...other node? Why? • Yes, D can detect link break between D and E, since the nodes periodically communicate with a “Hello” message in AODV. When E doesn’t respond to node D’s message, D will record it as a link break • Link failure information is sent to active neighbors only and E is not active, because it is not involved in transferring data. So D will not propagate this link break to other nodes. f. The link between A and B is broken, as A moves away from B. B detects it as it can’t receive “Hello” message from A now. Now since the node A has moved from it’s place it will update it’s routing table Destination ID Via Distance Sequence # D B ∞ 23 It will also increment D’s sequence number. Now node A will send the RREQ again to find a new route to destination cause A moved to a new place. Hence A will increment its own sequence number by 1. Now A has sequence number as 14. RREQ of A: Destination ID Destination Sequence# Source ID Source Sequence# Hop Count D 23 A 14...
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...2) Flooding can be used to gather information in an endeavour to setup the route for a virtual circuit. 3) Flooding is always able to find the shortest pathway because it searches every possible path in parallel. 3. Store and Forward Switches have an advantage over Cut Through Switches. What is it? Ethernet switches have the option of deploying one of two forwarding techniques they are Store and Forward and Cut-through. The main advantage Store and Forward switches have over Cut Through switches is their ability to provide a superior “level of error detection” due to the fact that damaged frames are not forward to the destination port. Whereas Cut Through switches offer no error checking. 4. Very briefly explain the Optimality Principle and the use of Spanning Trees in routing...
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...Answer the following in your own words, keeping in mind the assessment guidelines. Before you submit your answer, make sure you have covered all the points asked in the question and the resources used for research are authentic. 1. What are the ways in which we can keep a check on the number of duplicate packets generated due to the Flooding Routing technique? Answer: Flooding obviously generates vast numbers of duplicate packets, in fact, an infinite number unless some measures are taken to damp the process. To prevent packets from looping forever, each router decrements a hop count contained in the packet header, whenever the hop count decrement to zero, and the router discards the packet. To reduce looping even further: 1. Add a sequence number to each packet’s header. 2. Each router then needs a list per source router telling which sequence numbers originating at that source have already been seen and each router maintains a private sequence number. When its sends a new packet, it copies the sequence number into the packet, and increments its private sequence number. 3. For each source router S, a router: • Keep track of the highest sequence number seen from S. • Whenever it receives a packet from S containing a sequence number lower than the one stored in its table, it discards the packet. 2. Though Flooding is not a very efficient routing method, it still finds use in a number of applications. Name at least 2 such applications you can think of. Answer: Flooding is not practical...
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...PRINCIPLES OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION | 1. The knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the body is essential for the safe administration of the injection. | | a)To avoid Injury to the underlying tissues | 1. Numerous blood vessels and nerves to are lying below the skin. Careful selection of the site can avoid injury to these areas. The common sites for the injections are as follows : a) Intradermal injections are given at the Inner aspect of the lower arm, upper aspect of the anterior chest, and upper aspect of the posterior chest. b) Subcutaneous Injections are given on the outer aspect of the upper arm, posterior chest wall Just below the scapula, anterior abdominal wall (from below breasts to the iliac crests), and the anterior and lateral aspect of the thigh. c) Intra muscular injections are given on the deltoid muscles of the shoulder, gluteal muscles of the buttocks, (Inner angle of the upper and outer quadrant) rectus femoris muscles of the anterior aspect of the thigh, and the vastus lateralis muscle on the lateral aspect of the thigh d) To give the Intravenous injections, any visible and palpable veins are used. The most convenient veins are the basilic and median cubitus veins In the antcubital space of the arm 2. The injections are never given in the medial aspect of the limbs for fear of nerve injuries.Choose long needles for obese patients and short needles for emaciated patients, especially when lntra-muscular injections are given | ...
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...inhaled medication using a spacer device. 4. Administer a topical medication. 5. Administer transdermal patch medication. 6. Administer a nasal instillation medication. 7. Administer ophthalmic medication. 8. Administer ear medication. 9. Administer vaginal medication. 10. Administer rectal medication & suppositories. 11. Administer medication using a pen device. 12. Administer medication using a carpujet. 13. Assist with percutaneous central venous catheter placement. 14. Administer lipids. 15. Administer parenteral nutrition. 16. Assisting a patient onto and off of a bedpan. Sublingual/Buccal The sublingual/buccal route of administration is closely related to the oral route; however, in the sublingual/buccal route the dosage form is not swallowed. The tablet is to be dissolved under the tongue (sublingual) or in the pouch of the cheek (buccal). The drugs administered in this manner are rapidly absorbed and have the advantage of bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. Nitroglycerin, for heart patients, in tablet form is more likely the most frequently administered sublingual drug. Enternal Tube Before and after administration the tube should be flushed with water to prevent the drug binding to the feed and dramatically reducing serum levels. designed to bypass dysfunction and obstruction, reduce discomfort or remove the need for patients to actively eat. the medications may be given through...
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...Although there are many methods of administration for each drug, many of them fall into following these three categories: oral, injection, or inhalation. Amphetamine is usually administered through oral, insufflation, injection, or rectal. Oral administration of amphetamine is the only route used in the therapeutic setting, however is also very common as a method of recreational use. Cocaine is either snorted, swallowed, injected, or smoked. If 100 mg of cocaine is snorted, somewhere in between 15 and 30 minutes is plateau dose. Crack cocaine, which makes a crackling sound when heated, is considered to be more highly and more quickly addictive than snorted cocaine. Unlike the other stimulants with lots of methods in administration, nicotine is mainly administered by only smoking. The threshold dose of nicotine is 0.2 - 0.3 mg. In addition, since caffeine is mainly distributed through food, such as coffee and chocolates, method of administration of caffeine is usually oral. Threshold dose of caffeine is 10 - 20 mg. In addition, the effects from an oral dose of amphetamine appear within 15 to 60 minutes and peak within 2 to 3 hours. After that, the effects start to decline shortly. The second half of the amphetamine is released...
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...*So far all the routes is based on google maps (avoid highways), might be longer/shorter based on the Destination. Gathering Point: Foon Yew JB Route 1: Stulang – Pontian (estimated journey 58.1km) Via = Jalan Skudai – Lebuhraya Skudai Google Maps - https://www.google.com.my/maps/dir/Foon+Yew+High+School,+59+Jalan+Ibrahim+Sultan,+80300+Johor+Bahru,+Johor/Sam+Huat+Hotel,+No+4,+1st+Floor,+Jalan+Johor,+Batu+36,+Pontian+District,+JH/@1.5268682,103.5317546,12z/data=!4m17!4m16!1m5!1m1!1s0x31da1326242ac24d:0x8770183a6a394c5f!2m2!1d103.779079!2d1.467402!1m5!1m1!1s0x31d0a29d5ad57eff:0xd62aa4ae6f258c4d!2m2!1d103.392487!2d1.478943!2m2!1b1!2b1!3e0 Destination: Sam Huat Hotel Route 2: Pontian – Batu Pahat (estimated journey 73.6km) Via = J115 – J118 – 5 Google Maps - https://www.google.com.my/maps/dir/1.845992,102.938158/Pontian/@1.7199452,103.03691,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m17!4m16!1m5!3m4!1m2!1d103.1385212!2d1.6827854!3s0x31d0f30e9c6df82d:0x316f45a604874eae!1m5!1m1!1s0x31d0984a58d8b9f1:0x4897b76a9e674838!2m2!1d103.4049445!2d1.5926338!2m2!1b1!2b1!3e0 Route 3: Batu Pahat – Muar Town (estimated journey 51.6km) Via = 5 – J31 Google Maps- https://www.google.com.my/maps/dir/1.845992,102.938158/Muar+town,+Johor/@1.9407736,102.7027416,11z/data=!4m12!4m11!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x31d1b8efc454c54d:0xd9dff43901f2e6dc!2m2!1d102.5690918!2d2.039272!2m2!1b1!2b1!3e0 Route 4: Muar – Melaka Jonker Street (estimated Journey 45.7km) Via = 5 – 19 Google Maps - https://www.google.com.my/maps/dir/Muar+town...
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...the Blank: Complete the following sentences using the correct key term. 1. Drugs administered into the GI tract are given via the enteral route. 2. A good example of an intradermal injection is a PPD test. 3. Drugs applied directly on the skin are administered via the topical route. 4. Drugs applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes exert a local effect 5. Drugs that distribute throughout the body exert a systemic effect. 6. Drugs that come as an emulsion must be shaken well before administration. 7. An enteric coating resists the acid environment of the stomach. 8. A solid drug dispersed within a liquid is called a suspension. 9. Administration of a drug into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) uses the intrathecal route. 10. Sublingual tablets are placed under the tongue. 11. A tablet placed between the cheek and gum in the mouth is an example of buccal administration. 12. A drug compressed or molded into a specific shape is called a tablet. 13. An intravenous drug is administered directly into the bloodstream. 14. A sustained release tablet is formulated to release a drug slowly over an extended period. 15. A drug encased in a hard or soft gelatin container is known as a capsule 16. A syrup is a concentrated solution of sugar in water. 17. The technique of instilling drugs into a muscle uses the intramuscular route. 18. An IV push medication is administered over a few minutes, whereas a/an IV piggyback medication is administered over 20 to 60 minutes...
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...Practice Problems – Week 7 Calculate the flow rate when using an electronic pump (mL/hr): 1. Infuse 600 mL LR over 3 hours. 2. Infuse Ampicillin 500 mg IVPB mixed in 50 mL NS over 10 minutes. Determine the infusion rate in gtts/min for the following: 3. Order: 1000 mL NS to infuse in 10 hours. Drip factor of administration set: 15 gtts/mL. 4. Order: 1000 mL NS to infuse in 8 hours. Drip factor of administration set: 20 gtts/mL. 5. Calculate the drip rate for 100 mls of IV Fluids to be given over a half hour via a giving set which delivers 10 drops/ml. 6. Ordered: 1 liter of Dextrose 5% in water over 8 hours using a giving set which delivers 10 drops/ml. Calculate the rate in drops/minute. 7. Calculate the drip rate for 500 mls of Dextrose 5% in water to be given over 4 hours via a giving set which delivers 15 drops/ml. 8. One liter of Dextrose 5% in water is charted over 3 hours. The drop factor is 10. The IV has been running for 1 hour and 15 minutes. 500 mls remain. How many drops per minute are needed so that the IV finishes in the required time? 9. One hundred milliliters of IV Fluids is charted over 2.5 hours. The drop factor is 15. Calculate the number of drops per minute. 10. The order reads: "Over the next 4 hours, infuse 500 ml of 5% Dextrose in Normal Saline. Add 20 MEq of KCl to solution." You know that the IV tubing set is calibrated to deliver 10gtt/ml. In drops per minute, what is the...
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...Multi Unit Pellet System (MUPS) Technology The concept of multiple unit dosage form was initially introduced in the early 1950. These forms can be defined as oral dosage form consisting of a multiplicity of small discreat unit, each exhibiting some desired characteristics. Compressed multiple unit pellet tablets/multiple unit particulate or pellet system commonly called MUPS. These are composed of polymer coated subunits namely pellets; which are embedded in an inert excipients matrix designed to overcome the difficulties in administering capsules and improved physico-chemical stability compared to suspensions. The functional coating like drug coating, barrier coating, enteric polymer coating is usually applied in a fluid bed coating processor provides each subunit with the characteristic desired drug release properties. The size, shape and surface morphology of the pellets to be coated are the prerequisites for coating of pellets. Design of MUPS involves formulating pellets by different techniques and further compression of these pellets into rapidly disintegrating tablets; disintegrate rapidly in the oral cavity for the delivery of coated pellets into the gastrointestinal tract or the site of release of the drug. In spite of the challenges like content uniformity of the compressed tablets, ability of the film to withstand compression force. MUPS occupy a prominent role in formulating drugs due to their greater patient compliance, process, formulation and therapeutic advantages...
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...Empire (C) Safavid Empire (D) Mughal Empire (E) Russian Empire 3. Sikhism is accurately defined as a religion that (A) was native to Japan, but shared similar beliefs to Daoism (B) flourished primarily in Southeast Asia (C) originated in the Ottoman Empire as another major split in Islam (D) Originated in India, with blend of Muslim and Hindu beliefs (E) Developed in Central America s a protest to Spanish-imposed Christianity 4. Which of the following decisions by the Portuguese most directly affected the Arab African cities of the east coast of Africa? (A) to trade only from coastal centers (B) to monopolize the Indian Ocean trade (C) to set up an African trading network that included the interior trade routes of the Sahara (D) to allow Christian missionaries to evangelize in the cities of the east coast (E) to start navigators’ school in Portugal 5. All of the following are common problems that the Muslim Empires of 1450-1750 shared EXCEPT: (A) Sunni-controlled governments whose power was seriously challenged by a Shiʻa minority (B) Inadequate transportation and systems for their armies (C) Unruly warrior elites that challenged government (D) Inadequate bureaucracies that could not adequately govern or keep in touch with citizens (E) The rise of the European rivals who ultimately built stronger militaries than they did 6. Which of the following European powers established hegemony over the Indian Ocean trade during the...
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...a. After demonstrating competency with a parenteral injection (IM, SubQ, ID) in the clinical setting, first semester students may be permitted to administer parenteral injections under the direct supervision a facility RN designated by the Clinical Instructor, if permission is given by the Clinical Instructor. An RN must be physically present and supervising the student from preparation through administration. b. Second, third and fourth semester students may be allowed to give IM, SubQ or ID injections and saline IV flushes under the supervision of a facility RN designated by the Clinical Instructor, if permission is given by the Clinical Instructor. An RN must be physically present and supervising the student from preparation through administration. c. Second semester students may administer secondary IVPB medications under the direct supervision of a facility RN designated by the Clinical Instructor, if permission is given by the Clinical Instructor. An RN must be physically present and supervising the student form preparation through administration. d. Third and fourth semester students may administer secondary IVPB medications and blood transfusions under the supervision of a facility RN designated by the Clinical Instructor, if permission is given by the MJC clinical instructor. An RN must be physically present and supervising the student from preparation through administration. e. IV push medication (identified in the Policy for the Administration of IV...
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...of hand and power tools. They are also responsible for construction rigging, the use of explosives, and carrying out demolitions, camouflage erection, field fortification construction, obstacle clearance, and obstacle construction, assault of fortifications, bridge erection, use of assault boats in water obstacle crossings, expedient road and helipad construction, general construction, route reconnaissance and road reconnaissance, and erecting communication installations. All these role activities and technologies are divided into several areas of combat engineering: Mobility Improving the ability of one's own force to move around the battlefield. Combat engineers typically support this role through reduction of enemy obstacles which include point and row minefields, anti-tank ditches, wire obstacles, concrete and metal anti-vehicle barriers and wall and door breaching in urban terrain. Mechanized combat engineer units also have armored vehicles capable of laying short bridges for limited gap-crossing. * Clearing terrain obstacles * Overcoming trenches and ditches * Opening routes for armored fighting vehicles * Constructing roads and bridges Countermobility Building obstacles to prevent the enemy from moving around the battlefield. Destroying bridges, blocking roads, creating airstrips, digging trenches, etc. Can also include planting land mines and anti-handling devices when authorized and directed to do so. When the defender must retreat it is often desirable...
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...Bulletin of Pharmaceutical Research 2012;2(1):15-21 An Official Publication of Association of Pharmacy Professionals ISSN: 2249-6041 (Print); ISSN: 2249-9245 (Online) RESEARCH ARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION AND EX-VIVO SKIN PERMEATION STUDY OF DOMPERIDONE MALEATE TRANSDERMAL PATCH Irfan Newaz Khan*, Maria Islam Khan, Kishor Mazumder, Marzina Ajrin, Newton Sen, Afsana Rashid and Md. Abdul Motaleb Bhuiya Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Basic Medical and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Science and Technology Chittagong (USTC), Chittagong-4202, Bangladesh *E-mails: irfan352@yahoo.com Tel.: +88-01717026373, +88-659070-1 Received: November 16, 2011 / Revised: April 04, 2012 / Accepted: April 08, 2012 The present study was designed to develop a suitable matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of domperidone maleate using blends of three different polymeric combinations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and ethylcellulose (EC). Physical studies including moisture content, moisture uptake and flatness to study the stability of the formulations were performed. In-vitro dissolution as well as ex-vivo skin permeation studies of the experimental formulations were also performed. Ex-vivo skin permeation study was conducted across the depilated rat abdominal skin using a modified Franz’s diffusion cell. Drug-excipient interaction studies were carried out using TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) method. All the formulations were found to be suitable for formulating in terms...
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...inhaled medication using a spacer device. 4. Administer a topical medication. 5. Administer transdermal patch medication. 6. Administer a nasal instillation medication. 7. Administer ophthalmic medication. 8. Administer ear medication. 9. Administer vaginal medication. 10. Administer rectal medication & suppositories. 11. Administer medication using a pen device. 12. Administer medication using a carpujet. 13. Assist with percutaneous central venous catheter placement. 14. Administer lipids. 15. Administer parenteral nutrition. 16. Assisting a patient onto and off of a bedpan. Sublingual/Buccal The sublingual/buccal route of administration is closely related to the oral route; however, in the sublingual/buccal route the dosage form is not swallowed. The tablet is to be dissolved under the tongue (sublingual) or in the pouch of the cheek (buccal). The drugs administered in this manner are rapidly absorbed and have the advantage of bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. Nitroglycerin, for heart patients, in tablet form is more likely the most frequently administered sublingual drug. Enternal Tube Before and after administration the tube should be flushed with water to prevent the drug binding to the feed and dramatically reducing serum levels. designed to bypass dysfunction and obstruction, reduce discomfort or remove the need for patients to actively eat. the medications may be given through...
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