first provide the briefest of overviews of the subject matter of chaos and complexity theory, followed by an outline of the ways in which they have been applied to the field of management. I will...
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...caused a lot of administrative mistakes and wrong deliveries, which in turn meant more costs for Boeing. First, the largest airlines established EDI connections with Boeing over VAN’s, but this system was also very complex and costly and the majority of the airlines didn’t use it. With the use of the Internet, Boeing saw a huge potential to achieve even more customers in a cheaper and more efficient way. The good-working PART system may even encourage customers to buy Boeing aircrafts because of the good service quality. 2. What motivated the move from EDI to the Internet? Until 1992 only 10 percent of the largest customers were using EDI to order parts from Boeing. The main reasons for this weak performance were high costs and the complexity of VAN-based EDI. The internet itself is characterized by a very easy and cheap access, and Boeing saw the opportunity to encourage more of its customers to order parts electronically. Not only the largest airlines ordered their parts via the internet but also the smallest airline or company was now able to participate in PART. Consequently Boeing was able to increase the order volume in a very short period and could save money at the same time, because more than 600 phone calls per day were eliminated. Boeing was able to satisfy their customers on the one side, and work more...
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...1. Describe the differences between a complex proposal and a simplified proposal. The main difference is that a complex proposal is for biggest projects and are more detail that a simple proposal that is usually use on small projects. Complex proposal contest: technical section, management section, cost section, and pricing considerations. A simplified project proposal as the names said is simple, but need to have the following elements: statement of customer’s need, assumptions, project scope, deliverables, resources, schedule, price, risk, expected benefits. 2. Describe at least three criteria that a customer could use to evaluate a contractor’s proposal • The experience of the individuals who will be assigned to work in the project • Management capability, including the contractor’s ability to plan and control the project to ensure that the project is completed within budget and on schedule. • Realism of the contractor’s schedule. it is realistic, considering the resources the contractors plan to assign the project? Does it’s meet the customer schedule? how detailed is the schedule? 3. Explain which projects are most appropriate for cost-reimbursement contracts. Cost-reimbursement contracts are used in projects with a high risk where the contractor assumes that the cost could be more that the proposed price. 4. In which type of contracts does the customer usually requires that, throughout the project, the contractor regularly compares actual expenditures with the proposal...
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...COLLECTED VIEWS ON COMPLEXITY IN SYSTEMS JOSEPH M. SUSSMAN JR East Professor Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Engineering Systems Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts April 30, 2002 The term “complexity” is used in many different ways in the systems domain. The different uses of this term may depend upon the kind of system being characterized, or perhaps the disciplinary perspective being brought to bear. The purpose of this paper is to gather and organize different views of complexity, as espoused by different authors. The purpose of the paper is not to make judgments among various complexity definitions, but rather to draw together the richness of various intellectual perspectives about this concept, in order to understand better how complexity relates to the concept of engineering systems. I have either quoted directly or done my best to properly paraphrase these ideas, apologizing for when I have done so incorrectly or in a misleading fashion. I hope that this paper will be useful as we begin to think through the field of engineering systems. The paper concludes with some “short takes” -- pungent observations on complexity by various scholars -- and some overarching questions for subsequent discussion. AUTHOR A THEORY OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS Edward O. Wilson Herbert Simon SOURCE Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge “The Architecture of Complexity”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 106, No. 6, December...
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...ongoing globalisation has brought increased complexity to mostly every aspect of the business world, and supply chains are also affected to a large extent. Overly complex supply chains are not adaptable so many companies are facing failures. The only way left is to reduce complexity in supply chains by using different techniques. Companies with more mature supply chain practices can reduce costs and can achieve higher profits. Industry leaders are using this advantage to increase market share and are competing effectively. Innovation in supply chain can transform the industry in which firm competes, companies like Dell, Wal-Mart and Zara has done the same and have met the success. Physical breadth and configuration, relationship with suppliers and customers, management and organizational structure are some of the physical factors which have contributed to the problem. There are number of causes to complexity in supply chains as competitive pressure, lack of an integrated functional approach and time factor. Contrary to this, simplification is one such factor that can impact the entire supply chain, and can yield satisfied customers through following factors. More responsiveness Lower operation costs Consistent quality Enhanced performance Customer Satisfaction = If a process can be made simpler it usually performs better. The complexity reduction framework breaks down supply chain complexity into its component parts. Since supply chain...
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...Ama Dente MHA 601: PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE ADMINISTRATION Error Avoidance in Post Modern/Complex Adaptive Systems Professor: Tricia Devin December 10, 2012 Post-modernist/complex adaptive systems are modern theories of management that deal with relationships within the organization and how the organization is structured. As in all positions of leadership, managers in these organizations have to possess tools necessary to keep their part of the organization running smoothly. Many of these managers employ the postmodernist complex adaptive systems theory because it allows for less rigid boundaries during the planning and implementation process as well as constantly reminding the manager that the staff is a critical component to the organization as well. Being in a position of leadership means that it is up to that person to handle any problems that may arise during the lifetime of the organization. This paper focuses on ten possible errors that can be found in health care organizations. For each of these errors, I will discuss what makes it an error and what way the error can be avoided. The first error that will be discussed is “failing to account for employees' ability to learn safe machine operation methods by experimenting on their own with ways to speed up production and thereby reduce the effort they are required to use.” The first criterion that proves this to be an error is that the failure to account for an employee's...
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...Key points A clear regard for history, an honest understanding of where we are today, and having the intellectual curiosity as we look to the future will be key to one’s ability to be an effective leader. These are the key points that I gleaned from the readings that were assigned to me. As a student of history and political science, I am always impressed when an author can help us understand where we are today, by giving us a clear understanding that much of what we will see in the future has at least some basis from the past. This is not to say that we will be in an endless cycle of repeated patterns, but that we will for the most part see traces of the past as our future unfolds. I was particularly impressed with the way Devereaux described the 75 year cycle and how we are now in the midst of the final 25 years of what she describes as the badlands. It is true that the majority of the transformational change that we encounter typically happens at the end of a cycle just as we transition into a new era. In my opinion, sound decision making should be made with an understanding of history as it relates to the question at hand. Thomas Friedman’s words give us an understanding of history, but he also talks about how we can learn from the successes and failures of America’s decisions during the last 50 years. He paints a vision for us to look to as we sit on a precipice where we as a nation clearly have a choice to make. Do we continue to act ‘as dumb as we wanna be’...
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...GARIMA NAGPAL Question 1: Hellen Ishikawa is an example of the mid-range and lower-tier segment of the market that required more software oriented solutions rather than extreme hardware. This is where Carl Zeiss is lacking behind. If any other brand were to provide to this required feature, which concentrated more on user ability rather than computing power, Zeiss would be at a competitive disadvantage. In the microscopy sector, a company has to be quick to spot emerging needs and usage trends. With the likes of tough competition as well as the upcoming products from lead users would pose a threat if Zeiss doesn’t concentrate on upgrading their hardware and software with client requirements. Question 2: The strategy that Zeiss applied to the biomedical and industrial market segments was to modularize their products in such a manner that the end output for both the segments would be essentially the same with tailor-made software and market segment specific extensions such as application briefs and sales approaches. The strength and weakness of this approach would be same as that for modularizations, which are given below with an added advantage of simplified business process. Modularization allows for a number of advantages including easy and cost effective production process since the same components can be assembled differently to produce different products. Another advantage would be that it allows for customization of instrument to meet the diverse needs of the...
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...who is a pay leader, is in the process of creating a pay structure for the company using a point job evaluation system. The job that is currently in question is an entry-level computer engineer. The compensable factors are weighted out of 1000 points and those that have been selected for this job are education (200 pts), experience (200 pts), complexity (250 pts), and responsibility (350 pts). Education is divided into five degrees: Doctorate (200), Masters (150), Bachelors (100), Associates/ Some College (50), High School or less (0). Experience is divided into five degrees: 10+ years of experience (200), 6-9 years of experience (150), 3-5 years of experience (100), 1-2 years of experience (50), little to no experience (0). Complexity is divided into four degrees: very complex (250), complex (150), somewhat complex (50), not very complex (0). Finally, responsibility is divided into four degrees: supervisor (350), senior engineer (250), engineer (150), junior engineer (50). The computer engineer job would receive 100 pts for education, as a bachelor’s degree is needed, 0 pts for experience, since it is an entry-level job, 250 for complexity because the position is that of an engineer,...
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...Global Management Assignment – The IBM Case Please answer the following questions: (1) What global forces drove IBM to become a globally-integrated enterprise? An increasingly global world creates many opportunities – easier and faster communication, more affordable and more refined solutions, as well as a better interconnectivity between customers and suppliers around the globe. As the internet has deeply integrated itself into the economic performance of companies and countries at meso and macro levels, the competition between suppliers is increasing and fostering a more rapid innovation cycle. As new markets open up and offer new profit pools for companies, it is essential for firms such as IBM to be on top of their game. They need to analyze and understand market trends before they are even born and respond with a global solution, which is capable of taking transnational strategies and skillfully translating them for the local market needs. The biggest market for any company might not always be its home market. Free markets around the world create many opportunities for growth. However, if IBM fails to identify these opportunities, it can cost the company its survival, as the competition quickly moves in and takes over. Globalization means more options and power for customers, as all over the world people can virtually connect with companies, goods and services anywhere. Therefore, open markets, new market entries, developing government policies, increased customer...
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...MN 325-final test 1. The Vroom-Yetton Leadership Model—indentify and explain the five decision-making styles. Explain how three of the situational factors affect the degree of involvement by subordinates. The question will indicate which factors to explain and a general response is expected. ∙ Autocratic I (AI)—a manger solves a problem using the information that is already available ∙ Autocratic II (AII)—a manager obtains additional information from subordinates and then solves the problem ∙ Consultative I (CI)—a manager shares the problem with subordinate on an individual basis and obtain their ideas and suggestions. Again, the manager chooses a solution to the problem at hand ∙ Consultative II (CII)—a manger shares the problem with subordinates as a group. The final decision may or may not reflect subordinate input ∙ Group (G)—a manager meets with subordinates as a group. However, the manager acts as a chairperson who focuses on directs discussions, but does not impose his or her will on the group. True subordinates’ participation, in a democratic sense, is sought. ∙ Situational factors: o (A)—does the problem posses a quality requirement? o (B)—Do I have sufficient information to make a high-quality decision? o (C) –Is the problem structured? o (D)—Is acceptance of the decision by subordinates important for effective implementation? o (E)—If I were to make the decision by myself, am I reasonably certain that it would be...
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...Tracing Complexity Theory by Pedro Ferreira For ESD.83 – Research Seminar in Engineering Systems Fall 2001 Summary This work traces the development of complexity theory as a field of study. Complexity theory studies and analyzes complex systems and aims at understanding their structure and behavior. A complex system is characterized by emergent behavior resulting from the interaction among its parts and, for that reason it cannot be fragmented without losing its identity and purposefulness. Therefore, complexity theory is at the heart of what systems are today, and is concerned with the idea that a system is more than just assembling a set of machines together. To deal with this kind of systems, researchers use abstraction and rely heavily on computer simulation to derive steady-state information about the system, in form of invariants, limiting cycles and attractors. Complexity theory has a large scope of application in today’s life mainly because real world systems are all complex. This document presents ideas, definitions and properties of complex systems and introduces some of the tools and methods used in complexity theory. It also analyzes the origins of this field of study and includes an assessment about its success and relevance. 1 Ideas about Complex Systems Complexity theory encompasses a body of knowledge aimed at analyzing complex systems. Some views put up by researchers dealing with complex systems, compiled by Joseph Sussman in 2000...
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...Complexities Ever wondered why we create complexities for ourselves? Is it our nature like Goulish tried to tell us? All these questions could pop up into anyone’s head once he/ she really put their heads into it. Upon taking just a glance at our lives we could manage to understand that we make things more complex than they have to. Confucius once said, “Life is simple, but we insist on making it complicated.” This quote ostensibly covers the whole idea of this essay. We as humans have had rough time through our evolution; we have gone through much as a race that it has affected us to our core. Goulish explains it in his essay that it is our nature to complicate things. “Irreducible complexity seems to characterize the late twentieth century itself” (Goulish 557). Goulish seems to have a pretty good idea of what complexities are and how this trait of human beings has been us for as long as we can remember. Goulish does not hesitate to explain to his readers that making things complex is our nature. Goulish hits this spot right from the beginning of his essay, “Each time we experience a work of performance, we start over almost from nothing” (Goulish 557). Why does he say that? Goulish tells us that when we experience an act of performance we tend to look at it from the fresh eye instead of using our previous encounters in similar situations. He tells his readers that, come what may, we will look at things with the thought in our head that we have never encountered it before...
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