...In this article Carla Clark explained that this is one area that we have no solid proof that it exist, at the same time, we cannot totally denial it. The reason for this is that some memory resurface are upheld in the court of law, while some are not. With is kind of situation, there will be most likely events that innocent people may be jailed and abusers let go freely. Scientists and researchers are working very seriously to get to the root of this matter. Repressed memories, what is it? Fact or fiction? Hypothesis According to this article, repressed memories is one of the ways individuals cope with traumatic conditions, by pushing them away so as to enable the child to live freely with whom they depend on for survival. The American...
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...A Literature Review: Memory Distortions, Repressed Memories, and Autobiographical Memory Psych. 560 June 17, 2013 Prof. Pitt A Literature Review: Memory Distortions, Repressed Memories, and Autobiographical Memory Memory helps to build and shape you into the person that you have become. It allows you to identify people, places that you have been, what things are, when things are supposed to happen or have happened, and it also allows you to piece knowledge together so that you can make perceptions or assumptions as to why things happen the way they do. Your short term memory helps you to recollect things in your present day life while your long term memory stores things for retrieval at a later time. Although you rely on your memory to recount information day to day, there are also instances in which your memory denies retrieval in the way that it was stored or retrieve the information just as you stored it. Memory distortions, repressed, memories, and autobiographical memory each describe different ways in which your memory responds when you try to recall the information. “Memory distortion refers to a memory report that differs from what actually occurred” (Bernstein & Loftus, 2008). Repressed memories occur when traumatic events are unconsciously recorded in the mind as a defense mechanism to avoid anxiety or other issues that might arise from the occasion. Autobiographical memory suggests that a person retains and retrieves information...
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...abuse from recovery of memories. Most incident occurred after years of not declaring and only recollected during adulthoods, hence, this post a question - How reliable or accurate is the recovered memories? This recovered memories may only be repressed due to shocking incident and later from the unconscious mind, the memory surface out to the conscious mind side. This theory is the key foundation for psychoanalysis and many psychotherapists have readily accepted ( Bruhn, 1990) Memories We have to know that human mind consists of short-term and long-term memory, in this case, we’re looking at long-term memory which break down into 3 main classes. Procedural memory, is...
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...Memoires Psy/310 When looking at the field of psychology, we will learn about males who have contributed to the growth of psychology. Some examples of men we study in beginners psychology are E.G Boring, Robert I. Watson and of course Sigmund Freud. There is little mention of females who have contributed to psychology. Why is it that females are not really mentioned in the history of psychology? Females have contributed to the growth of psychology just as men have. A woman that has spent her whole life trying to understand memory is Elizabeth Loftus. We will begin with a short biography and also touch on how she has helped psychology to grow. Elizabeth Loftus was born Elizabeth Fishman on October 16, 1944 to Sidney and Rebecca Fishman in Los Angeles, California (Born, 1997). She was raised in Bel Air with both her parents. Then in 1959 her mother passed away, she had drowned in a swimming pool when Loftus was only 14 years old. Loftus wanted to be a high school math teacher, but after attending a psychology class at UCLA she changed her mind. She continued in school to receive her Bachelors in 1966 in math and psychology. She met Geoffrey Loftus in 1968 while attending graduate school at Stanford, and married him. While attending Stanford she was introduced to the study of long term memory and was very interested in this subject. Loftus got her Masters in 1967. She continued her education at Stanford and got her Ph. D in1970. Then in 1973 Loftus was offered...
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...Repression of memories has been a controversial topic that has been argued for many years. Many people support the myth as it has been imposed in many cases, specifically legal convictions. Although researchers have found methods to refute the myth, individuals still belief they have repressed a memory of a traumatic event. This has recently been seen in 2007 in the Colorado vs. Marshall case. Marshall Adam Walker was accused of sexual assault to a seventeen year-old as he claimed that he made three boys pose nude for videos. He was sentenced to 24 to life in prison. One of the boys claimed to recover a repressed memory of the event while watching a movie (“Legal cases (53)”). This student’s claim made an influential impact on the perpetrator’s...
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...Recovering memories of childhood abuse. In recent years, the explosion of reports of childhood abuse in men and women has raised questions about the nature of memory for traumatic events, the occurrence of amnesia for childhood abuse, and the validity and accuracy of recovered memories. According to researchers most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what happened to them although they may not fully understand or disclose it. However, others argue that repression and dissociation is far from clear, their use has become idiosyncratic, metaphoric, and arbitrary. Many clinicians accept recovered memories of childhood abuse as essentially valid reports of early experiences, and clinical work with recovered memories has proved to be useful in some patients. Recently, however, a number of investigators have questioned the validity of recovered memory of childhood. A heated debate has emerged regarding therapists' role in the retrieval of previously unremembered memories of childhood abuse. However, despite evidence that memory content can be influenced by suggestion, emotional arousal, and personal meaning, the bulk of memory research actually supports the accuracy of memory for the central components of significant events. Research evidence shows that it is not for people who were sexually abused in childhood to experience amnesia and delayed recall for the abuse. And according to this article has shown that over time memory for events can...
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...This document is under development. Input and suggestions for improvement are welcomed by at this address. This revision: 1997. Your Obligation to the Reader. The author of a book or paper has an obligation to give the reader something beyond what the reader could obtain directly from the source materials. These services to the reader may include: Research and investigate. Seek out obscure and hard-to-find material, and unify it into a clear presentation. Synthesize. Draw together diverse things to show patterns and relations. Organize. Give logical continuity and structure to diverse materials. Analyze. Provide critical analysis in which arguments are examined for evidence, validity, logic, and flaws. Clarify. Make evidence and arguments clearer to the reader. Elucidate difficult material. Examine in a broader context. Show how a specific subject fits into a broader context, relates to another field, or relates to historic precedents. Select and distill. Weed out fluff and irrelevancies to get at the main issues of a complex subject. Adopt a point of view. Show how the preponderance of evidence and reason favors one side in a controversial issue. Research Materials Before sitting down to write you must have ideas, a plan in mind and genuine understanding to communicate. That comes from reading everything you can get your hands on related to your subject. How much? Well, I'd feel a bit insecure writing about anything until I'd digested and understood anywhere...
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...revealed about how the different areas of the human brain support cognitive function. I will also discuss the characteristics of primary memory, the process of memory from perception and retrieval and the unreliability of memory retrieval. Phineas Gage Phineas gage is known as one of the most famous documented cases of brain injury. This brain injury occurred on September 13th, 1848 while Gage was working on the railroad excavating rocks with a tampering rod in the State of Vermont. An explosion occurred on the job-site that caused a tampering rod propelled at an extremely high speed to enter and penetrate Gage’s skull. This tampering rod entered his skull under his left cheek bone and exited through the top of his head; it was later recovered with bits of brain matter and blood on it. The amazing thing is that throughout this horrific accident, Mr. Gage never lost consciousness, in fact, by January of the following year; he had started to live a normal life. However, it was noted that around this time, Mr. Gage was considered to be suffering from some major changes in his personality. What Phineas Gage’s Accident Reveals about Cognitive Functions “Cognition refers to the higher order functions that are needed for learning and interacting with a person's environment. Each human brain is capable of multiple cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, executive functions and language. Each of the cognitive brain functions is highly interconnected, with an exchange of information...
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...Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only having a cathartic (i.e. healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured". Psychoanalysis Assumptions · Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological problems as rooted in the unconscious mind. · Manifest symptoms are caused by latent (hidden) disturbances. · Typical causes include unresolved issues during development or repressed trauma. · Treatment focuses on bringing the repressed conflict to consciousness, where the client can deal with it. How can we understand the unconscious mind? freud's couch Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a Freudian theory. In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the psychoanalyst. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a lengthy process often involving 2 to 5 sessions...
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...Savinja Gurung Mrs. Cheatham English 100 Feb 10, 2015 Critical Analysis of Carl Jung’s “The Importance of Dreams” Jung, one of the most important and most complex psychological theorist of all time, holds the belief that dreams are symbols of human unconsciousness. He finds the very intimate relationship between symbol, unconsciousness and dreams. In his essay “ The Importance of Dreams”, Jung describes that man produces symbols unconsciously and spontaneously, in the forms of dreams. He says that dreams are outlet of unconsciousness. He describes that how human incompetence to define and inability to explain certain things which is beyond human reasoning always expressed using different varieties of symbols such as natural symbols, cultural symbols and religious symbols. Jung’s idea is valid because things beyond the range of human understanding stores unconsciously without our conscious knowledge in human psyche which is revealed to us in a dream as a symbolic image. Jung believes that human unconsciousness exists and it expresses itself through our dreams using symbolic language. He asserts that “whoever denies the existence of the unconsciousness is in fact assuming that our present knowledge of the psyche is total. And this belief is clearly just as false as the assumption that we know all there is to be known about the natural universe” (192). Jung is right here because human race doesn’t know all about the natural universe. Human psyche is part...
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...and later on, agencies as well. The noun describes the "locality" that, according to the first topography, is set against the preconscious-conscious system. Both the adjective and the noun imply that psychical life is in conflict (the dynamic point of view); that memory exists without interest, that the energetics, indeed, the structure of psychic processes is determined, on the whole, beyond consciousness (the economic point of view); and that finally inaccessibility to consciousness is undeniable (the descriptive point of view). Freud transformed philosophical and psychiatric tradition with these ideas and his refinement of the terms (Hartmann, 1931; Whithe, 1961). When he advanced the theory of repression and the psychoneurosis of defense in 1894, Freud managed without the word unconscious. Thus ideas (or representations) that were intolerable, irreconcilable, repressed, durable, and pathogenic were beyond association, forgotten, outside of consciousness. Freud then made use of the term unconscious three times in Studies on Hysteria and called for research: "The ideas which are derived from the greatest depth and which form the nucleus of the pathogenic organization are also those which are acknowledged as memories by the patient with greatest difficulty. Even when [. . .] the patients themselves accept the fact that they thought this or that, they often add: 'But I can't remember having thought it.' It is easy to come to terms with them by telling them that the thoughts were...
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...MEMORY: REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO EDUCATION INTRODUCTION: Memory is generally defined as the processes of encoding, storing and retrieving information. These three processes interact with different memory systems. The memory systems that appear to be most important in the educational area are short-term memory, working memory and long-term memory. Memory is thought to begin with the encoding or converting of information into a form that can be stored by the brain. This encoding process is also referred to as registering information in memory. The memory systems that are involved in the encoding or registration of information in memory are sensory memory and short-term memory. Sensory Memory Information which first comes to us through our senses is stored for a very short period of time within the sensory register. Simply put, the sensory register is associated with our five senses – seeing (visual), hearing (auditory), doing (kinesthetic), feeling (tactile) and smelling (olfactory). However, the sensory buffers that have received the most attention in the research literature are the visual and auditory sensory registers. Generally information remains in our visual memory for a very short time, approximately several hundred milliseconds. This information or "image" is somewhat like an exact replica of what we have just seen, and it fades with the passage of time (Pashler and Carrier, 1996). Short-term Memory Most of the information that enters...
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...1) Explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally and consciously remembered. With implicit memory, is a functional form of memory that cannot be consciously recalled. 2) An example of explicit memory would be learning a new topic in school and reciting the information the next day. An example of implicit memory is hearing and recognizing a song and singing it. 3) An example of context dependent memory is when you lose an item and recall where you left it. 4) By characterizing good feelings with studying is a good way of helping to recall the information, for example someone who likes chocolate, could eat It while they study in turn helping them recall the information. 5) An example of proactive interference would be someone getting...
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...what are dreams * a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep. * source:www.howstuffworks.com * date: February 13 2013 * We've all been there -- dead asleep, caught up in the middle of a cinematic dream that feels so real you think you've actually experienced it, even after waking. Maybe it was a nightmare that left you in a cold sweat, heart pounding. Or if you're lucky, it's a liaison with your favorite movie star. Sigmund Freud believed that dreams are a window into our unconscious, and some studies indicate that he may have been onto something. For example, in one study, amnesiacs reported dreaming about activities that the scientists knew the patients had participated in before they'd gone to sleep -- even though the amnesiacs had no memory of those activities, outside of dreaming about them. This validates Freud's theory to a certain degree, but there are hundreds of competing theories about what dreams are and what their purpose is. * So what are dreams? Strictly speaking, dreams are images and imagery, thoughts, sounds and voices, and subjective sensations experienced when we sleep. This can include people you know, people you've never met, places you've been, and places you've never even heard of. Sometimes they're as mundane as recalling events that happened earlier in the day. They can also be your deepest and darkest fears and secrets, and most private fantasies. There's no limit to what the mind can experience...
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...Psychoanalytic Therapy Chuck Hessen Individual, Group & Family Counseling May 22, 2012 For this paper, I have chosen to write about Psychoanalytic Therapy. I hope to share with you my thoughts of how Freud’s theory resonates with me and has throughout my lifetime. Sigmund Freud was known as the originator and the father of psychoanalysis. Freud's theory on sexuality was also very profound and unique. His beliefs were that our behaviors are determined by irrational forces, unconscious motivations, and biological instinctual drives and these evolve during the first 6 years of life. The aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to make the unconscious motives, the conscious, because it is only then can we exercise choice. Many of his insights into the human mind, which seemed so revolutionary at the turn of the century, are still part of the foundation on which other theorists have and still build and develop upon. Freud realized that those who sought to change themselves or others must face realistic difficulties. Although others before and during his time had begun to recognize the role of importance in unconscious mental understanding, some of his ideas were met with antagonism and resistance. Freud believed deeply in the value of his discoveries and rarely simplified or exaggerated them for the sake of popular acceptance. Psychoanalysis has continued to grow and develop as a general theory of human mental functioning, always keeping...
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