...Cyber Terrorism: The American Response Mutale Chisanga School of Computer Science 03-60-305 Professor Kristina Verner March 6, 2016 Cyber terrorism: The American Response United States (U.S.) critical infrastructure faces a growing cyber terrorism threats due to advancements in the availability and sophistication of malicious software tools and the fact that new technologies raise new security issues that cannot always be addressed prior to adoption. The increasing automation of U.S. critical infrastructures provides more cyber access points for adversaries to exploit. Industrial control systems, which operate the physical processes of the U.S. pipelines, railroads, and other critical infrastructures, are at elevated risk of cyber exploitation. The growth of malicious techniques that could degrade, disrupt, or destroy critical infrastructure is a huge concern for the U.S. government. It is also likely the cyber threats will surpass the terrorism threat to U.S. in the years to come (MLI, 2012). Even though only advanced threat actors are currently capable of employing these high level malicious techniques, these capabilities will eventually be within reach of all threat actors. Discussion The potential economic consequences of cyber terrorism attacks are severe. The severity of cyber terrorism are not felt equally across the board. A small company may not be able to survive even one significant cyber-attack. On the other hand, large companies may take a long time...
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...globally. The second area that will be explored is Canada’s influence in decision making within the alliances that Canada is a member, mainly NATO. Thus, while Canada’s influence in the world is stronger now, its influence within NATO was greater in 1971 than it is now. Firstly, Canada, compared to the superpowers, is relatively more powerful now at the world stage than it was in 1971, at least in its capability and capacity to response to the modern security challenges. As such, the balance of power has shifted away from the two superpowers. The fact that in 1971 Canada had no ability to defence itself from the only major military challenge shows that Canada was not as powerful. Furthermore, Canada relied heavily on NORAD to protect its sovereignty. Today, Canada, relative to the superpowers, is more powerful, although this maybe attributed mainly to the decline of the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, quit contrary to the 1971 White Paper, the 2008 CFDS states that Canada must be ready to take responsibility at the international level. In order to be a strong partner, however, words alone are not enough. “Above all else, leadership requires the ability to deploy military assets, including boots...
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...Cultural Protectionism (Human Geography) What are the benefits/costs of cultural protection of secularism in Canada? Should government enforce cultural protection of secularism? The government of Canada should accept all forms of cultural and religious regalia instead of imposing restrictions on symbols, garbs, veils, turbans, and kippahs, worn in public sector workplaces. Canada's cultural protection of secularism have remained fairly good through the federal government's experience but with little criticism compared to Quebec's recent controversy with Bill 60. This bill is a perfect example as to why Canada doesn't need a new legislation. Bill 60 initially planned to ban religious wearing from public places, educational institutes and jobs. Canada is a multicultural nation with a diverse range of cultural and religious groups that seamlessly work together in many different environments. To simply ban religious regalia would be huge for Canadian citizens that make up majority of public sector workplaces. The benefits of a cultural protection of secularism are usually created to protect cultural values, traditions, languages and identity. For example, Bill 101 in Quebec was passed to protect the French language. Most recently Bill 60 became very controversial and received a lot of criticism. The bill intended to adjust Quebec's Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, develop neutrality amongst all state employees in workplaces, restrict wearing religious symbols, make...
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...Terrorism in Africa Introduction This essay looks at the part of terrorism in Africa; naturally the region has endured the most terrorist assaults on the planet. This paper will clarify what terrorism means and a brief history of the first indications of terrorism to have surfaced. The different kinds of terrorism will likewise be disclosed with samples to better explain them. Also, a portion of the strategies adopted by terrorist will be analyzed. The reasons and solutions will likewise be disclosed in other to comprehend why these assaults happen. A conclusion will finally be introduced to summarize the essay. The scope The first known association that showed qualities of a present day terrorist affiliation was the Zealots of Judea. Referred...
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...Lone Wolf Terrorism Introduction Problem background and significance In the United States terrorism incidents such as the attack in 1995 in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh and the September 11th attack in 2001, have led to the realization that lone wolf terrorism posses a grave threat to the safety of the public. Terrorism analysts and law enforcement authorities have insisted that it is hard to spot lone terrorists before they strike and this is of great threat to the security of a nation. From FBI information it is evident that lone terrorism trends indicate that it is an ongoing risk both in side the United States and outside the country (Risen & Johnston, 2003) In 2003 the director of the FBI stated that there was an increased threat from persons who are affiliated or sympathetic with the Al Qaeda and they act without having any conspiracies surrounding them or external support. Scholars in the field of terrorism have in the past concentrated on the how terrorist groups work so as to explain how individuals work. The general view of terrorism is that it is a group activity which is mainly influenced by leaders training, recruitment, obedience and conformity, solidarity and moral disengagement. Due to the imbalance that exists between the focus by scholars on terrorism that is group based on one hand and apparent threat posed by lone wolf terrorist on the other hand, necessitates the empirical and conceptual analysis of lone wolf terrorism so as to establish a good understanding...
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...In what ways, if any, has globalization transformed the phenomenon of terrorism? Introduction The idea of terrorism has not always been as it is today. The word “terror” originated after the French Revolution and the word “terrorism” was subsequently recorded by the Académie Française in 1798 (Roberts 2002). The regime of “la Terreur” was one of force and bloody repression against opponents to the newly born French Republic, but since the 19th century, terrorism has come to designate a method of opposition used by small groups (Tilly 2004, 8-9) “against the legitimacy of the prevailing sovereign power” (Scruton 2002, 126). As Barkawi (2006, 129) aptly puts across “‘terror’ is often used as a weapon by those who lack sufficient weapons to fight a military war, who believe their voices are not being heard and their desires bear no fruit”. Contrary to the French “terror”, “terrorism” is then no longer a practice of the State; it is that of radical groups opposing the State, and it is mainly the State that gives them this name (Townshend 2002, 3); the names these groups give themselves are in relation to a cause they see as legitimate. Such causes have arisen in numerous places, prompting some to take extreme but in their minds justified action, and Europe has faced terrorist threats long before the 9/11 attacks, incarnated by the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Basque Fatherland and Liberty group (ETA) in Spain or the Red Brigades in Italy, to name only a few (Barkawi...
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...invest in the use of heavy force. We can militarize our borders. Militarization is the organization or aggregation of military force in a territory. (Wickham, n.d.) The United States can send thousands of men and women to the borders to stop this from occurring. They can increase the size of the fences and walls. Invest in drones and spy planes. The only problem is how many will it take, or how will this affect the economy of the United States. This could lead to higher costs for equipment and supplies. The United States could end up pulling citizens from their current jobs and taking them away from their families to watch the borders. How long will this take? Could this be done any other way? First and foremost with the inherit threat of terrorism should be reason enough to feel the need to secure our boards. Secondly is the economic burden our nation is...
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...Multidimensional Lenses on Migration Dilara Sönmez Middle East Technical University Department of International Relations, #1541077 ABSTRACT National and international security has gained new meanings and elements in recent years, especially after Cold War. The changed concept of security has been more and more broadened with accelerated effects of globalization and shocking September 11 events. The new issues of security agenda may be listed as immigration, global terror, climate change, energy, internal violence, human security etc. This article recovers mainly how irregular migration effects national and human security in a multi dimensional framework, from theories to the cases under several sections of the paper. Firstly, the definition and types; secondly motivations of immigration are outlined with a historical and theoretical briefs. Then the general perception on migration and motivations of migration will be connected more specific sections that are, in sequence, international lenses on migration regarding state and public securities and more specifically, the lenses of the US and European Union on migration. The conclusion part put my arguments as done during article that are both agreed and disagreed with the mainstream theories and the opinions of expert that are stated in the article. Definitions and Types of Migration The term of migration has several definitions that give almost similar meanings. Generally, in social science literature, Migration...
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...terrorist. In 1993 the World Trade Centre was bombed, in 1988 US embassy bombing took place in Kenya and Tanzania and in and October 2000 the USS Cole Bombing took place in Yemen 1 just to mention a few. The attacks were considered an act of war and as such required decisive action which was clearly spelt out by President George W. Bush in his September 20th joint address to congress that same year. "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated…And we will pursue nations that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation, in every region, now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward, any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime."2 Here the president clearly outlined a new foreign policy objective for the for the United States government. The United...
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...isn’t very often considered that in addition to these infamies, terrorism, like other forms of organized crimes, is decisive, calculated and meticulously premeditated. The real strength of these organizations last in the interdependency that they create between the region that they operate in and themselves. The reason why these outfits spreading violence are so difficult to combat is the economic interdependency in particular. They become ingrained in the regions they function in and moreover gain profits for the acts of terrorism in the region. The profits that are gained are through tactical victimization of populations...
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...ORGANIZED CRIME: CASE STUDY NIGERIA. Introduction Organized Crime can be categorized as a transnational, national or among local groupings, of enterprises or organizations highly centralized and run by criminals. They are themed by engagement of illegal activity with the purpose of making money and profit. Not all organized crime systems are monetarily motivated, some of these systems purely operate with a political purpose driving their mandate or their very existence. Terrorist organizations, for example fit this caliber. These criminal organizations force people to do business with them i.e. a gang extorting small businesses for money so as to offer them ‘protection’. ‘Organized’ would be the term to describe these syndicates for these gangs, mobs and organizations are mostly disciplined with high levels of professionalism and expertise. These systems cannot be categorized with your average crime operations. (Macionis& Gerber 2010) States, militaries, police forces and even corporations sometimes use organized crime methods to conduct their business. (Tilly, 1985) According to the UNODC (n.d.). Organized crime threatens peace and human security, violates human rights and undermines economic, social, cultural, political and civil development of societies around the world. Organized crime manifests in a variety of forms, drug trafficking, firearms, human trafficking. Every year, countless individuals lose their lives at the hands of criminals involved in organized crime...
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...Instructions for authors, permissions and subscription information: E-mail: bilgi@uidergisi.com Web: www.uidergisi.com Is Terrorism Still a Democratic Phenomenon? Erica CHENOWETH Assist. Prof. Dr., The University of Denver, The Josef Korbel School of International Studies To cite this article: Chenoweth, Erica, “Is Terrorism Still a Democratic Phenomenon?", Uluslararası İlişkiler, Volume 8, No 32 (Winter 2012), p. 85-99. Copyright @ International Relations Council of Turkey (UİK-IRCT). All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted, or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from UİK, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed, in writing. References for academic and media coverages are boyond this rule. Statements and opinions expressed in Uluslararası İlişkiler are the responsibility of the authors alone unless otherwise stated and do not imply the endorsement by the other authors, the Editors and the Editorial Board as well as the International Relations Council of Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi Derneği | Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi Web: www.uidergisi.com | E- Mail: bilgi@uidergisi.com Is Terrorism Still a Democratic Phenomenon? Erica CHENOWETH* ABSTRACT In recent years, multiple studies have confirmed that terrorism occurs in democracies more often than in nondemocratic regimes. There are five primary groups of explanations for this phenomenon...
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...HISTORY 1500 WINTER 2014 RESEARCH ESSAY TOPICS 1. Select a crusade and discuss the extent to which it accomplished its objectives. Why did it succeed or fail? Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades 2. How did anti-Semitism manifest itself in medieval Europe? Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe; Mark R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages; Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the Thirteenth Century 3. What was the position of prostitutes in medieval society? Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women; Leah Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 4. Why did the French choose to follow Joan of Arc during the the Hundred Years War? Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader; Bonnie Wheeler, ed., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 5. Discuss the significance of siege warfare during the crusades. You may narrow this question down to a single crusade if you wish. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege; Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade 6. Why did the persecution...
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...SECURITY RESEARCH PAPER A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM Piers Hutt piershutt@hotmail.com 1 March 2015 A PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM ABSTRACT Purpose: To critically examine the threat of modern terrorism to Western society. Design/methodology: An assessment was made of publically available documentation. The paper is then divided into a number of sections. It initially deals with the difficulties of defining terrorism, followed by its symbiotic relationship with the media. The next section looks at the modern Islamic Fundamentalist threat and the primarily neocon response since 9/11. Whilst the US has withdrawn combat forces from Iraq and Afghanistan, a bipartisan approach has been maintained to counterterrorism. The dangers of such an approach are examined along with emerging threats. Table of Contents * Abstract * Introduction * Define * Role of the Media * Psychology * Modern Terrorism * The Response * Counterview – The Dangers * Looking Ahead – The Next Potential Threats * Another Approach * Conclusion INTRODUCTION “Terrorism has become part of our daily news diet. Hardly a day goes by without news of an assassination, political kidnapping, hijacking or bombing somewhere in the world. As such, incidents of terrorism have increased in the past decade, the phenomenon of terrorism has become one of increasing concern to governments....” Introduction. With the recent high profile terrorist attacks in Sydney...
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...plans. With the passage of time, developing countries also started to rethink about their security plans. Methodology was questionnaires to public and interviews with the aviation security authorities. In this way the overall perception about the security of airports was analyzed. Also past historical events were analyzed to find out the possibility of any terrorist activity on Pakistani airports. For this purpose secondary data about threats of terrorism and their actual conduct on different places were analyzed. Then various threats to airport security were analyzed. Also primary data was collected through questionnaire to find out the people perception about their security on airports. The qualitative and quantitative facts and figures were then being analyzed and evaluated to find out the desired outcome. The conclusion was that people feel the threat to airport security but they are not satisfied with the preventive measurements. They think that there should be a high-tech counter measurement program to cope with terrorism threats. Also historical data shows that...
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