...Aristotle describes and defines three main rhetorical appeals in the art of persuasion over 2,000 years ago. He argues that this is the writer’s ability to convince the audience by using different techniques. Three basic ways to move the public to your point of view are ethos, logos, and pathos. Ethos refers to the credibility and authority of the speaker. Logos is the use of logical patterns to persuade the audience. Finally, pathos is the emotional component of any influencing process. All these three fundamental elements play a huge role in any attempt at convincing whether in a speech or a text. When the author works all of them properly, then the audience is more likely to be persuaded. It is...
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... August 2015 Argument: What Do Schoolteachers and Sumo Wrestlers Have in Common? Based on Paul Feldman’s findings, the authors of Freakonomics argue that a person, who is faced with an efficient way to cheat, will not necessarily choose to. The data involved in Feldman’s accidental bagel study proves that not all humans are corrupt. However, their tendency to cheat alters based on several factors, such as the characteristics of the person, the value of the incentive, and the impact of the setting on the person’s mood. 1. Metaphor- “He had thrown off the shackles of cubicle life and made himself happy.” (Levitt/Dubner 45) 2. Juxtaposition- “But in the big-office/small-office comparison, bagel crime seems to mirror street crime. There is far less street crime per capita in rural areas than in cities, in large part because a rural criminal is more likely to be known (and therefore caught).” (Levitt/Dubner 46) 3. Allusion- “Because many of Feldman’s customers are affiliated with the national security, there may have been a patriotic element to this 9/11 effect.” (Levitt/Dubner 47) 4. Antithesis- “But often a small and simple question can help chisel away at the biggest problems.” (Levitt/Dubner 45) 5. Pathos- “Paul Feldman’s bagel business was different. It did present a victim. The victim was Paul Feldman.” (Levitt/Dubner 46) Argument: How is the Ku Klux...
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...| True Intentions Behind Absurdity | | | Erik Rivas Engl. 1302.02Prof. Maria Morales21 Sep. 2014 | Jonathan Swift, Irish author and Dean of St. Patrick Cathedral in Dublin, applies satire in his arguments to get his message across. In one of his works, “A Modest Proposal,” he uses rhetorical devices such as irony, ethos, and pathos to try to open the minds of the Irish in order to bring awareness to the people who are starving and living in poverty. Throughout his argument, Swift uses irony. The title itself is ironic as it claims to be a modest proposal only to be the total opposite. He states that his solution about eating infants is absolute yet, gives various other examples that can be much more logically applied. Swift says that solutions such as “curing the expensiveness of pride, vanity idleness, and gaming in [the] women” (613) to prevent the overpopulation of babies born into poverty or that “teaching landlords to have at least one degree of mercy towards their tenants” (614) are not really the answers the people need. However, he uses irony to help them understand that in fact these are the solutions they need and yet they choose to let themselves to fail. Swift also incorporates ethos into this work. He tries to minimize the cruelty into eating babies by mentioning different ways of eating them “whether stewed, roasted, baked or boiled” (610), and giving them other purposes such as “gloves for the ladies, and summer boots for the fine gentleman”...
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...The Rise of DIY Abortions is an article adressing the issue of a young girl named Jennie Linn McCormack who at 14, got pregnant for the first time and had many kids after that. The last time she got pregnant, Jennie took abortifacient drugs she bought online and after delivering the dead fetus the next morning. She then decided to hide the aborted fetus under her bed. She then faced felony charges and her case could change the course of abortion law in America as it is known of today. The author uses rhetorical strategies of pathos, logos, and ethos to help argue on why abortions should be illegal or not. The author opens the article with mainly pathos paragraphs by trying to get the emotional appeal of the readers. She does this by sharing the sob story on how Jennie McCormack got pregnant at a very young age and how her life went downhill after that. The author says things like, “She started spending time with an 18-year-old boy in her group of friends. Because he was older and she was a virgin, she trusted him when he said nothing bad would happen if they had sex.” to get you to think that she was peer-pressured to have sex for the first time as if it was not her fault. The author uses Ethos by using a credible source like a case that is well known in the United States. This was to help make the decision of laws on abortion more persuasive to the court. This is a big impact on the article since it has ethical appeal. The logical part of the writing is stated when the article...
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...A Women’s Civil Right The speech ”A Women’s Civil Right” was written in 1969 and the feminist author Betty Friedan delivered it. Betty Friedan was a proponent of the modern women’s movement and claimed that women in 1969 and onwards should not be trapped in the stereotypical housewife role. Friedan was convinces that social barriers in the society kept women imprisoned in “the housewife trap”. She wanted women to have better career opportunities, introduce equality with men and to eliminate the illusion of “the happy housewife”. This specific speech announces that abortion should be a part of a women’s civil right. Betty Friedan singles out women to be the invisible minority in America. The invisible women in the American society are the ones who take an active share in the important resolution of the government and not the women who take care of the domestic duties. Friedan compares the invisibility of forward-looking women to the Afro-American permanent residents in America. For many years, the Afro-American people in the U.S. have been the invisible section of the population in the Southern states. Racial segregation in America became a crucial part of life until the segregation legally ended in 1964 because of the Civil Rights Act. The blacks were in those days invisible according to their voting rights. The voting rights of blacks were systematically restricted because the black’s voting papers did not manage to be registered. Many Afro-American were killed because...
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...Rhetoric 5 It’s just the way things are: Images and impressions tend to sell more products than good arguments do. At least some of the images are fun. Common Devices and Techniques W hen the military uses the phrase “self-injurious behavior incidents” regarding detainees at Guantánamo Bay, it means what most of us call “attempted suicides.” In fact, when the word “detainees” is used, it means what most of us call “prisoners.” “Waterboarding” sounds at first like something you’d expect to see young people doing on a California beach, not a torture technique that involves forced simulated drowning. Less remarkable, perhaps, but possibly more relevant for most of us, we’ve heard the term “downsized” used when someone is fired or laid off. “Ethnic cleansing” covers everything from deportation to genocide. What we have to say may be important, but the words we choose to say it with can be equally important. The examples just given are cases of a certain type of linguistic coercion—an attempt to get us to adopt a particular attitude toward a subject that, if described differently, would seem less attractive to us. Words have tremendous persuasive power, or what we have called their rhetorical force or emotive meaning—their power to express and elicit images, feelings, and emotional associations. In the next few chapters, we examine some of the most common rhetorical techniques used to affect people’s attitudes, opinions, and behavior. Rhetoric refers to the study of persuasive...
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...use(s). Vagueness is a matter of degree. Examples: (1) Jim is not feeling well. (2) Jim has flu-like symptoms. (3) Jim has an upset stomach and a fever. (4) Jim is nauseated and has a fever of more than 103. In order to think critically, one must think clearly. Some definitions can enable clearer thinking. There are major three kinds of definitions: (1) definition by synonym, example: “‘Decaffeinated’ means without caffeine.” (2) definition by example, example: “The Cheyenne perfectly illustrate the sort of Native Americans that are plains Indians.” (3) analytical, example: “A nurse is a trained health-care professional [put into a class] who take care of patients/clients [differentiate from other members of the class].” Rhetorical definitions are not...
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...final project I have chosen to speak about abortion and pro choice debates. After reading the article I picked up on bias’ right of the bat. The fact that women have been viewed as immoral for wanting to control the size of their families or to act as responsible adults. Margaret talks about how many different groups were invited to the conference that was held and everyone acted with dignity except one group. This group was the religious “church” going individuals. This group views birth control as a “sin” so to speak and think it’s against gods will. I can vouch for this personally. I recently took a new job almost three months ago with a very well known catholic organization. We have amazing benefits except they will not cover ANY form of contraception or fertility treatment. This means I have to pay out of pocket for my prescriptions of birth control. A choice I have chosen as a single/divorced mother of three. I don’t want to have any more children, but in their eyes I am being immoral. To me some of the fallacies or misconceptions with this issue that they are basically stating that religion and worship make a person moral. How can that be when there have been so many accusations and cases of catholic priests molesting young children? Where is the morality in that? This fallacy to me is an “appeal to tradition and faith”. Just because someone is religious does not mean what they are doing is moral. One of the main rhetorical devices that she used was describing the three...
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...factors that play a role in how we view education and it’s motivation. The theory of rhetorical perspectivism was introduced by Hikins and Cherwitz. They formulated this notion in response to a claim that believed that discourse and rhetoric should enjoy epistemic status. Moreover, discourse shouldn’t be used informatively of insights, but rather used to discover such insights (Hikins & Cherwitz, 1983,1986). Rhetorical perspectivism aims to bridge the gap between rhetorical objectivists and rhetorical subjectivism as a work in epistemology. Objectivists think that knowledge exists first, then is discovered through discourse. Subjectivists think that knowledge is constructed by the discourse and does not exist until it is built, that is the search that creates knowledge. Perspectivists, such as Hikins and Cherwitz, come along and say that everything takes place from different contexts- meaning knowledge exists, but we see it from our lens- essentially to reconcile two seemingly contradictory ideas as ‘two sides of the same coin’. Perspectivism says ‘that reality is independent of human attitudes, beliefs, and values’. In essence, Hikins and Cherwitz’s claim says that while an independent knowledge may exist, we all see from our own context and these all contribute to a better understanding of the knowledge that exists independently of us, but is also influenced by us. This essay will illustrated rhetorical perspectivism in my high school and college educational experiences and the application...
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...Potential Topics * Cars - a blessing or a curse? * Given the traffic congestion on our roads, should we be doing more to keep cars off the road, and if so, what? * Should wolves be re-introduced to certain parts of Scotland? * Should humans treat farm animals more humanely? * Is there any place for zoos in a civilised society? * What is the future for the British (Scottish) countryside - a recreational retreat or a living, working environment for the production of food? Discuss. * Are celebrities entitled to privacy? * Are child beauty pageants morally acceptable? * It has been said that the glory game of football has been turned into the money game. To what extent do you think this statement is true and how has the game been affected? * Did the Olympics actually inspire the British population or what it a black hole for all our cash? * The Ryder Cup is the perfect example of what a united Europe can achieve – is this the way forward? * Do the various ages of consent need to be reviewed for the young people in this country? * How old is “too old” for parenthood? * Have improvements in contraception brought about liberation or a passport to promiscuity? * Has genetic engineering gone too far? * Cloning - a tremendous medical advance or an ominous development? * Should animal organs be used for human transplantation? * Should doctors have the right to refuse expensive treatment to patients who will not change their habits (eg...
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...As the forty fourth president of the United States, Barack Obama stands as a strangely controversial subject in any political debate; radical republicans are quick to judge him as a failure of a president, illegal, and a terrorist, while liberal minds follow a trend of considering him one of the best presidents in modern history. Regardless of how citizens perceive him, Obama widely influenced civil rights movements during both terms, advocating immigration, welfare, the rise of the middle class, and pro-choice ideologies. During his speech in Osawatomie, Kansas, his focus centered mainly on unity of the working and middle class, attempting to merge them together with the latter. Several of his key points include the necessity of uniting to...
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...Planned Motherhood: Margaret Sanger and Her Fight for Birth Control Morgan Ledford History 1200 Tamia Haygood November 13, 2014 During the Progressive Era, the United States was changing and developing but social issues were often neglected. With the rise of factories and big business, populations in small compact areas were exceeding holding capacity and the quality of life was decreasing. Margaret Sanger, born in New York in 1876, knew from an early age the change that she wanted to make in America. Sanger desperately wished to rise in class and her current education level so she attended Claverack College after which she enrolled in a nursing program at White Plains Hospital. She worked as a visiting nurse in New York City in the 1910s until she began to challenge the Comstock Law and write and mail contraceptive information to women. Through creation of different committees, leagues and publications, Sanger was able to slowly push the idea of birth control into the public. In 1914, Margaret Sanger coined the term birth control and then printed it in the Woman Rebel journal. Sanger also opened up her own birth control clinic and fought for contraceptives until her death in 1966.1 Throughout the Progressive Era, Margaret Sanger started the foundation for the Birth Control Movement and actively advocated for the passage and approval of birth control in the United States. Women in the Progressive Era had only two choices, “passive and usually pleasure less submission...
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...1. Question : For John Dewey, open-minded inquiry is: Student Answer: The virtue that prevents habit from making us unwilling to hear other ideas Something only a child can do For people who are weak in their beliefs Reinforcing our own beliefs by talking with people who share those beliefs The childlike wonder and interest in new ideas Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found from the “Open-Minded Inquiry” page found here:http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/open-minded-inquiry/579 Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 2. Question : This is the term for presentation of an idea through one-sided and emotional rhetoric: Student Answer: Tolerance Relativism Propaganda Television Open-mindedness Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found from the “Open-Minded Inquiry” page found here:http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/open-minded-inquiry/579 Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 3. Question : When making inferences, it is important to: Student Answer: Infer things that extend beyond experience and evidence Rationalize inferences that contradict one another Identify assumptions that lead to the inferences All of the above None of the above Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in “The Analysis and Assessment of Thinking” [Paul and Elder Website] http://www.criticalthinking...
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...The modern relationship between politics and religion can be described as “closer than ever”. Pope Francis recently spoke to congress in a joined House and Senate meeting while on his mission trip from the Vatican. This was Pope Francis first trip to The United States as Pope. The Pope spoke of issues that both the Republican political party and the Democratic political party have made their parties’ main issues and causes. However, hot topics of the republican base such as; abortion and same-sex marriage received scant mentions in the Pope's short address (Burke, 2015). Instead Pope Francis focused on immigration, the death penalty, racial injustice, the weapons trade, and poverty all items that the Democratic Party has stated as their cause or issue. With Pope Francis’s speech to lawmakers, he became the first pope to address a joint meeting of Congress which is a milestone in the journey of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. “Not long ago, the prospect of the head of the Catholic Church addressing Congress would have been unthinkable. Catholics in politics were a source of suspicion and a subject of slander for generations. Today, the pendulum has swung. Nearly one in three members of the Congress that Francis addressed are Catholic” (Baker & Yardly, 2015). Another example of politics and religion that have joined forces is Kim Davis, the clerk of Rowan County, Kentucky. As the website, CNN.com states; “She stands at the crossroads of a controversy between...
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...Tourism Essay Tourism is undoubtedly the single largest industry in the world and contributes vast amounts of revenue into any given country. In New Zealand alone, tourism accounted for 10.2% of Gross Domestic Product in 1996 or in dollar terms $11.78 billion (Collier, 1999). In 1999, half a billion people traveled worldwide which indicates the huge scale of the tourism industry. And the speed of tourism growth is also outstanding - airplane numbers have increased thirty times since 1960 and in the last fifteen years the number has doubled. And the amount of international tourists is also increasing rapidly. In 1939 there were only one million tourists worldwide whereas in 1999 there were more than one million international tourists from New Zealand alone (Otago University Resource, 2001). After understanding how large the tourism industry is and the speed it is growing at, it is necessary to then learn about the associated impacts from tourism. The impacts are divided into three categories: economic, socio-cultural and environmental and each impact can create either a positive or negative outcome. Obviously the most important impacts that need to be dealt with are the negative ones. Throughout this essay each different impact will be explained and an example provided. It will also indicate how important it is for a tourism manager to be aware of these impacts and how they could possibly minimise or eliminate any of these adverse effects. Custom Essay on Tourism ! Socio-cultural...
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