...Name: Ogayo Julius Muga Diploma in Business Management University of Nairobi BANKING & INSURANCE CENTRAL BANK A central Bank is a public institution that usually issues the currency, regulates the money supply, and controls the interest rates in a country. The central bank often also oversees the commercial Banking system within its country. A central Bank is distinguished from a normal commercial bank because it has a monopoly and creating the currency of that nation, which is usually that Nations legal tender. Central Bank of Kenya is the highest Banking institution in the country and responsible for ensuring the smooth working of banking sector and other financial institutions. Central Bank differs from commercial banks in that it does not engage in ordinary banking activities e.g. accepting deposits from the general public. It is owned by the government while commercial banks are owned by shareholders. CBK usually implements certain government policies. OBJECTIVES OF CENTRAL BANK OF KENYA i. To formulate and implement monetary policy directed to achieving and maintaining stability in the general level of prices. ii. The Bank fosters the liquidity, solvency and proper functions of a stable market based financial system. iii. Support the economic policy of the government including its objectives for growth and employment. iv. Formulate and implement foreign exchange policy v. Hold and manage its foreign exchange reserves. vi. License and...
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...Supervision of the banking system: Central bank supervises the banking system of the country. Central may be responsible for banking system. They collect information from commercial bank and take necessary decision by two ways- a) bank examine and b) bank regulation 2. Advising the government on monetary policy: The decision on monetary policy may be taken by the central bank. Monetary policy refers to interest rates and money supply. The central bank will corporate with the government on economic policy generally and will produce advice on monetary policy and economic matters, including all the statistics. 3. Issue of banknotes: The central bank controls the issue of banknotes and coins. Most payment these day do not involve cash but cheques, standing order, direct debit, credit cards and so on. Nevertheless, cash is important as bank's cash holdings are a constraint on creation of credit, as we have seen. 4. Acting as banker to other banks: The Central bank will act as banker to the other banks in the country. As well as holding accounts with international bodies like IMF World bank. It is a common habit for the central bank to insist that the other banks hold non-interest bearing reserves with in proportion to their deposit. 5. Acting as banker to government: Normally a central bank acts as the government's banker. It receives revenues for Taxes and other income and pay out money for t6he government's expenditure. Usually, it will not lend to the government...
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...What are the roles and functions of central banks? Why do they need Economic staff? How far should central banks get involved in data collection and areas such as seasonal adjustment, as well as economic analysis? Introduction Though Central Bank is viewed as one of the primary mechanisms of macroeconomic stabilization there are a number of arguments about other areas of Central Bank’s involvement. This paper will explore the different areas, including the role of Central Bank in effecting monetary policy and intervening body in exchange rate trades, Central Bank as a Last Lender Resort (LLR), and Central Bank as a regulatory body of the financial sector. Prior to further discussion, it is important to stress that the role of Central Bank and the scope of its involvement may vary due to the effect of different legislations and the presence of various stakeholders. Thus, US Central Bank does not act as a regulatory body of the financial sector (Driffill et al., 2005), whereas the intervention activity of Japan Central Bank requires the approval of other governmental bodies (Fujiwara, 2005). This paper discusses the importance of Central Bank's publications of economic forecasts and other information related to Central Bank's views of the further state of macroeconomic trends. The discussion shows that this information is highly important for other market players and forecasting agencies as it reduces the information asymmetry. The role of Central bank in macroeconomic stabilization ...
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...The Role of Central Banks We operate today in modern advanced economies which rely on a system of fiat money. The agency that controls this system is known as a central bank. A central bank has the power to increase and decrease the amount of currency made available in an economy. Furthermore, the set of actions that make this possible is called the monetary policy and there are different tools that central banks use to operate a stable economy. The two agencies which control the European monetary policy are called the European Central Bank and the Bank of England. In US, the central bank is called the Federal Reserve. This essay will provide fact and information to what extent central banks control our economy. Initially, central banks are important institutions of our advanced modern economy. Changes in the money supply can affect our economy when it comes to rate of inflation, unemployment, prices and production of goods. Because of the link between the amount of money in an economy and the inflation rate, central banks will act as a price guardian. Their policy is to keep the inflation rate as close to the inflation target as possible. For that reason, central banks are able to increase and decrease the available currency in an economy. Therefore, central banks should be seen as a guardian of inflation stability, rather than a guardian of price stability. There are several tools that central banks use to fulfil their role as a guardian of inflation stability to control...
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...Research Paper No. 2006/54 Central Banks as Agents of Economic Development Gerald Epstein* May 2006 Abstract In the last two decades, there has been a global sea change in the theory and practice of central banking. The currently dominant ‘best practice’ approach to central banking consists of the following: (1) central bank independence (2) a focus on inflation fighting (including adopting formal ‘inflation targeting’) and (3) the use of indirect methods of monetary policy (that is, short-term interest rates as opposed to direct methods such as credit ceilings). This paper argues that this neo-liberal approach to central banking is highly idiosyncratic in that, as a package, it is dramatically different from the historically dominant theory and practice of central banking, not only in the developing world, but, notably, in the now developed countries themselves. Throughout the early and recent history of central banking in the US, England, Europe, and elsewhere, financing governments, managing exchange rates, and supporting economic sectors by using ‘direct methods’ of intervention have been among the most important tasks of central banking and, indeed, in many cases, were among the reasons for their existence. The neo-liberal central bank policy package, then, is drastically out of step with the history and dominant practice of central banking throughout most of its history. Keywords: financing, institutions, central banks, history, development JEL classification: E5, N2, O2 ...
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...staff? How far should central banks get involved in data collection and areas such as seasonal adjustment, as well as economic analysis? Introduction Though Central Bank is viewed as one of the primary mechanisms of macroeconomic stabilization there are a number of arguments about other areas of Central Bank’s involvement. This paper will explore the different areas, including the role of Central Bank in effecting monetary policy and intervening body in exchange rate trades, Central Bank as a Last Lender Resort (LLR), and Central Bank as a regulatory body of the financial sector. Prior to further discussion, it is important to stress that the role of Central Bank and the scope of its involvement may vary due to the effect of different legislations and the presence of various stakeholders. Thus, US Central Bank does not act as a regulatory body of the financial sector (Driffill et al., 2005), whereas the intervention activity of Japan Central Bank requires the approval of other governmental bodies (Fujiwara, 2005). This paper discusses the importance of Central Bank's publications of economic forecasts and other information related to Central Bank's views of the further state of macroeconomic trends. The discussion shows that this information is highly important for other market players and forecasting agencies as it reduces the information asymmetry. The role of Central bank in macroeconomic stabilization Chandavarkar (1996 cited in Geraats, 2002) claims that macroeconomic...
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...pp. 55-65 (1417 A.H / 1997 A.D) Hamid Zangeneh and Ahmad Salam Central Banking in an Interest Free Banking System J.KAU: Islamic Economics, Vol. 5 (1993), pp. 25-35 Comments: RODNEY WILSON Professor of Economics Department of Economics University of Durham U.K. The article by Hamid Zangeneh and Ahmad Salam is a welcome departure in the Islamic finance literature, as relatively little has been written about the role of central banks in an Islamic financial system. The authors review the major functions of central banks, and then discuss how monetary tools need to be adapted in an Islamic economy, these including discount rates, open market operations, reserve ratios, refinancing ratios, credit controls, moral persuasion, profit sharing ratios and exchange rates. The authors cite an earlier paper by Mohammad Nejatullah Siddiqi who has probably given more consideration to the issues than anyone else. (1) One of Siddiqi's main concerns is the central bank's role as lender of the last resort, as it is ultimately responsible for safeguarding the interests of depositors, whether the system is conventional or Islamic, although arguably in an Islamic economy it is not so much a matter of consumer rights, but rather of moral responsibility to Muslim depositors who have entrusted their savings to an Islamic bank in good faith. Although the authors quote Mohammad Uzair when discussing the tools of central banking, (2) Sidjqi has looked at these matters more recently, at least...
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...accountancy CBEB 2102 financial management Group Member: Isabelle Chong Sim Yi – CEB 110017 Li Ying – CEB 110716 Yap Hong Zhen – CEB 110084 ------------------------------------------------- University malaya faculty of business and accountancy CBEB 2102 financial management Group Member: Isabelle Chong Sim Yi – CEB 110017 Li Ying – CEB 110716 Yap Hong Zhen – CEB 110084 GROUP REPORT 1 GROUP REPORT 1 Table of Contents Question No. | Details | Pages | 1 | Describe the roles and functions of financial markets in Malaysia. | 1 | 2 | Identify four (4) relevant regulators in Malaysia. | 1 | 3 | Choose two (2) regulators identified in (2) above and justify your selection i.e. explain the reasons for your choice. | 2 | 4 | Explain the roles and activities of the two regulators that you have chosen. | 2 | 5 | Give examples of actual enforcement actions that have been taken by the regulators chosen in (3) above. | 3 | 6 | References | 4 | 1) Describe the roles and functions of financial markets in Malaysia. Financial markets are forums in which suppliers of funds and demanders of funds can transact business directly. There are two operations of financial markets, which are primary market and secondary market. Primary market is financial market in which securities are initially issued; the only market in which the issuer is directly involved in the transaction. The function of the primary markets is to facilitate the efficient allocation of funds...
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..."The Role of Central Banking in the Global Economic and Financial Crisis" 1. Introduction It is fair to say that central banks around the world have learned the lessons from previous crises and they attempted to change financial regulations to keep pace with the changing global financial system. The policy response triggered by the recent financial crisis has been rapid and it appears that the global policy response has helped to mitigate the effects of the financial crisis. European Central Bank response to the latest crisis was an example of swift and effective reaction. It combined a mix of standard and non-standard monetary actions. 2. European Central Bank (ECB) – history and mission The ECB is the central bank for Europe's single currency (the euro) and its main task is to maintain the euro's purchasing power and thus price stability in the euro area. The ECB was created in 1998 to serve as the central bank representing the interests of the countries belonging to the European Union. In less than a decade, the ECB, headquarter in Frankfurt, Germany, has emerged as one of the world’s most important financial institutions. The Treaty of Nice (1967) established a three-stage plan to create a single currency and monetary policy for the euro area by creating the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). The ESCB consists of the ECB as well as the national central banks for each of the member nations. The ECB is successor of the European Monetary Institute (EMI). The...
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...Central bank of ammady The central bank of the UAE’s Main responsibility is to stabilize the country’s financial affairs and to formulate and implement banking credit and monetary policies in order to ensure the economic growth of the National economy of the UAE in a balanced method. The central bank was established after the unity of the Arab Emirates in 1971 and it played a sincere role after the discovery of oil that helped in boosting the economy in a dramatic way. Their first governmental law was established in year 1980 to cover all financial matters that are within the borders of the UAE (http://www.centralbank.ae/en/pdf/Law-10-English.pdf). The central bank has authority and influence on all of the banks located within the borders of the UAE regardless whether they were international banks such as HSBC, Barclays, or whether they were national Such as Emirates NBD, etc. They act as the “ The bank of Banks “ they even enforce laws and regulation to the banking sector such laws can be found in this link http://www.centralbank.ae/pdf/LawNo6-1985-IslaminBanks.pdf and in some cases provide financial aid to the banks depending on the situation to stabilize the economy of the UAE. In addition to its role as “the bank of banks “the central bank also works on maintaining a fixed exchange rate of the local currency against the U.S dollars and also to certify the free convertibility of the local currency into other foreign currencies. However, the central bank also monitors the...
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...Government spending can create more jobs the more jobs that are created the more consumers can use the monies from the jobs to buy more goods and services. The more goods and services purchase by the consumers the more the United States GDP will fluctuate. Look at the stimulus package signed by President Obama February 17, 2009. Some can argue that it didn’t create any jobs but one thing for sure it gave first time home buyers a tax credit $8000. in return hoping that consumers use that money to buy goods and services to further the increase of the GDP. In describing the role of the government bodies determine national polices.The bodies that determine the national polices are each nation central bank. They are U.S. Federal reserve System, Bank of Japan, and the Bank of England. They also provide array of serves for their client the governments, controlling money, credit and interest rates. Central Banks must remain independent to public pressures, accountable to the public, transparent in policy action and clear in communication with the financial...
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...in employing the central banks to control the money supply. Role of monetary policy is important to maintain a low and stable rate of inflation and price stability in the economy.(Rangarajan,1998) Imbalances of the import and export can cause the fluctuation of the exchange rate in the country. Different central bank used different monetary tools to control the money supply and maintain the economic stability of the country. Monetary Tools Used to Control the Money Supply 1. Bank of England (BoE) BoE used operational standing facilities (OSF) and interest rate (IR) to control the money supply in the countries. OSF is used to provide a security value for the market liquidity management and provides an arbitrage instruments in a standard market condition to make sure the IR will be in line with the Bank Rate. OSF gives bank resources to manage unexpected frictional payments shocks that could take the reserves accounting below zero.(Red Book-BoE,2010) IR is used to control the inflation rate by injecting money directly into the British economy by purchasing the government bonds and high quality corporate bonds. Reduction in bank IR cause borrowing more attractive and saving less attractive, this will affects the spending by companies and their customers over time the rate of inflation.(Niklov,2002) IR will cause the increase in exchange rates in Sterling relative to overseas and would give investor a higher return on UK assets. 2. European Central Bank (ECB) ECB used...
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...Should the central bank play some role in bursting asset bubbles? This is a contentious issue that has been discussed for a long time. Some argue in favor of the view that central banks should burst bubbles. But, in their view, monetary policy should respond to asset bubbles in a cautious and moderate manner in order to avoid economic distortions. Some others argue against the role of central bank in bursting bubbles. They say bubbles generally arise out of some combination of irrational exuberance, jumps forward in technology and financial deregulation, for which the connection between monetary conditions and the rise of bubbles is tenuous. However, the central bank is at the centre point in this debate. The recent crash in the stock market in Bangladesh is also associated with some policies of the central bank. The aim of this article is to analyse the following two aspects: (i) whether the monetary policy response was appropriate to the rise and the recent collapse of the bubble, and (ii) whether the behaviour of financial institutions was optimal to the policy response. Commercial banks have been involved heavily in the stock market business in the last few years. Allowing merchant banking has exaggerated the situation. They became the key player in the stock market. Undoubtedly, any policies to control banks' exposure to the stock market could have significant impact on the capital market. Monetary easing during last two or more years (money supply was more than 22 percent...
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...Reserve Bank of India RESERVE BANK OF INDIA www.rbi.org.in ž¸¸£·¸ú¡¸ ¹£ö¸¨¸Ä ¤Îˆ RBI Central Office Building, Mumbai RESERVE BANK OF INDIA www.rbi.org.in ž¸¸£·¸ú¡¸ ¹£ö¸¨¸Ä ¤Îˆ 2 Contents Overview: Who We Are � Celebrating Our Platinum Jubilee � The Reserve Bank: Tradition and Change � Celebrating 75 years: Highlights Organisation and Structure: How We Operate � Management and Structure Main Activities: What We Do � Monetary Authority � Issuer of Currency � Banker and Debt Manager to Government � Banker to Banks � Regulator of the Banking System � Manager of Foreign Exchange � Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment and Settlement Systems � Developmental Role Research, Data and Knowledge Sharing: How We Communicate � Communicating with the Public � RBI Publications Addressing Current and Future Challenges Customer Service: How Can We Help You? 3 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 15 18 20 22 24 26 28 31 32 33 34 36 Overview: Who We Are The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the nation’s central bank Since 1935, when we began operations, we have stood at the centre of India’s financial system, with a fundamental commitment to maintaining the nation’s monetary and financial stability. 3 From ensuring stability of interest and exchange rates to providing liquidity and an adequate supply of currency and credit for the real sector; from ensuring bank penetration and safety of depositors’ funds to promoting and developing financial institutions and markets, the...
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...Established 1 April 1935 Governor Duvvuri Subbarao Central bank of India Currency Indian Rupee ISO 4217 Code INR Reserves US$300.21 billion (2010) Base borrowing rate 7.25% Base deposit rate 6.25% Website rbi.org.in Central Board The Reserve Bank's affairs are governed by a central board of directors. The board is appointed by the Government of India in keeping with the Reserve Bank of India Act. * Appointed/nominated for a period of four years * Constitution: * Official Directors * Full-time : Governor and not more than four Deputy Governors * Non-Official Directors * Nominated by Government: ten Directors from various fields and one government Official * Others: four Directors - one each from four local boards Functions : General superintendence and direction of the Bank's affairs Reserve Bank of India regional office, Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting "Prosperity through agriculture".[25] The central bank till now was governed by 21 governors . The 22nd, Current Governor of Reserve Bank of India is D. Subbarao The regional offices of GPO (in white) and RBI (in sandstone) at Dalhousie Square, Kolkata. delhi bangalore Functions [edit] Monetary authority The Reserve Bank of India is the main monetary authority of the country and beside that the central bank acts as the bank of the national and state governments. It formulates...
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