...was sent to a local private school, at 18-year-olds I admitted to the famous schools, Imperial University of Peking (Beijing University) in 1904. In my college life, I came into contact with a number of State Affairs. The opium wars, Sino-Japanese war, the eight-power allied forces invaded China and many unequal treaties makes me extremely angry and indignant. How can our country being bullied? In 1905, there was a man named Sun Yat-Sen established the first revolutionary alliance - Tongmenghui in Japan Tokyo. He took "Drive out the Tartars, restore China, found the Republic, equalize land ownership" as a political platform and Implemented national revolution to achieve democracy. On the other hand, due to the Late Qing Reforms, Eight-legged essay was replaced and Civil Service Examination was abolished. In addition, the social reforms remarkable. Footbinding was discouraged. Also, China took a first step in the film (Ting Chun Shan), the death penalty - Ling Chi in the Qing court is to abolish. However, the road to reform is not flat. Cities in northern China under the Qing dynasty Government is still chaotic. In 1915, because of the world war one and the Shandong incident, these intensified ethnic conflicts. And under the influence of the Russian Revolution, a group of students at Beijing University began to strike in order to force Chinese officials...
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...the proletariat, seen by Marx as the ‘gravedigger’ of capitalism. • Capitalism is defined by the creation of profit. This is only possible by the exploitation of the proletariat — that is, by the extraction of surplus value from the workers by the bourgeoisie. • Marx believed that the inherent contradictions of capitalism would cause the proletariat to achieve revolutionary class consciousness. This would occur as capitalism went through a series of deepening crises, leading to the immiseration of the proletariat. This would inevitably result in a proletarian revolution which was destined to overthrow capitalism. 2 Distinguish between fundamentalist and revisionist socialism. • Fundamentalist socialism rejects capitalism entirely and seeks to abolish it. It usually attributes the flaws of capitalism to private property for private profit, and seeks to establish socialism in the form of common ownership and very substantial equality of outcome. The Marxist or communist tradition is the clearest example of fundamentalist socialism. However, some fundamentalists pursue their goals by the parliamentary road — i.e. it is possible to be ‘fundamentalist democrats’ in the parliamentary sense. Eurocommunists (the post-war Western European communist parties) and early Fabians such as the Webbs were parliamentary socialists who were, nevertheless, fundamentalist in their goals. • Revisionist socialism, by contrast, seeks to reform or tame capitalism rather than abolish it...
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...time and resources. However, in this essay, I will briefly look over the major events and milestones that led to the formation of the United States, as a nation, while at the same time focusing on the history, the role, and the transformation of the United States congress. In 1770, what has begun as a simple...
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...Mao’s approach to political leadership as a revolutionary was summed up in the phrase, “Correct leadership must come from the masses and go to the masses.” What was Mao’s philosophy of how to lead a revolution, before and after 1949? Initially a radical revolutionary then a committed Marxist, Mao’s philosophy on how to lead a revolution was bathed in Nationalism. It is Mao’s love for China’s independence coupled with agrarian reforms that put Mao on the road to power. After 1949, Nationalism would reappear in Mao’s cultural policies, his relationship with Moscow and underdeveloped countries. Mao feared nothing and no one. Using Marxism-Leninism as a framework, Mao proposed the use of peasants to create his revolutionary elite. His innovative thinking was unpopular among many of Mao’s Communist comrades; they believed the proletariat to be the key group (Cheek, 11). Mao also championed women’s liberation from masculine authority of husbands as well as clan, temple, and general religious oppression (Cheek, 11) also unacceptable position for a Communist to take. Mao’s breakdown of the rural classes into poor, middle and rich peasants demonstrated the Nationalist impulse rooted in his personality. His attachment to China led him to cooperate with the Guomindang, a nationalist group (Cheek, 10) and in the resistance war against Japan guided Mao to power (Cheek, 13). After standing up to his abusive father Mao said, “…I learned that when I defend my rights by open rebellion...
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...English Essay #1 Drew LaMotte Draft #2 Correspondents of the New York Times reveal ways in which “class” influences the life of an individual. In Class Matters, income, wealth, education, family background, and job type are instrumental factors in how an individual’s life is determined in society. After reading the powerful text, it is apparent that these factors can either greatly benefit a citizen’s life, or be their downfall. The chapter that had the largest impact on me was in Chapter 2, “Life at the Top in America Isn’t Just Better, It’s Longer”. In this powerful chapter, Janny Scott compares 3 different individual’s experiences with a heart attack: one from the upper class, one from the middle, and one the lower. The three individuals faced a single common experience; however, in the recovery period, their experiences gravely differed. Social class played a key role in the recovery stage. This chapter was so shocking to me, because I had no idea that the treatment would be so different between the three parties. Perhaps I could be naive in that fact that health care differs so drastically with when it comes to class. After reading that section of Class Matters, I started to reflect on what other examples of where class drastically affects individuals in my own hometown community. Having come from a high school that 99.6% of its seniors were enrolled in a college the following fall, it struck me that education is the largest influence on class. Five miles...
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...Take a drive. Take a drive about five miles south of the small town of Rolla, Missouri. Just past the Snake River Bridge you'll see a dirt road on the right with an old rusted, red street sign that reads "Route 4." Take this right and follow the winding rural road up the steep grades of the Ozark Mountains until you reach a small, modest farm at the top of the first ridge. This was my home when I was ten years old. Inside the walls of my family's log cabin was a life wrought with staunch rules and religious observations. On the outside, amidst the sheep and the fields, in the secrecy and mystery of the surrounding mountain woods, was my world of freedom and imagination. Every summer was the same. I would wake early with the sun, and bound for...
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...The purpose of this essay is to discuss the Julio-Claudian emperors. Augustus (the exalted one) was born as Gaius Octavius into the old plebeian Octavii family branch. Caesar's will named Octavius as his heir after his assassination in 44 BC. Octavius formed the Second Triumvirate to defeat the assassinators of Caesar with Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus. After their victory at Philippi, the Triumvirate split the Roman Empire amongst them and ruled the three portions as military leaders and dictators. The second Triumvirate wore away after Marc Antony committed suicide and Lepidus was exiled. Augustus managed to grasp his autocratic power over the Republic through the military. By law, Augustus held a collection of powers granted to him for life by the Senate...
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...It has been argued that most of the crucial political and ideological battles of the Cultural Revolution were fought over the issue of the nature of social class structure in post-revolutionary China. What does the Cultural Revolution teach us about class structure and struggle under socialism? The Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution[1] was a political and ideological struggle spanning the decade from 1966-1976. More implicitly, it was a struggle spurned into motion by Mao Zedong to reinstitute his mass line and turn China back to the ‘Socialist Road.’ Mao urged the Chinese to undergo a ‘class struggle’ whereby those truly on the path to Communism would rise against the new bureaucracy who were implementing ideology inconsistent with the main tenets of Maoism. However, what ensued was catastrophic and referred to by Feng Jicai as “Ten Years of Madness.”[2] While the class structure of post-revolutionary Chinese society had effectively eradicated the feudal class structure, a new, elite bureaucratic class had emerged. Indeed, these new elite and the remnants of the old bourgeois class bore the brunt of the violent onslaught of Mao’s Red Guards during the CR. In this essay, I argue that class struggle, and struggle under socialism in the CR was paradoxical as “most radicals in the revolutionary campaign against revisionism were representatives not of the proletariat…but of the bourgeoisie itself.”[3] While many joined Mao in is his crusade for utilitarian reasons, many also...
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...period in history, the fulcrum of civilisation and modernity. A bitter dispute ensued about the French principles of ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’. This essay intends to focus on the impact that the Revolution had on Britain at that time and we will reflect on the influence that literary writings had upon shaping Britain’s views of the revolution and its espoused ideals, and in turn the consequences that they would have on British society into the 19th century. Leading up to the beginning of the French Revolution political and social unrest was spreading in Britain. The country was divided on one argument: the rights of man. On one side of the argument were the radicals who strongly supported a new form of government, that of elective democracy. This group were countered by the loyalists who adamantly opposed such drastic changes and remained allegiant to the church and the monarchy. Loyalists vehemently opposed what they saw as the threat against traditional British values. The radicals were part of a post-enlightenment movement that believed citizenship and its right derived from natural human rights such as that of all men being allowed to take part in politic regardless of their status or background. This growing divide amongst British people at that time would be deepened by several events, the revolutionary events in that were about to take place across the English Channel, and the growth in the number of critical essayists, polemists and novelists following the publication...
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...Summary of “For Gay Marriage” In his essay “For Gay Marriage,” Andrew Sullivan argues that marriage isn’t and has never been, in his view just a “private contract” between two people, and that now marriage is seen as a social and public recognition of such a commitment (404). Sullivan argues that to refuse homosexuals the right to marry is a public offense to their rights and equality as citizens. Sullivan makes the case in his essay that homosexual couples deserve the same rights, the right to marry, because they are just as capable of fulfilling the requirements of marriage as heterosexuals. Throughout his essay Sullivan argues that marriage should be allowed between any two people. He explains that marriage can no longer just be defined in the narrow sense as between a man and a woman, rather it has to be viewed in a broader perspective as it is an “emotional, financial, and psychological bond between two people”, who are consenting adults who are not closely related to one another (404). Sullivan makes the argument that marriage should not be denied to same sex couples because marriage is no longer viewed in our society as being for the sole function of procreation. It no longer matters if a couple has children or not, so why should whether or not a couple can have children be a stipulation that keeps the right to marry from homosexual couples. Sullivan finally asserts that marriage is an emotional commitment by two people for life, and that it requires sacrifice, commitment...
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...A revolution is a radical change of an established government, political system, or social structure often accompanied by violence. Imperialism is the policy of extending the rule of an empire or nation over other countries or acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Both of these concepts were key during the Cuban revolution held in the XXth century. The Cuban revolution was an armed revolt led by Fidel Castro’s 26th of july movement and allies against the authoritarian government of Cuban president Fulgencio Batista. The revolution started in 1953 and lasted 5 years and a half until 1959 when the rebels finally ousted Batista, however the causes to it weren’t just short term but also long term ones. The purpose of this essay is to analyze both of this types of causes which led together to start the revolution. The long term causes started with the Cuban ten years war also known as the great war in 1868 to 1878. This war was part of Cuba’s fight for independence from Spain due to that it was the first of 3 wars between the 2 countries. In October 10 1868 sugar mill owner, Carlos Manuel Cespedes and his followers proclaimed independence beginning the conflict. The Cuban people demanded 4 main things to the Spanish parliament: Tariff reform, Cuban representation in parliament, judicial equality with Spaniards and full enforcement of a slave trade ban, however the Spanish government denied all of this demands which caused discontent among Cubans and ended in a conflict...
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... Explain the Constitutional Convention, the Articles of Confederation, and the emergence of a democratic nation. SLO5. Explain the U.S. Constitution as it related to the separation of powers, checks and balances, the Bill of Rights, and the major principles of democracy. SLO6. Evaluate the Jeffersonian dream of expansion and its effect on Native Americans SLO7. Describe Jacksonian democracy and the creation of a two party system SLO8. Explain slavery and associated issues that led to the Civil War and its aftermath. Module Titles Module 1—Early American exploration and colonization (SLO1) Module 2—British colonies (SLO2) Module 3—Road to the Revolution and the American Revolution (SLO3) Module 4—Early Republic (SLO4 and SLO5) Module 5—Jacksonian America (SLO 6 and SLO7) Module 6—Road to the Civil War (SLO8) Module 7—Civil War (SLO8) Module 8—Shaping American history: Signature Assignment (all SLOs) Module 1 Early Exploration and Contact with Native Americans Welcome to HIS 120: U.S. History and the Constitution How to be Successful in the Course Each module has a lecture homepage, reading assignments, required videos, and two threaded discussions. You should can find your required reading articles through the internet and TUW library databases to learn more about the subject matter pertinent to the module. Although there are no textbooks, you are provided with links...
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...COMPARATIVE ESSAY BETWEEN ALEXANDER II AND III Tsar Alexander II and III while father and son had very different ambitions as Tsar and different view for the future of the empire. Alexander III succeeded to his father’s throne in 1894. His reign is looked upon by most historians as a time of repression that saw the undoing of many of the reforms carried out by his father. Certainly that was a time of great economic and social change but these had led, in the West of the nation, great pressure on political system. However Alexander was deeply suspicious of the direction in which his father had taken Russia and the internal reforms that he instituted were designed to correct what he saw as the too-liberal tendencies of his father's reign. In fact his first task was to review a proposal, approved by his father in 1881, called ‘constitution’, that would have appointed committees to discuss legislation and the administration of the country. Therefore Tsar Alexander II and III where at their very different since we can see that Alexander II made a lot of changes in areas like serfdom, civil rights, justice and law, education, popular representation, national rights and dissent. On the other hand, with reference to national rights, the two Tsars were at their most similar. In fact the both firmly believed that the Tsar autocratic structure must remain untouchable. However When Tsar Alexander the II came to the throne in 1855 the desire of reform was widespread. Tsar Alexander II gave...
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...history. The American Industrial Revolution was immensely consequential and influenced events which have produced the modern society of today. Secondly, this essay will provide descriptions of both, positive and negative, effects that industrialization has had on the lives of Americans and the nation as a whole. Lastly, an analysis of how the Industrial Revolution in American history served as a benefit or a detriment to the nation and the citizens of America. American Industrialization Historically, industrialization of any society marks an experience and phase of historic significance. In addition to practices such as farm production, societies are awarded the process of manufacturing, producing an astounding and substantial impact in every aspect of life (Beck, 1999). As a result of the American Industrial Revolution, modern society benefited from advances in technology, employment increases, and an overall improvement in the quality of daily life. American Industrial Revolution: Positive Effects Developments of industrialization positively affected Americans during the Industrial Revolution. Two advances during this period that had an impact on society and escalated American advancement were transportation and the creation of jobs. Transportation vastly improved the lives of citizens with the completion of roads, canal systems, steamboats, the Transcontinental Railroad and public mass transit (Lipovac, 2011). Innovations in textiles, steam power and iron works produced...
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...THE INFLUENCE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ON BRITISH ROMANTIC POETS English Literature III Vítor Moura Introduction The French Revolution marks a turning point in world history and it is often said that it changed politics forever. Therefore, it is no surprise that its importance also reached the main literary movement of that time. Although not all of the poets were directly influenced by the Revolution, some of them were affected indirectly by the mood that ran across Europe. In this essay I will show that connection, influence and involvement between those writers and the revolutions; the one that happened in France and the one that could have happened in England. First Generation Romantic Poets First of all, it is essential to understand what the French Revolution was and why it happened. Without going into the details, we can say that it started in 1989 in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy in France and replace it with a republic. After a period of three years of tension and indecision, a republic was proclaimed in 1892 and in the following year King Louis XVI was decapitated. This was followed by the dictatorship of Robespierre and the Jacobins, the Directorate, and culminating in Napoleon Bonaparte’s dictatorship. The Revolution shook Europe all over defying order and everything old; it gave birth to new ideas that inspired European society, from music to philosophy and literature. Meanwhile, on the other side of the English Channel, the empire was being...
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