...How to Save a Life: The discovery of the Germ Theory Scientists often develop new theories and ideas once previous postulates are shown to be inadequate. After numerous attempts to understand how germs spread, scientists still lacked a theory that explained the cause of diseases. The germ theory was instrumental in formulating an understanding of various diseases in order to protect the public from lethal epidemics. The development of the germ theory is credited to Dr. Robert Koch, Dr. Joseph Lister and chemist Louis Pasteur. The theory helped other scientists develop future vaccines and procedures to stop the spread of disease. The invention significantly changed how society and medical experts thought about and practiced medicine. The germ theory made it possible for scientists to discover the complex causes of infections and diseases such as cholera. At first, the general public was very apprehensive about the rapidly changing medical practices that resulted from the germ theory. However, once these practices were successful, the public trusted the new procedures such as the introduction of the antiseptic practice. Although many medical breakthroughs were introduced in the late 19th and early 20th century the most significant was the discovery of the germ theory because it allowed European physicians to discover other medicines. It was the foundation for the discovery of other medicines such as cholera and the inception of antiseptic surgery. Before the invention...
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...received negative reactions from employees and reductions in morale. Even with the very apparent negative impacts of outsourcing, companies are continuing to outsource more and more work. The reason: reductions in labor costs outweigh everything else. Companies may be sacrificing their integrity for increased profits, but with so many companies outsourcing, they really have no other choice. Their workers and consumers may be unhappy, but in order to remain competitive they must follow suit. Consumers and workers will be forced to adapt with the changing times by increasing their skills to avoid losing their jobs. Offshore outsourcing is not going anywhere, and we as a society need to take the necessary actions to avoid becoming victims. Paper Offshore outsourcing is described as the transfer of domestic work to countries overseas. Many companies are beginning to implement offshore outsourcing in order to reduce operational costs. Originally, the manufacturing industry had the most prevalent...
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...Section A: Basic Microbiology 1 SCOPE AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY “Science contributes to our culture in many ways, as a creative intellectual activity in its own right, as a light which has served to illuminate man’s place in the uni-verse, and as the source of understanding of man’s own nature” —John F. Kennedy (1917–63) The President of America The bacterium Escherichia coli INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE MICROBIOLOGY is a specialized area of biology (Gr. bios-life+ logos-to study) that concerns with the study of microbes ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms are microscopic (Gr. mikros-small+ scopein-to see) and independently living cells that, like humans, live in communities. Microorganisms include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example...
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...Executive Summary This paper examines the rate of upward mobility on the lower, middle and upper class. The data suggest that even after controlling for differences between non-college graduates and college graduates —including such factors as age and location— it is far less likely to move up in social class and/or acquire substantial power if a person is not born of parents with said class and/or power. On average, individuals earning 100,000 or more a year, come from homes where their parents or guardian made 100,000 or more per year. The impact of an affluent family was even bigger in occupations where technical skills are more prevalent, such as doctors, lawyers, and chemists. Those individuals who came from an affluent household were 85 percentage more likely to graduate and gain employment making six figures. Those individuals that did not come from an affluent house hold were 75 percent more likely to be involved in criminal activity, underage pregnancy and not make over 30,000 a year. Recent studies propose that there is less economic mobility in the United States than has long been acknowledged. The last twenty years has seen a significant drop-off in median household income growth interrelated to earlier generations. My findings demonstrate that individuals who come from homes netting higher income per year place their offspring in better financial standing, hence better chance of upward mobility than an individual that is from a home netting a lower, middle to...
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...Forensic Hair Analysis Forensic hair analysis is a method of studying hair found at the scene of a crime, and the scientific study of hair is referred to Trichology. In this paper I will discuss the different techniques that are used to study hair during an investigation and the many different aspects of the hair to consider based on what type of investigation is taking place. Hair analysis can be used to determine the presence of a suspect at the scene or to detect the presence of certain chemical substances in the victim or suspect. With the help of DNA techniques used in forensic hair analysis an absolute match can be determined by examining hair found at the scene of a crime. According to Douglas Deedrick of the FBI’s Trace Evidence Unit, Humans shed an average of 100 hairs daily and are often used in violent crime investigations such as: homicides, assaults, burglaries, and armed robberies. (Deedrick, 2000) The most useful hairs in a crime scene investigation are longer hairs found on the scalp but can be subject to changes due to hair colorings or a simple haircut. In order to prevent this outside exposure samples should be taken from potential suspects as soon as possible after the crime to avoid any possible contamination. According to Deedrick, examining a hair under a microscope can help to determine many things about the source of the hair and even how the hair was lost either through shedding or by force, or from which location on the body the hair originated...
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...1600s 3. Burning Laws in Late 1600s V. Social Effects on Victims and Socioeconomic Impact on Society A. 2001 U.S. Postal Service anthrax incident B. Projected economic impact of a bioterrorist attack VI. Epidemic Outbreaks A. 1500 B.C. -- Fifth Egyptian plague B. 1600s -- "Black Bane" C. 1770 -- Haiti D. 1978-80 Human anthrax epidemic in Zimbabwe VII. Modern Causes of the Disease VIII. Current Treatments A. Historical Development of Modern Treatment Methods 1. 1877 Robert Koch 2. 1881 Louis Pasteur 3. 1937 Max Sterne 4. 1944 First use of penicillin to treat anthrax 5. 1979 Modern vaccine developed B. Treatment of Today IX. Anthrax as a Biomedical Weapon A. Modern threat B. 1916-1918 Mesopotamia and Russia. C. 1942 Anthrax Island D. 1979 Russian Town of Sverdlovsk E. 2001 Anthrax Letters Introduction Bacillus anthracis a deadly disease that kills man and beast. This paper will explore the disease from its ancient origins, ancient treatments, social effects, modern outbreaks, modern causes of the disease, and current treatments. Definitions and Symptoms...
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...MRKT 5000 Marketing September 04, 2011 Jim Koch And The Marketing of Samuel Adams Beer Executive Summary Currently, the United States beer market is segmented into many segments. The two largest domestic brewers, brewers located within the United States, are Anheuser-Busch and Miller. These two companies control 50 percent and 29 percent of domestic beer sales, respectively. With 80 percent of the beer market controlled by the two megabrewers the United States is a tough environment for a small craft brewer like Samuel Adams to survive. The U.S. population is over 311 million people, the world’s third largest population after China and India. American consumes nearly 200 million barrels of beer a year, or 20 gallons per person, second only to China which has four times the amount of people the United States. Samuel Adams Boston Lager is brewed by the Boston Beer Company and founded by 1984 by Jim Koch using his great–great–grandfather’s 1870 beer recipe. Due to the economic downturn and other environmental forces the general beer market has been flat in recent years, yet quality craft beers like Samuel Adams has seen double-digit growth. The craft brewing industry has had a strong growth curve over the past decade and Samuel Adams has been positioned perfectly to capture this momentum. Technological advances have been a positive development for the Samuel Adams brewing and packaging...
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...side panel containing further options relating to your results or document. Other formats: ● Citation/Abstract ● Full text - PDF KB) (908 OK OverlayEndore like this M See similar documents Main content area Meet Some of AIChE's New Fellows Anonymoushemical Engineering Progress 108.6 2012): 51. . C (Jun Turn on hit highlighting for speaking browsers by selecting the Enter button Abstract (summary) Translate Abstract Translate Press the Escape key to close Translate [[missing key: loadingAnimation]] OverlayEnd S. Mitchell is Associate Provost for Graduate Studies and Research, and Professor of Brian Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Tulane Univ. (New Orleans, LA), where his research interests include nanostructured materials and materials processing. He is the author of 50 journal articles, two U.S. patents, and one textbook. Full Text ● Translate Full text Translate Press the Escape key to close Translate [[missing key: loadingAnimation]] ● OverlayEnd on search term navigation Turn In March, AlChE's Board of Directors conferred the title of Fellow on seven members of the Institute. These tenured members join a roster of respected chemical engineers who have made significant contributions to the profession. Here are some of the newly elected Fellows. More Fellows will be introduced in future issues of CEP. For more information about AIChE Fellows, visit www.aiche.org/About/OurMembers/fellow.aspx. Peter Paul Howell, P.E., is President of Mark V, Inc...
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...Public Health Comparison Paper Public health has a varied and fascinating history. From the early colonial day’s onward people worked together to fight the battles against disease. The weapons in this battled ranged from primitive cures in early history to the advanced technology of today. Throughout history public and community health have intertwined for one common goal, the health of individuals in communities. Working at the federal, state, and local levels our governing authorities carry out the public health activities necessary to keep people healthy and safe. While local and state governments carried most of the responsibilities in the early days for public health the federal government’s role was growing. From the beginning of the Marine Hospital Service in 1798 to its expansion into the United States Public Health Service in 1918 the government role began to expand. The federal government greatly increased its health care activities throughout the 1920s and 1930s by creating programs that increased access to personal health services. In 1922 the passage of what was known as the Sheppard-Towner Act established the first grant-in-aid program for supporting the delivery of public health services. This act created the Federal Board of Maternal and Infant Hygiene and gave it the authority to administer funding to states for maternal and child health services The program became a widely replicated model for other federal health programs. These programs allowed the federal...
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...Jordan Koch Sociology 101 Research Paper Patriarchy What is Patriarchy? The basic definition is control by men and literally means “the rule of the father”. The term was used to refer to autocratic rule by the male head of a family, however; in modern times it typically refers to social systems where adult men primarily hold power. Males hold primary roles such as political leadership, moral authority, and property control, and fathers hold control over wives and children. Matriarchy is when women have control. Many countries including America are mainly a patriarchy. Throughout the history patriarchy has wiggled its way into the social, political, legal, and economic organization of a range of different cultures throughout the world. Evidence suggests that prehistoric hunter and gatherer societies favored equality for all people and that patriarchy social structures didn’t develop until years after the end of the Pleistocene era. One researcher, Robert M. Strozier, says historically there is no evidence found yet that there was a specific event that triggered patriarchy. Others think that the beginning of the spread of patriarchy had started six thousand years ago when the concept of fatherhood took place. The geographical record shows that there was climate change around 4000 BCE that had led to famines in the Sahara, Arabian Peninsula and the Central Asian deserts. James DeMeo argues that this is the event that occurred and led to patriarchy. This resulted in warlike...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology has become the method of choice for public health research. The patterns and trends and cause and effects of health affecting phenomena identified by epidemiology are instrumental in predicting risk factors e.g.; development of treatment strategies to prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states...
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... Cantoria focused her research efforts on the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of drug plants. She has done basic studies on the pharmacognosy (study of medicines derived from natural sources) of agar, rauwolfia, datura, mint and Piper species. For her research paper on the morphology and anatomy of rauwolfia vomitoria Afz., Cantoria received the Edwin Leigh Newcomb Award in pharmacognosy given by the American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education in 1954. She again received this award in 1962 for her research work on the growth and development of Daturia strasmodium L. She is also the recipient of the Phi Sigma awards for marked distinction in biology in in 1951 and was proclaimed the Most Outstanding Phi Sigman in 1977. Paulo C. Campos, MD is noted for his work in nuclear medicine. As a health scientist, Campos authored and co-authored 75 scientific publications, some of which have won awards. Three of his works, titled Observation of Some Parameter of Insulin Action, Cr-51 Tagged Red Cell Studies and The Genetic Factor in Endemic Goiter, have won the first prize in Research Award. For his achievements in the field of medical research, Campos was named conferred the Gregorio Y Zara award as an outstanding scientist by the Philippine Association for the Advancement of Science (PAAS). He was credited for establishing the first known radioisotope laboratory in the country and the first research laboratory of the University...
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...increased competition among commercial banks, credit unions, finance companies and the investment banks have led to changes in lending policies and the loan portfolios. Extending loans to businesses and to individuals involves taking risks to earn high investment returns which are the loan interest rate, fee income and investment income from new deposits. Interest rate risk arises from credit decisions made by the investors. Loan maturities, pricing and the form of principal repayment affect the timing and magnitude of a banks’ cash inflows. The wholesale banks emphasize on large business lending while the retail banks emphasize on lending to individuals. Loans offer the highest yield and consumer loans offer even higher yields (MacDonald & Koch, 2006). In the banking sector, we have different categories of banks for instance; commercial banks like KCB, Barclays, or SACCO banks such as Co-operative Bank of Kenya. These banks offer different services like investment accounts, savings accounts and the loan account. Currently, most commercial banks are facing a declining trend in their loans department. The principal profit making activity of commercial banks is making loans to its customers, in allocation of funds to loan portfolio. The primary objective of a bank is to earn income while serving the credit needs of its community. The bank management also must decide upon distribution of funds within the loan portfolio that is; funds will have to be assigned to installment loans, commercial...
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...breweries in the United States of America currently holding the largest market share of craft brewers in the country, and 6th largest of all brewers. Founded in 1984 in Boston, Massachusetts and staying true to both its local and family roots, this high quality beer has become an icon throughout the nation. Another extremely successful and predominant corporation in the beverage-alcohol industry is that of Anheuser-Busch Inbev SA (BUD) which will serve for the purposes of this paper as a benchmark for how a firm should be performing and operating in this field. Being that Anheuser-Busch has been operating since 1852, has 13 breweries nation-wide, and is one of the most iconic breweries in the world, it truly is a unique comparison of “David vs. Goliath” for these two companies. The History of the Boston Beer Company Jim Koch, founding member of The Boston Beer Company, has a long proud history of brewing a robust, full flavored beer in his family. In fact, it was his great-great grandfather Louise Koch, who concocted the original recipe for the brands metaphorical bread and butter “Samuel Adams Boston Lager” which is by far the bestselling brand in the portfolio of beers the company holds and distributes. The “Sam Adams” name (also the inspiration for the NYSE ticker the company holds “SAM”) was dubbed after the American patriot from Boston of the same name because of...
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...Buengeler, Robert A. Eckhoff, Wendy P. van Ginkel and Sven C. Voelpel. The journal puts forth the following research question; Does diversity training increase team creativity reflecting in better team cohesion and effectiveness but only for teams with less positive beliefs of diversity. The method in which the research is conducted is through a qualitative study whereas diversity beliefs questionnaires (online) were completed by 192 participants of 41 different nationalities. All of the participants were undergraduate students who were enrolled in an international university located in Germany. One of the gaps in the study was that the study failed to understand the long term effects of diversity training along with addressing the effects of it on individuals who have not been previously exposed to diverse conditions or diverse individuals. Additionally, the diversity training was only conducted for persons within an academic setting and may suggest that people outside of academia would respond much differently to diversity training. The findings of the research suggest and support the idea that a lack of diversity in organizations may be a liability and that providing diversity training to teams and organizations with a little or no diversity can achieve positive results but at the same time, may result in a reduction of creative performance. The opposite was supported for organizations who were composed of a high amount of diverse individuals. The research also suggests...
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