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Student Details:Mrs ST RabieStudent Number:04651112Public Administration (PAD 212)Lecturer: Mr OS MadumoDue Date: 20 April 2015Submission Date: 20 April 2015 |

Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. REASONS FOR CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE 1
2.1 Unemployment 1
2.2 Municipal Services 2 3. CONSEQUENCES OF SERVICE DELIVERY PROTESTS 5 4. WHAT ARE THE GAPS THAT CAN BE FILLED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE SERVICE DELIVERY 5
4.1 Legislation that governs municipalities in South Africa 5
4.2 Municipal Systems Amendment Act No.44 of 2003 5
4.3 Functions and Powers of municipalities 6 5. CONCLUSION 7 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 8

List of Figures Figure 1: South African Unemployment Rate 2

introduction The Bill of Rights is in place to protect the citizens of South Africa and is the foundation of democracy in our country. There are 27 rights which are entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, (1996.) These rights promote the values of human dignity, equality and freedom for the people. Section 17 and Section 23(2)(c) in the South African constitution makes provision for people to exercise their right to protest and strike.
In the recent past municipalities have been experiencing civil disobedience in the form of “service delivery protests” over substandard housing and poor public service delivery, adding pressure on government to deliver on promises made to alleviate poverty. This essay aims to identify ways in which municipalities can use to avert a situation where the supply of municipal services does not balance with the demand by communities. Government needs to put efficient structures in place to streamline its processes of implementation and address the issues that affect people and communities. If government addresses these issues efficiently and effectively there would be less public protests and strikes and less dire consequences to these actions reasons for civil disobedience
Being unemployed and poverty stricken is a challenge on its own. Combined with a feeling of hopelessness and desolation, having limited access to basic municipal services, education, health and transport services, is the final straw for poverty stricken South Africans. All of these services mentioned are recognised as a fundamental human right. Inadequate supply of these services influence service delivery protests. Human rights entitle everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, which includes access to all Health care, food, water and social security grants. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) states that, “the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of these rights.”

The points discussed below are some of the facts contributing to service delivery protests in South Africa.
Unemployment
In the third quarter of 2014 the unemployment rate was 25.40 and decreased to 24.3 in the fourth quarter. Depicted below in figure 1 is a table showing the unemployment rate from January 2012 to January 2015.
Figure 1: South African Unemployment Rate
The impact of unemployment is huge as it not only affects the individual but his/her family as well. People are then forced to move into informal settlements. The high-rise of unemployment is due to lack of opportunities, in informal settlements which contributes to service delivery protests.
The influx of people in rural settlements creates a strain on government as there is a high dependency on the State for government subsidies, as more people need access to free health care, education and municipal services. Lack of trust in the government due to unfulfilled promises made to gain political support ahead of elections, leads to political instability which is a big concern in the economy. Service delivery protests are a result of people exhausting all avenues looking for help to ease the burdens of their everyday lives. Violent protests erupt leaving destruction in its wake in the hopes that their pleas will be heard. Disgruntled residents in informal settlements only resort to violent protests after several peaceful attempts at negotiation have been exhausted.
Municipal Services
Municipalities have a responsibility to provide basic municipal services to residents. In many cases the provision of these services are very slow or lacking. Access to basic municipal services has a direct and immediate effect on the quality of the lives of the people living in rural communities.
Research shows that municipal officials are considered to be corrupt. In 2012, 38 municipalities were under investigation for fraud and corruption. Communities that are affected by corruption experience lack of job creation and service delivery. The inadequate supply of these services contributes to living in unhealthy and unsafe environments.
According to Masilela, “Lootings, shootings and blockades of burning tyres show the mounting frustration in North West townships over poor service delivery. Protests that occurred in Madibeng municipality recently which resulted in the stoning of a convoy of protestors by fellow protestors in the village of Maboloka, near Brits in North West which is evidence to the municipalities. Undercurrent of confusion and fear that has categorised on going service delivery protests in Madibeng.
South Africa has experienced a growing wave of local community protests around issues of state ‘service delivery. Service delivery protests have been progressively branded as ‘violent’ over the years. Research done through Municipal IQ, for example, “warned that the evidence for 2012 ‘remains a worrying record, with a growing number of service delivery protests – over three quarters – being violent in nature’ (Municipal IQ 2013). Academic analysis has also pointed to protest violence. A research team from the University of Western Cape, for example, argued that ‘protests are not only increasing in frequency, but are also far more likely to turn violent’ (Visser et al. 2012, 5). Similarly, a research team from the University of Johannesburg found that ‘peaceful’ protests declined between 2008 and 2014, while ‘disruptive’ and ‘violent’ protests increased” consequences of service delivery protests The South African Constitution allows all South Africans to exercise their rights. South Africa has been dubbed the “Protest capital of the world and has one of the highest rates of public protests in the world”. Millions of people take to the streets in protest on a yearly basis. There are widespread service delivery protests in South Africa as a result of being unemployed and poverty stricken which is a challenge on its own. Combined with a feeling of hopelessness and desolation, having limited access to basic municipal services, education, health and transport services, is the final straw for poverty stricken South Africans. Inadequate supply of these services influence service delivery protests (Wikipedia, 2014). Protesters believe that Ward Councillors / Officials are ignoring their pleas for help, and therefore they have to resort to violence as that is the only language understood. The criminal elements in society are taking advantage of these situations. Media coverage of protests brings to the attention of residents, in neglected informal settlements that protesting and violence can be a solution to their plight. Protests that are covered by the media are deemed to be more important as the media has an influence on the way people think. Some protests are strategically organised around elections as a means of getting what they want. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela visited Bekkersdal in 2013 and was in a state of shock at the condition she found Bekkersdal to be in. She stated in an interview with Eye Witness news that service delivery in Bekkersdal remains unchanged since 1994 (Lindeque, 2013). On the 20 March 2014, Eye Witness news reported that angry residents in Bekkersdal took to the streets demanding that the “municipality be placed under administration and for corrupt officials to be replaced.” Angry residents in Bekkersdal vented their frustration by blocking of roads, throwing stones, burning tyres and general destruction of property to get their voices heard. Residents complained of overflowing sewage, uncollected garbage, unemployment and unfinished urban renewal projects. Subsequently the residents of Bekkersdal met with the Gauteng MEC for Cooperative Governance and Human Settlements, Jacob Mamabolo to discuss the service delivery initiative which is meant to improve the living conditions of the residents of Bekkersdal through projects such as building of houses, street lighting and cleaning of sewers (Gabara, 2014). Xenophobia attacks are also a concern during protests as foreigners fearing for their lives, are forced to seek refuge in police stations as angry protesters turn on them by throwing stones, Burning, looting their shops and destroying street stalls. Sadly many foreigners have also lost their lives during these protests. Poor services can also make it difficult to attract business to an area and will therefore limit job opportunities for residents (Polity.org.za, 2014). 19 August 2014 Daveyton residents on the East Rand of Johannesburg took to the streets and vented their anger by burning tyres and blocking streets after the South African police stopped them from moving onto a piece of land that was allocated for another community. The criminal elements took the opportunity to organise themselves into small groups and set about looting shops that belonged to Foreigners (News24, 2014). There is little evidence to support the fact that government is serious in addressing these issues and responding to peoples challenges. There is poor communication between the municipality and the community. This is reflected in the non- communication from municipal governments to people’s concerns. Despite the outbreak of protests this process remains poorly governed in the absence of appropriate structures (Sebugwawo, 2014).

Legislation that governs municipalities in South Africa
South Africa consists of several types of municipalities which make up local government. These municipalities are governed by municipal councils which are elected every five years. The South African Parliament has passed numerous pieces of legislation to deal specifically with local government in South Africa including Chapter 7 of The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996.
Legislation passed by parliament to direct municipal government and administration are: The Local Government: Electoral Act 27 of 2000; Local Government: Municipal systems Act, Local Government: Municipal Structures Act; Local Government: Demarcation Act; Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations Act; Local Municipal Finance Management Act (MFMA) 56 of 2003; Local Government: Municipal Property Rates Act 6 of 2004 (Thornhill and Cloete).
Municipal Systems Amendment Act No.44 of 2003
Funding and capacity building was inserted in the principal Act after section 10 and states the following; “The Cabinet member, MEC or other organ of state initiating an assignment of a function or power to a municipality in terms of section 9 or 10. must take appropriate steps to ensure sufficient funding, and such capacity-building initiatives as may be needed for the performance of the assigned function or power by the municipality”.
Local Government Municipal Structures Act
Chapter 5 Section 83 (1) of the Local Government Municipal Structures Act states;
“A municipality has the functions and powers assigned to it in terms of sections 156 and 229 of the Constitution.
(2) The functions and powers referred to in subsection (1) must be divided in the case of a district municipality and the local municipalities within the area of the district municipality, as set out in this Chapter. (3) A district municipality must seek to achieve the integrated, sustainable and equitable social and economic development of its area as a whole by—
(a) ensuring integrated development planning for the district as a whole:
(b) promoting bulk infrastructural development and services for the district as a whole;
(c) building the capacity of local municipalities in its area to perform their functions and exercise their powers where such capacity is lacking; and
(d) promoting the equitable distribution of resources between the local municipalities in its area to ensure appropriate levels of municipal services within the area.
Batho Pele White Paper
The Batho Pele White Paper is to provide a policy framework and a practical implementation strategy for the transformation of public service delivery. Batho Pele is based on eight principles. Batho Pele means "People First" in Sotho and is a South African political initiative. The initiative was first introduced by the Mandela Administration on October 1, 1997 to stand for the better delivery of goods and services to the public. It is also now used to suggest the termination of government organisations deemed corrupt or government services by improving efficiency and accountability to the recipients of public goods and services. Batho Pele requires that eight service delivery principles be implemented: regularly consult with customers, set service standards, increase access to services, ensure higher levels of courtesy, provide more and better information about services, increase openness and transparency about services, remedy failures and mistakes (redress) and give the best possible value for money.

WHAT ARE THE GAPS THAT CAN BE FILLED IN ORDER TO IMPROVE SERVICE DELIVERY
We need to stop focusing on the symptoms of the problem and come up with ways to fix the issues at hand. Government needs to fulfil its political promises and fight poverty. The poverty alleviation strategies implemented by Government does not seem to be making a dent in the issues afflicting the impoverished. Policies need to be well implemented in order to benefit the citizens in most need therefore creating a better life for all. More focus needs to be made on the informal sector. Rural settlements provide shelter for a large percentage of the population and should be upgraded. Fraud and Corruption should be stamped out. Corrupt officials should be removed from office and replaced as corruption has a profound impact on job creation and service delivery for communities who need it the most. Service delivery should improve and rural settlements should be upgraded to attract business and provide job opportunities for residents therefore allowing them to improve their living conditions.
Conclusion
Despite a promise by government for “A better life for all”, people in informal settlements are still living a life of poverty and deprivation. After 20 years the government has failed to address specific demands by the poverty stricken people in rural settlements even though with the coming of democracy in 1994, access to basic services such as housing, water and sanitation was recognized as a fundamental human right. The problem is not that our government does not know what is wrong in the country, but is unable to solve much as proper policies are not in place or have not been implemented.
The Constitution brought about a new South Africa. Having a written Constitution promotes equality for all individuals in South Africa. The Bill of Rights is there to protect the people of South Africa. This country faces a crisis if government does not heed the cries of the public. We need to directly fix the issues at hand, not the symptoms of the problem, if the situation does not change impoverished residents in informal settlements will continue to protest in the hope that their plight will be heard and solutions provided so that “A better life for all” becomes a reality and not remain a myth. “It is therefore very important that all spheres of government combine their efforts to ensure speedy implementation of programmes around these basic services.” (Former President Thabo Mbeki, April 27, 2006).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Department of Public Service and Delivery,. White Paper on transforming public service delivery. Pretoria: Government Gazette, 1997.
Thornhill, C, and J.J.N Cloete. South African Municipal Government and Administration. Pretoria: Van Schaik Academic Publishers, 2014.
The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. 1996. http://www.ppp.gov.za/Legal%20Aspects/New%20Municipal%20Service%20Delivery%20and%20PPP%20Guidelines/Municipal%20Service%20Delivery%20and%20PPP%20Guidelines%20new.pdf http://www.tradingeconomics.com/south-africa/unemployment-rate
Masilela, Johnny. 'More To Brits Protests Than Meets The Eye'. The M&G Online. N.p., 2015. Web. 23 Mar. 2015. http://www.issafrica.org/iss-today/the-reasons-behind-service-delivery-protests-in-south-africa Lindeque, M. 2013. Madikizela-Mandela addresses Bekkersdal residents. [online] Ewn.co.za. Available at: http://ewn.co.za/2013/11/10/Madikizela-Mandela-addresses-Bekkersdal-residents [Accessed 21 Aug. 2014].
News24, 2014. Daveyton residents block streets, burn tyres. [online] Available at: http://www.news24.com/liveSouthAfrica/News/Daveyton-residents-block-streets-burn-tyres-20140819 [Accessed 20 Aug. 2014].
Polity.org.za, 2014. The Reasons Behind Service Delivery Protests in South Africa. [online] Available at: http://www.polity.org.za/article/the-reasons-behind-service-delivery-protests-in-south-africa-2009-08-05 [Accessed 20 Aug. 2014].
Sebugwawo, M. 2014. Local Governance Articles. [online] Afesis.org.za. Available at: http://www.afesis.org.za/index.php/local-governance/93-local-protests-in-south-africa-lessons-for-municipalities-by-musa-sebugwawo [Accessed 18 Aug. 2014].

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...Research Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998). Inductive methods analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed; deductive methods verify the hypothesized principles through observations. The purposes are different: one is to develop explanations, and the other is to test the validity of the explanations. One thing that we have to pay attention to research is that the heart of the research is not on statistics, but the thinking behind the research. How we really want to find out, how we build arguments about ideas and concepts, and what evidence that we can support to persuade people to accept our arguments. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) proposed four types of knowledge that research contributed to education as follows: 1. Description: Results of research can describe natural or social phenomenon, such as its form, structure, activity, change over time, relationship to other phenomena. The descriptive function of research relies on instrumentation for measurement and observations. The descriptive research results in our understanding of what happened. It sometimes produces statistical information about aspects of education. 2. Prediction: Prediction research is intended to predict a phenomenon that will occur at time Y from information at an earlier time X. In educational...

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...STEP 1etasblish the need for research We have to consider if it is a real need for doing a research? Research takes time and costs money. If the information is already available, decisions must be made now, we cant afford research and costs outweigh the value of the research, then the research is not needed. Step 2 define the problem or topic State your topic as a question. This is the most important step. Identify the main concepts or keywords in your question. Problem maybe either specific or general. Step 3 establish research objective Research objectives, when achieved, provide the Information necessary to solve the problem identified in Step 2. Research objectives state what the researchers must do. Crystallize the research problems and translate them into research objective. At this point, we will pin down the research question. Step 4 determine research design The research design is a plan or framework for conducting the study and collecting data. It is defined as the specific methods and procedures you use to acquire the information you need. based on the research objectives, we will determine the most appropriate research design: qualitative and/ or quantitative. • Exploratory Research: collecting information in an unstructured and informal manner. • Descriptive Research refers to a set of methods and procedures describing marketing variables. • Causal Research (experiments): allows isolation of causes and...

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...Research Article Research is important to every business because of the information it provides. There is a basic process to researching information and that process begins by deciding what information needs to be researched. The next step is to develop a hypothesis, which describes what the research paper is about and what the researcher’s opinion is regarding the topic. The research article chosen for this paper is titled, “The Anchor Contraction Effect in International Marketing Research.” The hypothesis for this paper is, “This raises the issue of whether providing responses on rating scales in a person’s native versus second language exerts a systematic influence on the responses obtained.” Simply explained, the hypothesis of this paper is to determine whether research questions should be in a person’s native language rather than expecting them to respond to questions in a language in which they might not be fluent. The hypothesis of this paper was accepted based on the research data gathered by the research team. This hypothesis was supported by nine studies using a variety of research methods. The research methods provided data that demonstrated the level of inaccuracy based on questions being asked in a language that was not the respondent’s native language. The research data provided insight into the probability of more accurate results when the respondent was asked questions in a manner that related well with their culture. There are several implications...

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...ACE8001: What do we mean by Research? & Can we hope to do genuine Social Science Research (David Harvey)  What do we mean by research? What might characterise good research practice? There is no point in us trying to re-invent the wheel - other and probably more capable people than us have wrestled with this problem before us, and it makes good sense and is good practice to learn what they have discovered.  In other words - we need to explore more reliable and effective methods and systems for the pursuit of research than we have been doing so far. What is research? Dictionary Definitions of Research: * "The act of searching closely or carefully for or after a specified thing or person" * "An investigation directed to discovery of some fact by careful study of a subject" * "A course of scientific enquiry" (where scientific = "producing demonstrative knowledge") Howard and Sharp (HS) define research as:  "seeking through methodical processes to add to bodies of knowledge by the discovery or elucidation of non-trivial facts, insights and improved understanding of situations, processes and mechanisms".  [Howard, K. and Sharp, J.A. The Management of a student research project, Gower, 1983 - a useful and practical “how to do it” guide] Two other, more recent guides are: Denscombe, Martyn, 2002, Ground rules for good research: a 10 point guide for social research,  Open University Press. Robinson Library Shelf Mark: 300.72 DEN, Level 3 (several copies)...

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...solve analytic models or whatever, but they often fail to demonstrate that they have thoroughly thought about their papers—in other words, when you push them about the implicit and explicit assumptions and implications of their research models, it appears that they haven’t really given these matters much thought at all.[1] Too often they fall back on saying that they are doing what they are doing because that is the way it is done in the prior literature, which is more of an excuse than a answer. (Of course, once a researcher reaches a certain age, they all feel that youngsters aren’t as good as they were in the good old days!) Therefore, in this class we shall go beyond simply studying research in managerial accounting. For many of you, this is your first introduction to accounting research and to PhD level class. Hence, in these classes we shall also learn how to solve business problems systematically and to understand what it means to have thoroughly “thought through” a paper. We begin not with academic research, but with some real world cases, because we should never forget that ours is an applied research field: accounting research is a means towards the end of understanding business and is not an end in itself, in the way pure science research is. Developing a systematic procedure for solving a real world business problem is the starting point for developing a...

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...manger know about research when the job entails managing people, products, events, environments, and the like? Answer: Research simply means a search for facts – answers to questions and solutions to problems. It is a purposive investigation. It is an organized inquiry. It seeks to find explanations to unexplained phenomenon to clarify the doubtful facts and to correct the misconceived facts. Research is the organized and systematic inquiry or investigation which provides information for solving a problem or finding answers to a complex issue. Research in business: Often, organization members want to know everything about their products, services, programs, etc. Your research plans depend on what information you need to collect in order to make major decisions about a product, service, program, etc. Research provides the needed information that guides managers to make informed decisions to successfully deal with problems. The more focused you are about your resources, products, events and environments what you want to gain by your research, the more effective and efficient you can be in your research, the shorter the time it will take you and ultimately the less it will cost you. Manager’s role in research programs of a company: Managing people is only a fraction of a manager's responsibility - they have to manage the operations of the department, and often have responsibilities towards the profitability of the organization. Knowledge of research can be very helpful...

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...Contents TITLE 2 INTRODUCTION 3 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 3 AIM 4 OBJECTIVES 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 METHODOLOGY AND DATACOLLECTION 5 POPULATION AND SAMPLING 6 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS 6 PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDY 7 STUDY PERIOD (GANTT CHART) 8 STUDY RESOURCES 9 REFERENCES 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 APPENDICES: 10 * The Impact of Motivation through Incentives for a better Performance - Adaaran Select Meedhupparu Ahmed Anwar Athifa Ibrahim (Academic Supervisor) Applied Research Project to the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies The Maldives National University * * Introduction As it is clear, staff motivation is important in all the sectors especially in the tourism sector where we require highly skilled employees to get the best of their output to reach the organizational goals. Therefore, organizations spend a lot on their staff motivation in terms of different incentive approaches, such as financial benefits, training and development, appreciations, rewards and promotions. As mentioned in the title, the outline of the findings will be focused on the motivation of the staffs on improving their performances by the different incentive packages that they get at the resort. This study will be executed at Adaaran Meedhupparu by giving questionnaire to the staff working in different departments to fill up and return to the scholar to examine the current situation of staff satisfaction on motivation to do...

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...goal of the research process is to produce new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms (although, as previously discussed, the boundaries between them may be obscure): * Exploratory research, which helps identify and define a problem or question. * Constructive research, which tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question. * Empirical research, which tests the feasibility of a solution using empirical evidence. There are two ways to conduct research: Primary research Using primary sources, i.e., original documents and data. Secondary research Using secondary sources, i.e., a synthesis of, interpretation of, or discussions about primary sources. There are two major research designs: qualitative research and quantitative research. Researchers choose one of these two tracks according to the nature of the research problem they want to observe and the research questions they aim to answer: Qualitative research Understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. Asking a broad question and collecting word-type data that is analyzed searching for themes. This type of research looks to describe a population without attempting to quantifiably measure variables or look to potential relationships between variables. It is viewed as more restrictive in testing hypotheses because it can be expensive and time consuming, and typically limited to a single set of research subjects. Qualitative...

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...Volume 3, number 2 What is critical appraisal? Sponsored by an educational grant from AVENTIS Pharma Alison Hill BSC FFPHM FRCP Director, and Claire Spittlehouse BSc Business Manager, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford q Critical appraisal is the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results and relevance before using it to inform a decision. q Critical appraisal is an essential part of evidence-based clinical practice that includes the process of systematically finding, appraising and acting on evidence of effectiveness. q Critical appraisal allows us to make sense of research evidence and thus begins to close the gap between research and practice. q Randomised controlled trials can minimise bias and use the most appropriate design for studying the effectiveness of a specific intervention or treatment. q Systematic reviews are particularly useful because they usually contain an explicit statement of the objectives, materials and methods, and should be conducted according to explicit and reproducible methodology. q Randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews are not automatically of good quality and should be appraised critically. www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk Prescribing information is on page 8 1 What is critical appraisal What is critical appraisal? Critical appraisal is one step in the process of evidence-based clinical practice. Evidencebased clinical practice...

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...How To Formulate Research Problem? Posted in Research Methodology | Email This Post Email This Post Formulating the research problem and hypothesis acts as a major step or phase in the research methodology. In research, the foremost step that comes into play is that of defining the research problem and it becomes almost a necessity to have the basic knowledge and understanding of most of its elements as this would help a lot in making a correct decision. The research problem can be said to be complete only if it is able to specify about the unit of analysis, time and space boundaries, features that are under study, specific environmental conditions that are present in addition to prerequisite of the research process. Research Process Research process is very commonly referred to as the planning process. One important point to be kept in mind here is to understand that the main aim of the research process is that of improving the knowledge of the human beings. The research process consists of the following stages – 1. The Primary stage :– This stage includes – a. Observation – The first step in the research process is that of the observation, research work starts with the observation which can be either unaided visual observation or guided and controlled observation.It can be said that an observation leads to research, the results obtained from research result in final observations which can play a crucial part in carrying out further research. Deliberate and guided...

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...activities for the quarter 4 which include weekly class discussion, class participation, midterm and final exam * Learned about what Research is and what Research is not. * Eight characteristics of research. * Sub problem – that is a question or problem that must be address before the main problem is resolved. * Hypothesis- that is a reasonable quests that needs to be proving. * I learned about assumption –that is a statement that is presume to be fact. * Learned about theory * Learned about methodology- that is a process a researchers use to collect data and information is research work. * Learned about internet – A researchers use internet to access information online. * Learned about two types of research report which is Juried or refereed – a reviewed report * Nonjuried or nonrefereed – none reviewed report. E.g. Journal report. * Learned about checklist evaluating research- that a report juried that is judge. * Learned that a research that is not screen or viewed by expert is not valid * Guidelines in reviewing research by going to library to sort for information needed for case study. * I learned as a researcher, you must read more than articles. * I learned about research paper / APA Style – that first thing is to choose the research topic. * Learned about what research paper entails, like cover page, table of content, abstract, introduction, summary, conclusion and references. * I learned about APA...

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