...vaccines that don’t work. Animal testing started being practiced before 500 BC. Animal testing is necessary for medical purposes. As a result of using animals in medical studies, many cures have been found for diseases that causes epidemics. As controversial as this topic is, there is no argument that can say animal testing was useless. Animal testing started around 500 BC and has found many cures for the human race to live longer years. Based on procon.org, “California Biochemical Research Association states that nearly every medical breakthrough in the last 100 years has resulted directly from research...
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...CLASSIFICATION: The Florida gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is a reptile whose lifespan can exceed 100 years. And like all turtles, has a bulky shell on its back for its primary defense. The genus Gopherus consists of tortoises in North America that are adapt at digging and burrow. The species name polyhemus given in 1802 by the French scientist Francois-Marie Daudin who gave this name to the burrow dwelling tortoise after the cave-dwelling Polyphemus, the legendary Cyclops of the Iliad. The gopher tortoise in currently considered a threatened species and is protected everywhere except Florida, where it is a listed as a Species of Special Interest by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. APPEARANCE The gopher tortoise is a land turtle, usually between 6 and 15 inches long and weighs an average of 9 pounds. It is gray or dark brown on the top of its shell with a yellowish plastron (undershell). The tortoise’s claw-tipped front legs are strong and shovel-like, great for digging burrows. They also help the tortoise carry its heavy shell. When determining the sex of a tortoise, the most noticeable difference is that the male's plastron is concave (above right), whereas, the female's is perfectly flat (above left). RANGE: Gopher Tortoises generally live in the Southeastern U.S. They primarily live in Georgia and North and Central Florida, but can be found any where from Southeastern Louisiana to Southeastern South Carolina and all throughout Florida...
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...mouth compensates for their vulnerable small body size. However, the structure of the devils legs shows them having long front legs but shorter rear legs giving them the ability to reach up to speeds of 25 kilometre an hour (Parks and Wildlife Service- Tasmanian devil- Frequently Asked Questions). Its course, thin, black fur along with its stocky build resembles ones of a baby bear and they often have a white strip under their chest. The historical background of the Tasmanian devil devils evolution states that perhaps this marsupial evolved from a similar species found in South America during the time of Gowanda. (Devils@Cradle) DIET Tasmanian devils are strictly carnivorous, scavenging on small prey such as birds, snakes, fish, reptiles and insects and often eating communally...
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...Epidemiology of HIV Clinton L. Lewis, RN Grand Canyon University: Concepts in Community and Public Health January 29, 2014 HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, is a life threatening global pandemic that has claimed the lives of millions worldwide. HIV is primarily a sexually transmitted infection, but has a host of additional vectors. This virus is also be transmitted via contact with blood that contains the virus, transferred during pregnancy from mother to fetus, during childbirth, and breast-feeding. The virus can also be transmitted via intravenous needle sharing (Mayo; 2012). HIV damages the host’s immune system, ultimately interfering with the body’s natural defenses to fight infections that cause disease. In many cases, the infected individual goes years without the knowledge of being infected. Populations at higher risk for acquiring/transmitting HIV are primarily men who have sexual intercourse with other men (MSM). The group most seriously affected by the disease are young black/African American MSM. Left untreated, HIV will progress into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), in which complete failure of the immune system occurs, placing the host at fatally high risk for infection. Most recent statistics on HIV are staggering at best, with an estimated 1.144m persons in America alone age thirteen and older are currently living with HIV, including an estimated 181k who are unaware of the presence of infection (CDC; 2013). In the most recent decade, there...
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...be released to the public and then, other United States Administrations decided that it was a excellent idea to test products and drugs on animals before they could be sold and bought by consumers. Now, since the early 2000s animal activists such as, PETA are campaigning to stop the testing on animals. PETA focuses and tries to share with the public about the animals that are being forced into testing and are not protected by any laws. The laws that are currently in place do not protect the types of animals that get tested on. PETA and other animal activist groups are trying to enact a law that protect all animals including the ones that are being tested on. The Animal Welfare Act does protect animals but to them rats, mice, birds, fish, reptiles, and rabbits are not considered to be animals and therefore are not protected by the law. More recently, animals have been used for biomedical research. Position Overview Animal testing in the United States is required in order to test on humans or even release the product to the public, but most of the animals that are tested on are not protected by the law. There are alternative that can be used instead of testing on animals such as the silicon guinea pig. The silicon guinea pig was created by Michael Shuler, a biomedical engineer at Cornell University. The silicon guinea pig is a chip that looks as if it just came out if a computer or cell phone. The chips will hopefully replace the testing on animals, which is not only inhumane but...
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...Unfortunately, like reptiles, we do not shed the layer. Instead, for a lot of us, this dead cell debris turns into a major issue as it clogs the pores and the sebum inside. Environmental dirt also gets added to this mix and results in the appearance of blackheads. Bacteria thrive in the space and cause acne. Even for those who do not have pimple prone skin, the layer of dead skin cells gives their face a dull and tired appearance. The silver lining to this cloud is that a plump, fresh and youthful glowing layer of skin sits right below the dead cells. What microdermabrasion does is gently and effectively brushes off the dead cellular matter. This helps in 3 ways: 1. The removal of the uppermost derma layers sends a signal to the body to boost its production of dermal cells to create a new skin layer. In essence, the procedure enhances the regenerative process of the skin. 2. It also helps to increase the production of collagen and elastin. 3. Additionally, the suction pulls the blood to the skin and the improved circulation helps to remove the toxins trapped inside the cells, giving your skin a dewy and youthful...
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...Chapter 40 4 main categories of tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. I. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium): forms interactive surfaces with environment on external and internal body surfaces; functions as barriers. Formed from continuous sheets of tightly packed cells Covers outside of body; or lines organs and body cavities Apical surface: the free surface exposed to air or body fluids Basal surface: cells at base of epithelium are attached to a basement membrane (which is a dense layer of extracellular matrix) Is avascular (no blood vessels); the blood vessels that supply nutrients and remove wastes are in the adjacent connective tissue: diffusion Cell Shapes at APICAL surface Squamous epithelium: flat; look like floor tiles Their thinness allows rapid movement of substances through them by diffusion Cuboidal epithelium: boxlike; looks like dice Produces important secretions Columnar epithelium: tall, pillar-like; some have cilia Protects underlying tissue Functions in absorption of nutrients and secretions (digestive juices) Arrangement of Layers Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells Stratified epithelium: 2 or more layers Protect underlying tissues where the is abrasion/ wear and tear Stratified squamous (best adapted for abrasion): covers outside of body; forms outermost layer of skin; lines mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus. Pseudostratified epithelium (false multiple layers): 1 layer of a mixture of cell shapes; looks like multiple...
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...Class Final: The genetics of cancer * Cancer is when mitosis goes wrong! * Cancer cells lack regulated ability to divide only when needed so they divide uncontrollably. * Hyperplasia- Beginning of cancer development; heightened cell division that can create tumor (neoplasm) * Dysplasia- The change in cells/tissue * Cancer cells go from being complex to primitive—which means cancer cells lose their shape, size and ability to function like normal cells * Cancer originates due to mutations within the DNA, in sequence of nucleotides of genes * Malignant tumors and neoplasms are referred to as cancer; benign neoplasms are NOT cancer * In situ tumors- Precurser to cancer/ precancerous * Very dangerous tumor cells (what’s detected in screenings) Causes of cancer: 1. If there’s mutation in the Proto-oncogenes (tumor suppressor genes), which code for proteins and regulates mitosis… then there will definitely be problem with normal cell division. 2. Carcinogens are substances or physical agents that lead to development of cancer when body is exposed to them. 3. General mutations due to internal/external factors can cause cancer. a. Internal factors- errors in DNA replication; Free radicals; errors in protein synthesis b. External factors- Infectious agents (bacteria/viruses); pollution and chemicals in environment; Radiation (sun); medical treatment (chemo); Lifestyle factors (diet, tobacco) Benign vs. Malignant ...
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...Part IV Katie Schulz Mrs. Polski Modern Problems May 2, 2013 Introduction~ Animal experimentation began in the early 3rd and 4th centuries BCE with the Greeks performing the first experiments on living animals. Ever since these early periods there has been a search to answer the question of whether animal testing is ethical. This question is proposed due to the suffering of animals during medical experimentation. Veterinarian, Peter M. Henrickson, found this to be the case in his experience during a veterinary class. The research began on Rodney a shepherd mix. “The first thing we did was neuter him, a seemingly benign project, except it took us an hour to complete the usual 20-minute procedure, and an anesthetic overdose kept him out for 36 hours. Afterward, he recovered his strength quickly and felt good” (Henrickson, Par. 4). They then proceeded to do an abdominal exploratory, opening his abdomen and then closing him again. “This was the first major surgery for any of us, and, with inadequate supervision, we did not close him properly. By the next morning, his incision had opened and he was sitting on his small intestine. Hastily, we sewed him up again, and he survived. But it was a week or more before he could resume walks he had come to eagerly anticipate” (Henrickson, Par. 6). After Rodney’s slow recovery they once again put him under anesthesia. “We broke his leg and repaired it with a steel pin. After this, Rodney seemed in almost constant pain, his temperature...
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...When it comes to understanding animals and the diseases they have, contract, and carry there is no limits. From dogs and cats to livestock and exotics it is necessary to learn and understand diseases from metabolic to degenerative or idiopathic, Neoplastic diseases and Toxic poisonings, Congenital and Genetic diseases to Immune related diseases, and Infectious and Contagious diseases to Parasitic Infections. There is a world that one can get lost in when it comes to learning about theses things. Some diseases have been around for years while others are still being studied with new ones occurring today in the modern world. Along with these diseases it is important to study and understand what causes them, what signs to look for, what species to look for them in, how to treat them, and how to prevent them from happening, IF you can even prevent them. Some diseases and conditions have vaccines to help with prevention and some do not, while some diseases are zoonotic meaning that they can be transmitted from animal to human. While there are hundreds upon hundreds of diseases to be looked at, the ten researched below are the ones once prevalent among the veterinary technicians job in the clinic; Hip Dysplasia and Ethylene Glycol poisoning in dogs, Hyperthyroidism and Rabies in cats, Strangles and Equine Recurrent Uveitits in Horses, Cryptosporidium and Fasciola Hepatica in Ruminants and Swine, Idiopathic Epilepsy in Aviaries, and Lymphoma in Ferrets. Hip Dysplasia in dogs is a congenial...
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...6. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases Chapter 8 Disease is not constant • Emerging Diseases – are recently “discovered” diseases, or diseases that have become increasingly important. • Some are old diseases just discovered – like Hepatitis C • Some are truly new like HIV • Many are taking advantage of some niche – like air conditioners in large buildings – Legionella pneumophila • Diseases moving to new parts of the world – West Nile Virus • Re-emerging Diseases – are diseases that became less important, but are again increasing in importance. • Tuberculosis is an old disease that is again rapidly increasing in some populations. 1 2 Health Science Microbiology David L. Beck, B.S., A.M., Ph.D. FYI Emerging Diseases - Examples FYI Re-emerging Diseases - Examples 3 4 Known Species The Tip of the Iceburg • How many species are there? • 1980 there was 1,792 described species • 1990 there was 3,393 species (173 new per year) • 2000 there was 6,386 species (299 new per year) • 2010 there was 12,926 species (654 new per year) • Oct 2011 there was 13,563 species (Yikes!!!) (Most of these we know nothing about other than their name.) WE KNOW VERY LITTLE 80% of bacteria are unculturable – what you do not know about can hurt you! 61% of the known 1415 species infectious (and counting) to man are from animals (zoonoses) • • • • 5 Want to know the current number of described species? See: http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/number.html Updated daily. 6 Normal...
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...A2 Biology Unit 5 page 1 AQA A2 Biology Unit 5 Contents Specification Human Nervous system Nerve Cells The Nerve Impulse Synapses Receptors Muscle Animal Responses Control of Heart Rate The Hormone System Homeostasis Temperature Homeostasis Blood Glucose Homeostasis Control of Mammalian Oestrus Plant Responses The Genetic Code Protein Synthesis Gene Mutations Stem Cells Control of Gene Expression Biotechnology DNA sequencing Southern Blot In vivo cloning Genetically Modified Organisms Gene Therapy Genetic Screening and Counselling 2 4 6 0 14 17 24 28 30 33 34 38 42 44 48 50 54 57 63 66 71 76 80 85 89 92 Molecular Genetics These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH Jan 2010 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM 8/09 A2 Biology Unit 5 page 2 Biology Unit 5 Specification Control Systems Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. The Nerve Impulse The structure of a myelinated motor neurone. The establishment of a resting potential in terms of differential membrane permeability, electrochemical gradients and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Changes in membrane permeability lead to depolarisation and the...
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...The Project Gutenberg eBook, Complete Hypnotism: Mesmerism, Mind-Reading and Spiritualism, by A. Alpheus This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Complete Hypnotism: Mesmerism, Mind-Reading and Spiritualism How to Hypnotize: Being an Exhaustive and Practical System of Method, Application, and Use Author: A. Alpheus Release Date: September 20, 2006 [eBook #19342] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMPLETE HYPNOTISM: MESMERISM, MIND-READING AND SPIRITUALISM*** E-text prepared by Jerry Kuntz as part of the Lawson's Progress Project Complete Hypnotism: Mesmerism, Mind-Reading and Spiritualism How to Hypnotize: Being an Exhaustive and Practical System of Method, Application, and Use by A. Alpheus 1903 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION--History of hypnotism--Mesmer--Puysegur--Braid--What is hypnotism?--Theories of hypnotism: 1. Animal magnetism; 2. The Neurosis Theory; 3. Suggestion Theory CHAPTER I--How to Hypnotize--Dr. Cocke's method-Dr. Flint's method--The French method at Paris--At Nancy--The Hindoo silent method--How to wake a subject from hypnotic sleep--Frauds of public hypnotic entertainments. CHAPTER II--Amusing experiments--Hypnotizing...
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...Effects of Drugs A Term Paper Presented to the Faculty Of the English Department Of Hope Christian High School By: Aldrin Aaron M. Agulan High 4 - Purity February 27 2013 Table of contents……… Acknowledgement……………………………..…. Introduction …..………………………………..…….1 Definition of terms …………………………….…....2 Effects of Drugs ...……….……………………..….3 Complication of addiction ....……….………………14 Conclusion …………………………………………15 Findings …………………….………………………21 Bibliography………………………………………...23 Appendix……………………………………………24 Acknowledgments I would like to thank God for his unyielding guidance on my path through this term paper. I would also like to extend my gratitude to all my family members who have supported me through the long hours. This paper would not be possible if not for the endless mentoring of my teacher Dr. Bella Divina Lastly, I would like to give thanks to my one and only almamater who have been my home since the start of my education and the wealth of knowledge she has given me. -Aldrin Introduction Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their...
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...The Union War “Without an appreciation of why loyal citizens believed a Union that guaranteed democratic self-government was worth great sacrifice, no accurate understanding of the Civil War era was possible” (Gallagher). I agree with this statement by Gallagher because if it wasn’t for the decisions and executions of the Union I am not sure if I would be living in a democratic, free society today. In The Union War, Gallagher “offers a companion volume that extends his manifesto against hindsight, what Gallagher calls the ‘Appomattox syndrome,’ to histories of the Union” (Gallagher, 79). According to Gallagher, researchers who work backward from emancipation and Reconstruction have expanded northern devotion to race, slavery, and abolition while complicating loyal Americans’ major war aim, the Union. The above quote stated by Gary Gallagher is one of the main causes as to why the North won the Civil War because with the joining of citizens who wanted to fight for their democratic government, it gave the Union more soldiers that wanted to fight than the Confederates. They won the Civil War simply because they had more people. The North won the Civil War they were on the right side of human ethical issues. They had their best interest in helping the morals of humans and this alone helps citizens be able to trust the Union’s tendencies and this can also make a citizen loyal. The North clearly had more men to fight for them and there were more people that wanted to end slavery,...
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