... Carbuncle, a skin disorder, is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that may occur as a commensal and may affect other tissues when normal barriers have been breached. Researchers around the globe developed antibiotics, such as penicillin and glycopeptides that could kill or slow down the growth of S. aureus bacteria. By 1950, it was reported that 40% of the hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin and glycopeptide resistant; and recently, this has risen to 80%. Microciona prolifera, or red sponge, contains substances with antibiotic capacity that could kill or slow down the growth of a strain of S. aureus bacteria suggesting possibilities for creating novel drugs to treat the infectious skin disease. This study aims to determine the most efficient antibiotic solution of ectyonin extract from Microciona prolifera against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Statement of the Problem General Problem This study aims to compare which of the different solutions of Ectyonin extract from Microciona prolifera is the most effective in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria. Specific Problem Specifically it aims to answer the following questions: 1. Which of the four solutions is most effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria? 2. Does water affect the solution against the bacteria? 3. Did the colony count of the bacteria increase after putting the different solutions? Hypotheses ...
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...evolved genetically. With new genetic strains it because more resistant to many different antibiotics. Global pandemic: Of the Purple Cocci Bacteria are living organisms and just like any other living organism, it wants to live and survive, even when it’s trying to be killed. It is this survival instinct that has lead certain bacterial strains to evolve and grow, to become a global pandemic. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA is a group of bacteria leads to thousands of deaths every year. In order to understand MRSA, you first need to know about the bacteria’s original characteristics, and then you learn about this bacterium’s evolution over the years, and finally learn the current way in which MRSA is treated with antibiotics. S. aureus is a very common bacterium that lives on or in people; it usually lives on the skin, inside your nostrils, stomach and intestines. Many people are carrying it and are totally unaware that it is colonizing in or on them. Colonization is the establishment and growth of pathogens without causing signs or symptoms of it being there (Lilley, Collins, Harrington & Snyder, 2011, p. 584). S. aureus is normally harmless, however it does cause problems if it is able to enter the body and the body’s immune system is unable to kill it. 82% of patients in a study of bacteremia of S. aureus infections indicated the infections are usually caused by the identical colonizing...
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...infections. Gram-positive cocci are common isolates in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Although most are members of the indigenous microbial biota, some species are causative agents of serious infectious diseases. Consequently, as stated by Mahon, Lehaman and Manuselis (2010) for the vast majority of clinical laboratory situations, coagulase-positive isolates from human sources are considered to be S. aureus. Its infections are contagious and can be transmitted from person to person, and the illnesses related to this bacteria can range from mild and requiring no treatment, to severe and potentially fatal. Anyone can acquire a Staphylococcus aureus infection, especially the newborn infants, breastfeeding women, and people with chronic conditions. Also, it is an alarming fact that both community-associated and hospital-acquired infections with Staphylococcus aureus have increased in the past 20 years. Staphylococcus aureus infections are usually treated with antibiotics, but Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, known as MRSA, is a type of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin and other drugs in the same...
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...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES (RRL) Literature About the Malunggay Leaves Extract Against Staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus is a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of infection of various tissues of the body. Staphylococcus is more familiarly known as Staph (pronounced "staff"). Staph-related illness can range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and potentially fatal. The name Staphylococcus comes from the Greek staphyle, meaning a bunch of grapes, andkokkos, meaning berry, and that is what Staph bacteria look like under the microscope, like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. (In technical terms, these are gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, usually unencapsulated cocci.) Over 30 different types of Staphylococci can infect humans, but most infections are caused byStaphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci can be found normally in the nose and on the skin (and less commonly in other locations) of 25%-30% of healthy adults. In the majority of cases, the bacteria do not cause disease. However, damage to the skin or other injury may allow the bacteria to overcome the natural protective mechanisms of the body, leading to infection. And one of the cures for staphylococcus aureus is vitamin c which is found in malunggay. Called "Malunggay" in the Philippines, "Sajina" in the Indian Subcontinent, and "Moringa" in English, it is a popular tree. Many Asians use the leaves of Malunggay (Sajina) like spinach and also the fruit...
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...Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in state of Michigan MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is a potentially dangerous type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics and may cause skin and other infections. According to Haddadin and Fappiano in “Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the intensive care unit” MRSA is a Gram positive organism. The individual cocci measuring from 0.5-0.7 μm in diameter; it can come singly, in pairs or in short chains (2002). There is both MRSA that is developed while in the hospital and out. Community Associated (CA) MRSA starts as red bumps or boils which can turn into more serious painful puss filled bumps. Healthcare Associated (HA) MRSA can lead to more severe illness to the vital organs and can lead to widespread infections. According to Methicillin- Resistant Staphyloccus aureus Infections by John Jernigan and Alex Kallen, once acquired, MRSA can be long-lasting. A patient that gets MRSA during a hospital stay has increased risk for MRSA infections after they are released. MRSA carriers also have the potential to further transmission as they move through and across healthcare facilities. The quality of MRSA control in one facility may influence the MRSA experience in others. If MRSA is not controlled it can result in severe illness. For example, if it reaches your blood, lungs, or joints more serious illness can happen or even pneumonia. The Michigan...
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...multiplication and is a broad spectrum drug. The organisms that we tested with Amoxicillin, both Gram + & - were all resistant to this drug. The Zone of Inhibition was 0mm for E. Coli, S. Aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens. 2. Ampicillin’s mode of action is to penetrate Gram + and some Gram – cells. It has an Amino group which helps it to penetrate the outer membrane of Gram- bacteria. It inhibits bacteria from making cell walls and leads to cell lysis and is a broad spectrum drug. All bacteria that we tested, Gram -and Gram + were resistant to this drug. E.Coli was resistant to this drug, its Zone of Inhibition was 0mm. S. Aureus was resistant to this drug, its Zone of Inhibition was 8mm. P.Aeruginosa was resistant to this bacteria, its Zone of Inhibition was 0mm. S.marcescens was resistant to this drug, its Zone of Inhibition was 0mm. 3. Cephalothin’s mode of action is to prevent cell wall synthesis and is narrow spectrum. E.coli was resistant to this drug. Its Zone of Inhibition was 11mm. S. aureus was sensitive to this drug. Its Zone of Inhibition was 34mm. P.aeruginosa was resistant to this drug. Its Zone of Inhibition was 0mm. S. marcescens was resistant to this drug. Its Zone of Inhibition was 0mm. Gram + bacteria: S.aureus was sensitive to this drug. Gram – bacteria: E.coli, P.aeruginosa, and S.marcescens were resistant to this drug. 4. Erythromycin’s mode of action is to inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 50s ribosomal subunits. This...
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...I will be writing my assignment on infection control about methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium which lives on the skin of 30% of well people without causing infection. This is a type of bacterium that is resistant to various penicillin based formulas antibiotics. Since discovered in 1940, Staphylococcus aureus was known to be resistant to all penicillin antibiotics and so being more difficult to treat than other microbial infections(brunner. According to Wilson(2006) Staphylococci aureau is said to be liable for one third of surgical infections and an increase in hospital acquired blood stream infections. Mrsa is commonly found in health care settings and recently in the community. These are generally classified as a MRSA: health care-associated and community-associated infections. There is a concern that Mrsa will become entirely resistant to antibiotics and many infected patients have a...
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...methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus specie. Indigenous plants possess the ability to produce phytochemicals which they use to protect themselves against insect infection and environmental harsh conditions. Currently, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the greatest challenge on the treatment of bacterial infection in Zimbabwe (Weinstein R.A, 1998). In Zimbabwe vanocomycim, meropenem, imipenem are antibiotics which are being used against methicillin resistant S.aureus specie and are considered very expensive because they are not manufactured in Zimbabwe. Combretum molle is an indigenous plant which produces phytochemicals which possess the ability to inhibit the growth of bacteria and have several biological activities like antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial activities. These phytochemicals can be used in rotation with the conventional drugs since they possess a different structure which is new to the bacteria. Using phytochemicals as antibacterial agents from Combretum molle plant can be of great advantage since it is readily available in Zimbabwe thereby cutting cost of importing and they do not cause undesirable toxic effects because they are natural. 1.1 Problem statement Currently, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance is the greatest challenge on the treatment of bacterial infection in Zimbabwe especially the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus specie. The number of bacteria that are resistant toward these synthetic...
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...21/11/2011 Accepted on: 17/12/2011 ABSTRACT Six different organic solvents such as n-butanol, petroleum ether, methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform were used to extract the bioactive compounds from the fruits of Abelmoschus esculentus to screen the antibacterial activity against infectious disease causing bacterial pathogens such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabillis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by paper disc method. The butanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentus was more active against almost 90% of the organism tested. It was followed by Ethyl acetate, Methanol, Petroleum ether, Chloroform in inhibiting the growth of organism tested. Key Words: Abelmoschus esculentus, Pathogens, Antibacterial assay, Malvaceae, Disc diffusion method INTRODUCTION Many drug resistant bacterial strains were developed due to the increased use of a number of antibacterial drugs. It also created the problem in controlling the growth of infectious disease causing pathogenic bacteria. Moreover synthetic drugs produce side effect to the users1.To circumvent this problem, scientists...
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...to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: amutha_santhanam@yahoo.com; Tel.: 00604-6534818; Fax: 00604-6534803. Received: 25 July 2010; in revised form: 7 August 2010 / Accepted: 20 August 2010 / Published: 31 August 2010 Abstract: The antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extracts of Euphorbia hirta L leaves, flowers, stems and roots were evaluated against some medically important bacteria and yeast using the agar disc diffusion method. Four Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sp., Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringensis), four Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi and P. mirabilis) and one yeast (Candida albicans) species were screened. Inhibition zones ranged between 16–29 mm. Leaves extract inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms with large zones of inhibition, followed by that of flowers, which also inhibited all the bacteria except C. albicans. The most susceptible microbes to all extracts were S. aureus and Micrococcus sp. Root extract displayed larger inhibition zones against Gram positive bacteria than Gram...
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...aspects of this concept are considered. The traditional methods of preservation, many taken from the food industry are summarised. The use of alcohol, glycerine, sugar, salt, dessication, anhydrous systems and temperature are amongst examples considered. The definitions of the many words used to describe the act of preservation are considered, and the confusion that results from the presence of the many synonyms is considered. e.g. antimicrobial, antibiotic, antiseptic, bactericidal, etc. Specific organisms are identified as being of particular interest, especially those standard organisms that form part of the B.P. challenge test. These include Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus. A cross-section of plants mentioned in the literature as being specifically targeted at these organisms are considered. The paper concludes with Appendices of plant materials that have mention in the literature according to specific definitions, which may give researchers a potential introduction to future research. KEY WORDS Natural preservation, traditional preservation, challenge test organisms, legal status. INTRODUCTION The subject of natural preservatives is one that probably has more academic interest than practical or economic virtue. However, it does have a wonderful marketing angle which may justify the higher raw material costs. The paper first reviews the most commonly used methods of preservation that are already available...
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...Microbiology Overview Interpretation of preliminary microbiology data Gram-positive cocci Aerobic In clusters ● Coagulase (+): Staphylococcus aureus ● Coagulase (-): Staphylococcus lugdunensis and other coagulasenegative staphylococci In pairs/chains ● Optochin sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae ● Alpha-hemolytic: Viridans group Streptococcus, Enterococcus ● Beta-hemolytic: ○ Group A Strep (Streptococcus pyogenes) ○ Group B Strep (Streptococcus agalactiae) ○ Group C, D, G Strep Anaerobic: Peptostreptococcus spp. and many others Gram-positive rods Aerobic ● Large: Bacillus spp ● Cocco-bacillus: Listeria monocytogenes, Lactobacillus spp ● Small, pleomorphic: Corynebacterium spp ● Branching filaments: Nocardia spp, Streptomyces spp Gram-negative cocci Aerobic ● Diplococcus: Neisseria meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae, Moraxella catarrhalis ● Cocco-bacillus: Haemophilus influenzae, Acinetobacter Anaerobic: Veillonella spp. Gram-negative rods Aerobic Lactose fermenting (Lactose positive): ● Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp ● Citrobacter spp*, Serratia spp* Non lactose-fermenting (Lactose negative): ● Oxidase (-): Acinetobacter spp, Burkholderia spp, E. coli, Proteus spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Serratia spp*, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ● Oxidase (+): P. aeruginosa, Aeromonas spp. Anaerobic ● Large: Clostridium spp Anaerobic: Bacteroides spp, Fusobacterium spp, Prevotella spp. ● Small, pleomorphic: P. acnes, Actinomyces spp *Serratia and Citrobacter spp...
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...Peptides 32 (2011) 845–851 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Peptides journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/peptides Anti-Legionella activity of staphylococcal hemolytic peptides A. Marchand, J. Verdon, C. Lacombe, S. Crapart, Y. Héchard, J.M. Berjeaud ∗ Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Chimie et Microbiologie de l’Eau – UMR 6008 CNRS, IBMIG – UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, 1 rue du Georges Bonnet, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t A collection of various Staphylococci was screened for their anti-Legionella activity. Nine of the tested strains were found to secrete anti-Legionella compounds. The culture supernatants of the strains, described in the literature to produce hemolytic peptides, were successfully submitted to a two step purification process. All the purified compounds, except one, corresponded to previously described hemolytic peptides and were not known for their anti-Legionella activity. By comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentrations, minimal permeabilization concentrations, decrease in the number of cultivable bacteria, hemolytic activity and selectivity, the purified peptides could be separated in two groups. First group, with warnericin RK as a leader, corresponds to the more hemolytic and bactericidal peptides. The peptides of the second group, represented by the PSM from Staphylococcus epidermidis, appeared bacteriostatic and poorly hemolytic. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights...
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...what does it use these two growth factors? What disease(s) does H. influenza cause? Haemophilus influenza is a pathogenic bacteria. Haemophilus influenza is usually found in the mucous membrane, respiratory tract, mouth, and intestinal tract. (Tortora &Funke, 2010) Haemophilus influenza causes meningitis in young kids, bacteremia (infection in the blood) earaches, epiglottis, and septic arthritis in children, bronchitis and pneumonia (infection of the lung). (Tortora &Funke, 2010) Haemophilus needs both factor, because it can grow as and an aerobic but it can grow as a facultative anaerobe. The reason why the two factor or needed, because of the use of oxygen the aerobe portion of the Haemophilus influenza. 2) The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to digest fibrin (blood clots) in patients with atherosclerosis. Why doesn't injection of streptokinase cause a streptococcal infection? How do we know the streptokinase will digest fibrin only and not other tissues? Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries that slows down the blood. Streptokinase is used to dissolve blood clot after a heart attack, in the lungs and leg. Streptokinase is a lab made drug, it was made nontoxic, there for it wouldn’t cause streptococcal. 3) Based on biochemical tests and oxygen usage, how would you identify and classify, respectively, the following microbes? Staphylococcus Aureus are yellow grapelike clusters. Staphylococcus aureus are anaerobes, they grow under high and low pressure...
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...Australasian Medical Journal [AMJ 2012, 5, 2, 135-140] Outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia: Impact of antibiotic therapy and other factors Noyal Mariya Joseph1, Sujatha Sistla1, Tarun Kumar Dutta2, Ashok Shankar Badhe3, Desdemona Rasitha1, Subhash Chandra Parija1 1. Department of Microbiology, 2. Department of Medicine, 3. Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry - 605006, India RESEARCH Please cite this paper as: Joseph NM, Sistla S, Dutta TK, Badhe AS, Rasitha D, Parija SC. Outcome of ventilatorassociated pneumonia: impact of appropriate therapy and other factors. AMJ 2012, 5, 2, 135-140. http//dx.doi.org/10.4066/AMJ.2012.1004. Corresponding Author: Dr. Noyal Mariya Joseph, Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pillaiyarkuppam, Pondicherry – 607 402 (India) Email: noyaljoseph@yahoo.com Please use these fonts and font sizes only. Abstract inappropriate therapy (defined as lack of coverage of one or all the significant VAP pathogens) were at significantly high risk for death (Relative risk, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 3.52; P 0.0008). A delay of > 2 days in administering the first dose of appropriate antibiotic therapy significantly prolonged the duration of ventilation (P < 0.0001). Infection by multi-drug resistant pathogens, polymicrobial infection and time of onset of VAP did not...
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