1. Using the table below, explain the key areas in current legislation which relate to the safeguarding of children (1.1)

| Legislation | Description of the area | 1 | The Children Act 1989 | * a child’s welfare is paramount when making any decisions about a child’s upbringing. * It introduced the concept of parental responsibility * Local authorities are charged with the duty to investigate if there are suspicions a child suffers significant harm * The NSPCC is designated “authorised person status”. * defines “harm” as ill-treatment (including sexual abuse and non- physical forms of ill-treatment), or the impairment of health or development. * helps professionals in identifying children in need, and deliver the best options in helping the families and children. * | 2 | Children Act 2004 | * sets out the process for integrating services to children * appoints local authorities and their partners to delegate a director of children’s services and an elected lead member for children’s services, who is ultimately accountable for the delivery of services * created the post of Children's Commissioner for England * updates the legislation on physical punishment | 3 | The sexual Offences Act 2003 | * updates the existent legislation regarding offences against children * monitors the sex offenders * includes the offences of grooming, abuse of position of trust ,trafficking. |

2. Evaluate the effectiveness of a range of activities that can be used to encourage children to protect themselves (1.2)

| Activity | Evaluation of effectiveness | 1 | Talking about safe/unsafe | Talking is important as children learn a great deal of things from the adults they feel comfortable with.Children give their own definitions of the words.Children(age 5-6) are asked to think about situations where they felt safe/unsafe.Then they are asked to identify places in community where they feel this way.The activities very efficient for introducing the term ’personal space’. Children will learn that they need to stay in places where they are safe(home, school,etc) and they need to feel comfortable with their own personal space and say stop to anyone who would try to intrude. | 2 | Puppet play- My body is my own(2-4 years)-Role play | Sexual abuse is more and more likely to happened.It comes from the closest member of the family, sometimes and the most affected children are those who don’t communicate. Three-quarters (72%) of sexually abused children did not tell anyone about the abuse at the time. 27% told someone later. Around a third (31%) still had not told anyone about their experience(s) by early adulthood.This activity raises children’s awareness of sexual abuse in order to identify it and take action. It is fun and easy and lets younger children understand that they should never let anyone touch them in the way they do not like, not even their parents or carers, teachers etc. and they must tell if this happened and learn to say NO.It also enables children to think about what is a good touch and a bad touch.By means of puppet fingers, children visualise and learn more about what sexual abuse is, and are given the opportunity to talk and express their own feelings. | 3 | Active Game:House-Child Street | Every week in England and Wales at least one child is killed at the hands of another person. The violence , in their own homes or outside it, against children is a major problem.Children must learn to identify it and seek help.This activity is a very energetic one, a movement game, in an open space, in groups of threes, and it can be used to start discussion about violence in home.It is aimed for children aged 5-9 years old.They have to group three and should form a house and each house should host a child.Children change the house and the child when they hear the commends the adult gives.After the activity the children are asked to express their own opinions about how hey felt when they had a home, or when they couldn’t find a home, and then they should make connection with real life and what are the reasons children leave their homes and why. | 4 | Book reading(with illustration)-1-4 years | Young children, until the age of two, are most likely to be the victims of abuse and violence. Parents and carers must teach children to avoid strangers and not take thongs from them or go with them.Reading a book to young children and showing them images has a great impact for their imagination. Presented as a story- Emily and the stranger-children can hear the story of a little girl who deals with a stranger who wants to buy her an ice-cream. The child becomes aware that an unknown person who gets in contact with him or offers him something is a stranger, and that he shouldn’t accept anything from them when parents or carers are not around. They must learn to refuse and keep themselves safe.The child should be told that he needs to trust their parents or carers and tell them whenever such case happens. |

3. Explain at least 3 different types of transitions that children can experience over the age range birth to 16 years.

Transitions are the movements, passages or changes from one position, state, stage, subject or concept to another. These changes can be gradual or sudden, and last for differing periods of time.
The transitions children may experience can of emotional kind, physical, intellectual, psychological.
One emotional transition is the experience of new siblings. When a new baby arrives, the older child feels like he’s not the baby anymore and they may feel jealous or upset because he/she doesn’t as much attention as before and as a consequence he/she may start seek attention or start acting or becomes isolate ,has resentments towards the parents and the new baby and becomes more mature.
Another transition can be friends moving away. Losing a friend can be a very hard part of a child’s life.He/she may feel nervous or anxious because he/she must make new friends and this might not be an easy thing to do for some children.Children need to be encouraged to go to school clubs, or colleagues birthday parties in order to interact with other children.
One psychological transition is puberty.It is a very hard transition and is very important that children overcome puberty successfully for their future development in life.Puberty make children feel confuse as they cannot control what is happening to them all the changes might make them feel insecure and they lose the confidence.In this way the teenager/child becomes dismissive and loves to have arguments with parents and carers.It takes a lot of patience and understanding from these in order to help the child overcome this transition.
Starting new school can trigger a major crisis in children’s life.Children become sad as all their friends leave behind and new people come into their everyday picture.New teachers new colleagues.They become nervous, shy, distressed as they don’t know what will happened.They try to fit in and find their place, and carers, parents, teachers need to be attentive in this period of time to make the child feel secure and accepted.Some children become shy and dismissive , and as a result they want to stay home in the morning,and leave early.