Free Essay

Safety and Health

In:

Submitted By syafini
Words 2930
Pages 12
1. PENGENALAN
Ketidakupayaan merupakan suatu keadaan yang mana seseorang individu tidak dapat menjalani kehidupan yang sempurna kerana kekurangan yang dimiliki olehnya. Ketidakupayaan ini boleh terjadi sama ada dari sejak lahir ataupun selepasnya sama ada melalui kecederaan atau penyakit.
Merujuk kepada Akta Orang Kurang Upaya (2008), golongan orang kurang upaya (OKU) dinyatakan sebagai seseorang yang mempunyai mereka yang mempunyai kekurangan jangka panjang dari segi fizikal, mental, intelektual atau deria yang apabila berinteraksi dengan pelbagai halangan boleh menyekat penyertaan penuh dan berkesan mereka dalam masyarakat.
Menteri Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, Datuk Seri Rohani Abdul Karim menganggarkan 4.5 juta orang terdiri daripada golongan orang kurang upaya namun sehingga 31 Jan 2015 hanya 341,011 orang kurang upaya yang berdaftar dengan Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat melalui Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat OKU (Astro Awani, 2015).
Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat melalui Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat telah mengklasifikasikan Orang Kurang Upaya kepada tujuh kategori utama seperti berikut: a. Penglihatan b. Pendengaran c. Pertuturan d. Fizikal e. Masalah pembelajaran f. Mental g. Pelbagai (Multiple Disabilities)
Berdasarkan statistik yang dikeluarkan oleh Petubuhan Kesihatan Sedunia (World Health Organization, WHO), kira-kira 15 % daripada jumlah penduduk dunia mengalami ketidakupayaan yang mana ketidakupayaan ini menjadikan mereka minoriti terbesar negara dan sering dipinggirkan dalam semua aspek kehidupan (World Report on Disability, WHO 2011).

Jadual 1: Kategori Golongan Kurang Upaya

Penglihatan | a) Buta kedua-dua belah atau sebelah mata b) Penglihatan terhad di kedua belah mata c) Lain-lain gangguan penglihatan kekal | Pendengaran | a) Tidak dapat mendengar dengan jelas tanpa penggunaan alat bantu pendengaran b) Tidak dapat mendengar langsung walaupun dengan alat bantuan pendengaran | Pertuturan | a) Tak boleh bertutur sehingga menyebabkan gangguan komunikasi dengan sempurna b) Tidak boleh difahami oleh orang yang berinteraksi dengannya | Fizikal | a) Ketidakupayaan kekal anggota badan yang mana boleh menjejaskan fungsi mereka dalam melakukan aktiviti / rutin harian b) Contoh: Spinal Cord Injury, Kerdil, Cerebral Palsy | Masalah pembelajaran | a) Masalah kecerdasan otak tidak selaras dengan usia. b) Contoh: Autisme, ADHD, Syndrom Down, Dyslexia | Mental | a) Penyakit mental yang teruk menyebabkan seseorang itu tidak dapat berfungsi dengan baik untuk diri sendiri dan masyarakat b) Jenis: Skizofrenia, Mood Disorder, Organic Mental Disorder | Pelbagai (Multiple Disabilities) | Individu yang mempunyai lebih dari satu jenis ketidakupayaan |

2. STANDARD ANTARABANGSA DAN KEBANGSAAN BERKAITAN DENGAN PEKERJA KURANG UPAYA
Golongan kurang upaya merupakan golongan yang sering dipandang sepi akan kewujudan mereka di sesebuah institusi mahupun negara. Oleh sebab itu, pelbagai pihak dari peringkat kebangsaan dan antarabangsa memainkan peranan dalam menggariskan pelbagai panduan dan ruang kerja untuk memperkasakan golongan kurang upaya dengan memberikan hak kesamarataan dalam semua aspek kehidupan.
Berikut merupakan inisiatif dalam menggariskan panduan dan standard di peringkat antarabangsa dan kebangsaan yang berkait rapat dengan golongan orang kurang upaya.
Jadual 2: Inisiatif Peringkat Antarabangsa Berkaitan Pekerja Kurang Upaya a) | ILO Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, No. 159 (1983) | | Konvensyen ini mengenai rehabilitasi vokasional dan pekerjaan bagi orang kurang upaya yang mana ianya menjamin orang kurang upaya untuk kekal dan maju dalam pekerjaan melalui dasar dan pelan tindakan di peringkat kebangsaan. | b) | Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Recommendation, No. 168 (1983) | | Cadangan langkah-langkah yang berkesan di peringkat antarabangsa dan kebangsaan berkaitan rehabilitasi vokasional dan pekerjaan bagi orang kurang upaya bagi merealisasikan matlamat untuk penyertaan penuh orang kurang upaya dalam kehidupan sosial dan pembangunan, dan kesaksamaan peluang pekerjaan. | c) | ILO Code of Practice on Managing Disability in the Workplace (2001) | d) | International Labour Organization (ILO) telah menggariskan panduan bagi majikan dan peranan kerajaan dalam untuk memainkan peranan dalam menyokong dan membantu golongan kurang upaya dapat bekerja dengan baik | e) | Convention on the Rights of the Disabled (CRPD 2006) | f) | Konvensyen ini memastikan golongan orang kurang upaya menikmati peluang yang setara dengan orang upaya. Kesamarataan dari segi peluang kerja, faedah pekerjaan, latihan, pembangunan kerjaya, aksesibiliti dan sebagainya perlu sama di beri kepada golongan kurang upaya. | g) | World Report on Disability, WHO (2011) | | Ia mendokumenkan hal keadaan orang kurang upaya di seluruh dunia dan meneroka langkah-langkah untuk menggalakkan penyertaan sosial mereka, dari kesihatan dan pemulihan kepada pendidikan dan pekerjaan. | h) | United Nations (ESCAP) Incheon Strategy to ‘Make the Right Real’ With Person with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific (2012) | | Panduan perlaksanaan pembangunan orang kurang upaya seiring dengan perlaksanaan CRPD 2006. Strategi ini terdiri daripada 10 matlamat, 27 target dan 62 indikator dalam tempoh masa dari tahun 2013 hingga 2022. Antara matlamat yang terdapat di dalam strategi ini adalah mengurangkan tahap kemiskinan dan meningkatkan prospek pekerjaan bagi orang kurang upaya. |

Jadual 3: Inisiatif Pihak Kebangsaan Berkaitan Pekerja Kurang Upaya a) | Convention on the Rights of the Disabled (CRPD 2006) | | Pada tahun 2008, Malaysia telah menandatangani konvensyen Pertubuhan Bangsa – Bangsa Bersatu (PBB) iaitu ‘Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities’ (CRPD) telah meraktifikasikan ia pada tahun 2010. | b) | Dasar dan Pelan Tindakan Nasional untuk Orang Kurang Upaya, 2007 | | Dasar ini menggariskan asas kesaksamaan hak dan peluang kepada OKU bagi penyertaan penuh dalam masyarakat. Dasar OKU akan menyokong dan melengkapi matlamat dasar-dasar lain yang sedia ada untuk mengangkat maruah martabat golongan OKU supaya turut sama terlibat dan menyumbang kepada pembangunan negara. Pelan Tindakan Nasional OKU menterjemahkan Dasar OKU dalam bentuk program dan aktiviti. | c) | Akta Orang Kurang Upaya, 2008 | | Sebagai ahli kepada CRPD 2006 , Malaysia telah menunjukkan komitmen antarabangsa melalui perlaksanaan undang-undang untuk melindungi hak OKU menerusi Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008. |
Selain itu, Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat telah menubuhkan pelbagai institusi untuk memenuhi keperluan pembelajaran, latihan dan pemulihan untuk golongan kurang upaya. Antara institusi yang telah ditubuhkan adalah: i) Taman Sinar Harapan
Taman Sinar Harapan merupakan institusi yang dikhaskan untuk orang kurang upaya masalah pembelajaran yang memerlukan penjagaan, latihan, pemulihan dan perlindungan. ii) Bengkel Terlindung
Bengkel ini dikhaskan untuk Orang Kurang Upaya yang tidak berdaya saing untuk mendapat pekerjaan di pasaran terbuka. iii) Pusat Latihan Perindustrian dan Pemulihan
Pusat ini memberikan perkhidmatan kepada orang kurang upaya anggota (OKU) melalui latihan vokasional serta pemulihan perubatan.
Peranan kerajaan melalui Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat dalam pelaksanaan program untuk menyokong golongan kurang upaya dengan menyediakan platform kepada golongan kurang upaya dalam bidang pekerjaan. Salah satu usaha yang disediakan adalah ‘Job Coaching’ yang mana bertujuan membantu suai padan pihak majikan dan OKU yang memerlukan pekerjaan. Job Coaching turut melibatkan latihan dan sokongan kepada pekerja OKU untuk membantu mereka menjalankan tugasan dan diterima oleh komuniti tempat kerja. Melalui program ini, pekerja kurang upaya mendapat ‘One to One Training’ dan ‘On the Job Training’ sebagai persediaan mereka sebelum dan selepas mendapat pekerjaan.
Kementerian Sumber Manusia Malaysia melalui Jabatan Buruh telah melaksanakan program pendaftaran dan penempatan OKU. Matlamat program ini adalah membuka peluang pekerjaan kepada OKU dan membantu golongan masyarakat yang kurang bernasib baik untuk berdikari dan menjalani kehidupan yang lebih sempurna. Berbagai-bagai agensi kerajaan turut memainkan peranan secara bersepadu dalam memberi maklumat berkaitan dunia pekerjaan kepada OKU dan membantu mereka dalam mencari penempatan pekerjaan mengikut kemampuan dan kelayakan yang disyaratkan oleh majikan yang terlibat.
Agensi bukan kerajaan ( NGO) juga telah memainkan peranan untuk tampil membela nasib golongan ini dengan menyediakan pelbagai perkhidmtan dan sokongan melalui program - program persatuan. Usaha-usaha murni kerajaan dan NGO dalam membantu golongan kurang upaya serba sedikit membantu dan memberi impak yang positif walaupun ianya masih juga memerlukan penambahbaikan.
Menyedari kepentingan peranan NGO dalam menyumbang kepada pembangunan sosial dalam negara, kerajaan telah menyediakan geran untuk membantu NGO dalam mengimplementasi pelbagai program dan aktiviti kemasyarakatan khususnya untuk golongan yang mudah terjejas iaitu golongan orang kurang upaya. Antara intitusi yang aktif adalah Persatuan Bagi Orang Buta Malaysia (Malaysian Association for the Blind), Malaysian CARE, BAKIS, TASPUTRA, KIIC, KIWANIS, dan lain-lain. 3. PEKERJA KURANG UPAYA
Pekerjaan merupakan antara perkara yang penting dalam kehidupan individu bagi memastikan individu tersebut dapat meneruskan kehidupan yang mana ianya tidak terkecuali bagi individu kurang upaya.
Golongan kurang upaya mampu untuk bersama – sama menyumbang dalam pembangunan negara baik dari bidang ekonomi, sosial, sains dan juga teknologi. Walaubagaimana pun, ramai orang kurang upaya yang mahu bekerja tidak mempunyai peluang untuk bekerja.
Kadar pengangguran yang tinggi di kalangan orang kurang upaya dipengaruhi oleh pelbagai faktor halangan dan menyebabkan mereka tidak dapat berdikari dan meneruskan kehidupan. Pekerja kurang upaya terdedah dengan pelbagai cabaran yang mana hak, keupayaan dan kebolehan mereka sentiasa dipertikaikan dan dipandang sepi oleh masyarakat setempat.
Pekerja kurang upaya memerlukan sokongan untuk membolehkan mereka memasuki pasaran kerja. Pelbagai halangan yang sukar perlu dihadapi oleh mereka dan ini memerlukan kerjasama dari pelbagai pihak dalam memperkasakan golongan kurang upaya untuk menceburi alam pekerjaaan.
Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah Mohd Ali, isteri kepada mantan Perdana Menteri yang keempat dalam ucapan beliau di Simposium Kerjaya Orang Kurang Upaya 2001 menyatakan tindakan perlu bermula dari peringkat awal lagi untuk memastikan ketidakupayaan berkembang kepada satu keupayaan. Beliau menyatakan satu program pemulihan dan pembangunan minda dan fizikal perlu dirancang untuk membantu golongan kurang upaya menghadapi kehidupan dan cabaran yang bakal mereka hadapi pada masa hadapan 3.1 CABARAN DAN HALANGAN YANG DI HADAPI OLEH PEKERJA KURANG UPAYA
Golongan OKU sering menghadapi halangan dan cabaran dalam bidang pekerjaan yang mana mereka masih belum dapat diterima sepenuhnya oleh majikan dalam pasaran kerja. Pengambilan pekerja kurang upaya merupakan tanggungjawab sosial korporat dan ianya boleh menyumbang kepada kepelbagaian kreativiti, moral kerja yang positif sekaligus boleh meningkatkan imej syarikat dan majikan di kalangan pekerja dan komuniti. Kebolehan pekerja kurang upaya untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan berbanding bergantung harap kepada yang lain merupakan asas terhadap memperkasakan ekonomi mereka.
Cabaran yang sering dihadapi oleh pekerja kurang upaya adalah seperti berikut: 3.1.1 Persepsi dan diskriminasi 3.1.2 Kekurangan latihan dan pendidikan 3.1.3 Aksesibiliti dan persekitaran pekerjaan yang tidak sesuai dan selamat 3.1.1 Persepsi dan diskriminasi
Manusia dilahirkan dengan pelbagai bakat dan potensi walaupun individu tersebut mempunyai kekurangan dari segi upaya. Persepsi yang sterotaip dan negatif menghasilkan diskriminasi ataupun penafian hak terhadap golongan orang kurang upaya untuk bekerja. Ini kerana majikan memandang rendah akan potensi, kebolehan dan keupayaan pekerja kurang upaya dalam melaksanakan tugasan sekaligus tidak mahu mengambil sebarang risiko mengambil mereka bekerja.
Lazimnya majikan mempunyai pandangan yang menghadkan kebolehan pekerja kurang upaya untuk melakukan tugasan dan pekerjaan. Limitasi ini menjadi penghalang kepada pekerja kurang upaya untuk bekerja dan tidak dapat memberikan output pekerjaan yang efektif dan efisien. Ketidakupayaan yang dilihat secara fizikal merupakan faktor majikan merasakan skop tugasan dan pekerjaan bagi pekerja kurang upaya adalah amat terhad.
Kebanyakan majikan tidak bersedia untuk mengambil pekerja kurang upaya kerana ianya memerlukan komitmen yang lebih tinggi untuk bertanggungjawab dalam kebajikan, kesihatan dan keselamatan pekerja kurang upaya. Majikan perlu untuk bersedia menyediakan kemudahan khas yang mana mungkin memerlukan beberapa perubahan dilakukan di tempat kerja bagi menjamin keselamatan dan kebajikan pekerja kurang upaya. Perubahan ini memerlukan kos yang tinggi dan ini antara faktor wujudnya diskriminasi terhadap pengambilan pekerja kurang upaya.
Kerajaan telah berusaha memberi hak kesamarataan terhadap golongan OKU dalam pasaran kerja. JKM telah memperkenalkan satu dasar yakni Dasar Orang Kurang Upaya pada tahun 2007 bagi mendokong objektif kerajaan dalam menolak diskriminasi golongan orang kurang upaya dan memberi peluang pada mereka untuk menjalani kehidupan seperti yang lain.
Berdasarkan Dasar Orang Kurang Upaya 2007, di dalam Strategi 6 yang mana memfokuskan pekerjaan untuk golongan OKU menyatakan untuk membuka peluang pekerjaan dan menggalakkan pengajian OKU dalam semua sektor pekerjaan. Antara usaha kerajaan untuk menjayakan strategi ini adalah dengan pengendorsan pekeliling perkihidmatan bil 3/2008 yang mana golongan OKU di berikan 1 % kuota pekerjaan dalam sektor awam. 3.1.2 Kekurangan latihan dan pendidikan
Antara faktor utama yang menyebabkan orang kurang upaya sukar mendapat pekerjaan adalah kekurangan kemahiran ‘employability’ (Ju, Zhang dan Pacha 2011). Kemahiran ‘employability’ merujuk kepada kompetensi umum yang diperlukan dalam melakukan sesuatu jenis dan tahap pekerjaan.
Orang kurang upaya perlu diberi latihan sebagai persediaan mereka memasuki pasaran kerja yang mana mereka mempunyai kebolehan yang boleh dilatih dan kebolehan itu akan menjadi satu aset yang bernilai terhadap pasaran kerja dan masyarakat. 3.1.3 Aksesibiliti dan persekitaran pekerjaan yang tidak sesuai dan selamat
Persekitaran kerja yang positif memainkan peranan yang amat penting dalam memastikan kesejahteraan, kesihatan dan keselamatan pekerja terjamin. Berdasarkan Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerja 1994 (Seksyen 15), menjadi tanggungjawab majikan untuk memastikan keselamatan, kesihatan dan kebajikan pekerja di tempat kerja. Ini meliputi tanggungjawab majikan untuk menyediakan persekitaran pekerjaan yang sesuai dan selamat. Kegagalan majikan dalam menyediakan persekitaran pekerjaan yang sesuai dan selamat merupakan satu lagi halangan kepada pekerja kurang upaya untuk bekerja.
Aksesibiliti terhadap pekerjaan adalah amat penting bagi pekerja kurang upaya seperti yang telah termaktub dalam Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008 Seksyen 29 yang menekankan kesetaraan aksesibiliti bagi pekerja kurang upaya dengan pekerja berupaya. Majikan tidak mahu mengambil risiko dan tidak bersedia untuk membuat perubahan yang munasabah dan bersesuaian untuk pekerja kurang upaya. Terdapat pelbagai kategori kurang upaya dengan tahap keupayaan yang berbeza yang mana majikan perlu memberikan pertimbangan wajar dengan meneliti persekitaran kerja, menyesuaikan tempat kerja, prosedur kerja, aliran kerja dan peralatan yang boleh menempatkan pekerja kurang upaya di tempat yang bersesuaian.
Pengurusan ketidakupayaan amat penting dijalankan bagi pekerja kurang upaya kerana ianya merupakan satu proses di tempat kerja untuk memudahkan pekerja kurang upaya di tempat kerja dengan mengambil kira keperluan kesesuaian individu dan persekitaran kerja. Peranan majikan untuk mengenal pasti keupayaan pekerja kurang upaya amat kritikal dan penting dalam menyediakan persekitaran kerja yang sihat dan selamat.
Berdasarkan International Labour Office (ILO) Code of Practice; Managing Disability in the Workplace (2002) menyatakan peranan majikan, pekerja dan kerajaan perlu seiring dalam memastikan pengurusan ketidakupayaan di tempat kerja adalah sihat dan selamat bagi pekerja kurang upaya. Penglibatan secara menyeluruh dari majikan, pekerja dan kerajaan amat penting bagi memastikan pengurusan ketidakupayaan adalah selaras dan berjaya dilakukan.

4. CADANGAN
Pelbagai usaha telah dilakukan bagi memberi peluang kepada pekerja kurang upaya dalam pasaran kerja. Usaha yang sedia ada perlu penambahbaikan dan diperkemaskan kerana sehingga kini, peratusan pekerja kurang upaya di pasaran kerja masih lagi rendah. Berikut merupakan cadangan yang perlu untuk menambah baik usaha yang sedia ada: a) Majikan perlu membuang pandangan stereotaip dan diskriminasi terhadap golongan kurang upaya agar membuka peluang pekerjaan bagi mereka. Ini dapat dilakukan dengan adanya tanggungjawab sosial dari syarikat untuk menyediakan kemudahan asas yang sesuai untuk pekerja kurang upaya dan memberi pendapatan yang berpatutan setara dengan orang upaya. b) Persekitaran pekerjaan yang mempunyai aksesibiliti yang sesuai, sihat dan selamat perlu disediakan bagi menempatkan pekerja kurang upaya. c) Majikan dan pekerja yang lain perlu memberi sokongan dan bantuan yakni rehabilitasi kepada pekerja kurang upaya bagi membolehkan orang kurang upaya mengekalkan sepenuhnya keupayaan fizikal, mental, sosial dan kemahiran serta penglibatan dan penyertaan penuh mereka dalam semua aspek kehidupan. d) Kerajaan dan agensi bukan kerajaan perlu memainkan peranan dalam memastikan keberkesanan dasar dan program yang telah dibuat. Program kesedaran terhadap ketidakupayaan perlu ditingkatkan bagi meningkatkan kesedaran masyarakat dalam menerima golongan kurang upaya dalam pasaran pekerjaaan. e) Peluang pekerjaan kepada golongan kurang upaya boleh ditambah baik melalui pengenalpastian kebolehan dan keupayaan orang kurang upaya agar ianya sesuai dan ini dapat memberikan satu hasil yang optimum kepada pekerja kurang upaya agar produktif dan efisien. f) Latihan berterusan kepada pekerja kurang upaya amat penting dalam pembangunan kerjaya dan memastikan keyakinan mereka sentiasa berada dalam keadaan yang positif. Latihan berterusan merupakan salah satu bentuk sokongan yang boleh dibuat dari pihak majikan dan kerajaan. Pembangunan kerjaya adalah satu motivasi yang amat baik dan positif bagi setiap individu dan pekerja kurang upaya tidak berkecuali untuk mendapat vibrasi positif dalam kerjaya mereka. Ini secara tidak langsung memberi dan meningkatkan keyakinan diri pekerja kurang upaya untuk tidak terhad kepada satu kebolehan atau keupayaan. g) Majikan perlu bersedia untuk memberi bantuan, sokongan, persekitaran dan peralatan yang sesuai dengan kebolehan dan keupayaan pekerja kurang upaya. Ini adalah untuk memastikan pekerja kurang upaya mampu untuk menjalankan tugasan dengan baik sama seperti yang lain. h) Penyusunan semula tugasan perlu dilakukan agar ianya bersesuaian dan memberi peluang yang setanding dengan kebolehan dan keupayaan mereka bagi meghasillkan hasil kerja yang produktif, efektif dan efisien. 5. KESIMPULAN
Perkerja kurang upaya perlu diberi peluang dalam menempatkan diri mereka di dalam pasaran kerja. Majikan, kerajaan, agensi bukan kerajaan dan masyarakat perlu bekerjasama kerana ianya saling berhubung kait dalam memastikan pekerja kurang upaya dapat bekerja dengan sihat dan selamat. 6. RUJUKAN
Akta Orang Kurang Upaya 2008
Akta Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan 1994
Bernama, Astro Awani ( 2015, April 10) 4.2 juta OKU tidak berdaftar dengan JKM
Retrieved from Astro Awani online: http://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/4-2-juta-oku-tidak-berdaftar-dengan-jkm-rohani-57494
Dasar Orang Kurang Upaya. (2007, November 16). Retrived from Jabatan Kebajikan Masyarakat website: http://www.jkm.gov.my/images/stories/pdf/dasarokubm.pdf
ILO Code of Practice on Managing Disability in the Workplace, (2002). Retrieved from International Labor Organization website: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb282/pdf/tmemdw-2.pdf
Ju, S., Zhang, D. & Pacha, J. (2011). Employability Skills Valued by Employers as Important for Entry-Level Employees With and Without Disabilities. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals
Ledman, R. and Brown, D. (1993) “The American with Disabilities Act: The Cutting Edge to Managing Disability’, Sam Advanced Management Journal, Spring: 17 – 20.
Petikan Ucapan Tun Dr. Siti Hasmah Mohd Ali (2001, Mac 12). Retrieved from Prime Minister Officer website: http://www.pmo.gov.my/ucapan/?m=p&p=sitihasmah&id=2348
Peter Voo and Ferlis Bullare @Bahari. (2014) Cabaran Pekerjaan dan kesan kepada kesejahteraan hidup OKU penglihatan yang bekeluarga di Sabah. Seminar Kebangsaan Integrity Keluarga 2014.
Siti Suhaila binti Samiana*, Khadijah binti Md Alib, Yahya bin Buntat, Persepsi Majikan Terhadap Pekerja Orang Kurang Upaya (OKU) dalam Organisasi di Negeri Johor 2nd International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education (ISQAE 2013)
Syar Meeze bin Mohd Rashid (2012, Mei 09) Cabaran Kerjaya Golongan Kelainan Upaya . Retrieved from Pusat Pengajian Islam Golongan Berkeperluan Khas-Masalah Pendengaran, Penglihatan Dan Pembelajaran website: http://pusatpendidikansahabatinsani.blogspot.my/2012/05/cabaran-kerjaya-golongan-kelainan-upaya.html
World Report on Disability, World Health Organization (WHO), (2011)

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...Health and Safety in the Health and Social Care Workplace Student: PETAGAY CONWAY Lecturer: CATHY MANDAZA Group: 50 Definition of health and safety management is planned work and actions to identify dangers in workplace so you can reduce incidents and dealings to situations and substances that is harmful. As well as training of workers in prevention of accidents, incident responses, readiness for emergency, and use of protecting equipment’s and clothing. (Business dictionary, 2014) My assignment will show an understanding safety legislation how it’s implemented, responsibility and priority in the health and social care industry; outline understanding how health and safety requirements impact on patients and practitioners in the health and social care settings, illustrate kinds of monitoring, reviewing , own contribution in health and safety in the healthcare work settings. 1.1Task facing director at North Staffordshire Combined NHS Trust is ensuring information on H&S is effectively communicated to employees, service users and visitors to premises. The director will therefore need to look at the schemes, legislation’s, policies and procedures currently in place for communicating information, review them to ensure they are working efficiently. (ALDWORTH.2010.pp .101.106) Legislations is a group of laws design to rule or control behaviour. Policy is a document explaining the expected standards of establishment’s, procedures instruct how to carry out a duty to particular...

Words: 4597 - Pages: 19

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...The aims and benefits of Occupational Health and Safety Management As known to all, there are always such-and-such potential hazards in people's work activities or work environment, which may cause property damage, be harmful to environment, affect human’s health and even cause injury or accident. People call the possibility of one or some danger causing incidents and its possible consequence as risk. The object of contemporary occupational health and safety management is the occupational safety and health risks. These hazards may be chemical, physical, biological, related to human work efficiency and others, the factors of which include personal factor, equipment factor, environmental factor and organizational and management factor. Occupational health and safety is a series of measures and the corresponding activities adloyee’s income, prevent employee from injury and create less stress from employee, thus employee may obtain more physical and psychological satisfaction. Occupational health and safety management includes accident investigation and recording, work system designing, examination of workplace, training, complete incentives, supervision and employee aids plan. What is a hazard? The Occupational Health and Safety Regulation 2001 defines a hazard as ‘anything (including work practices or procedures) that has the potential to harm the health or safety of a person’. Hazards can be grouped into five broad areas: o physical eg. noise, radiation, light...

Words: 281 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Health & Safety

...Importance of Health and Safety in Workplace * developing health and safety policies; * conducting risk assessments which identify hazards and assess the risks attached to them; * carrying out health and safety audits and inspections; * implementing occupational health programs; * managing stress; preventing accidents; * measuring health and safety performance; * communicating the need for good health and safety practices; * training in good health and safety practices; . The employer’s duty of care includes providing: * a physical and psychosocial work environment without risks to health and safety; * safe systems of work; * information, training, instruction or supervision necessary to protect all persons from risks to their health and safety. This includes involving them when: * identifying and assessing the risks to health and safety in the workplace; * making decisions about ways to eliminate or minimize risks; * making decisions about procedures for monitoring the health and safety of workers or conditions at the workplace or providing information and training for workers on risks and controls. Management Role in Safety and Health The specific roles are summarized below: * Management develops and implements health and safety policies and ensures that procedures for carrying out risk assessments, safety audits and inspections are implemented. Importantly, management has the duty of monitoring and evaluating health and safety...

Words: 780 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...HEALTH & SAFETY: ACCIDENT RESPONSE, REPORTING AND INVESTIGATION PART NUMBER: SCOPE 923-3012-02 This document tells you how to respond immediately to an accident (an ‘adverse event’), and when and how to investigate and report accidents in the workplace. It helps ensure that the immediate response is appropriate, and that investigations are thorough and dispassionate, and preventative strategies can be put in place to prevent recurrence. AUDIENCE This document is for all employees of SAC. 923-3012-02 SAC Proprietary: Internal Use Only Health & Safety: Accident Response, Reporting and Investigation CONTENTS SCOPE ................................................................................................................................. 1 AUDIENCE ........................................................................................................................... 1 CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................... 2 1 2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 4 RESPONSIBILITIES ....................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Executive Management Team ................................................................................. 4 2.2 Group Managers ............................................................................

Words: 4647 - Pages: 19

Free Essay

Health and Safety

...Implementing An Ergonomic Program In Workplace Introduction To Health And Safety System Dated 04/22/2015 Introduction: Ergonomics is a scientific discipline, which is concerned with improving the productivity, health, safety and comfort of people, as well as promoting effective interaction among people, technology and the environment in which both must operate. In a more practical sense, ergonomics is the science of human comfort. When aspects of work or the workplace challenge or stress the human body beyond its capabilities, the result is often a musculoskeletal injury (MSI). O/E (overexertion injury) RSIs (repetitive stress or repetitive strain injuries) ASTDs (activity-related soft tissue disorders) CTDs (cumulative trauma disorders) Whatever name is used, these injuries belong to a group of sprain and strain injuries that can affect muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, blood vessels, or spinal discs in the body. To help avoid MSIs, work demands should not exceed the physical capabilities of the worker. A proactive initiative will be described in the following case study is how to implement an ergonomics program into a workplace of 20 employees. Human Resources Department’s support beside management in executing the ergonomics program will increase workers productivity and proficiency. In this case study there are five steps that will be used to develop and implement the program called ‘The Leadership Activities For Managing Control Model’...

Words: 1075 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...Requirement North Shore Pulp and Paper Ltd. will develop a program to safeguard their employees from any potentially hazardous workplace environments and scenarios by complying with the standards set by the Occupational Health and Safety acts and legislation. Responsibilities * President: The President will ensure that all resources necessary to provide a proper legislation will be acquired in order to meet or exceed all requirements created. * Vice President: The Vice-President will be responsible for ensuring that the legislation is being properly implemented and also review the policy consistently to ensure that any changes necessary are being made. * Managers: It is imperative that management is developing all policies and procedures required. Managers are also responsible to ensure that all supervisors and employees are aware of their rights in regards to: The right to know about hazards (O. Reg. 860), The right to participate in the Health and Safety process (Act S. (43)), and The right to stop work (Act S. (44)). * Supervisors: Supervisors will be held responsible for ensuring that all employees are aware of the legislative requirements presented by North Shore Pulp and Paper. It is also their responsibility to inform the Health and Safety rep of any incidents and to aid in the investigation. * Workers: The workers will be dealing with the hazards on a first hand basis. It is their responsibility to ensure that they are following all procedure and putting...

Words: 1355 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Health and Safety

...worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects. Strictly speaking, TLV is a reserved term of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). However, it is sometimes loosely used to refer to other similar concepts used in occupational health and toxicology. TLVs, along with biological exposure indices (BEIs), are published annually by the ACGIH. The TLV is an estimate based on the known toxicity in humans or animals of a given chemical substance, and the reliability and accuracy of the latest sampling and analytical methods. It is not a static definition since new research can often modify the risk assessment of substances and new laboratory or instrumental analysis methods can improve analytical detection limits. The TLV is a recommendation by ACGIH, with only a guideline status. As such, it should not be confused with exposure limits having a regulatory status, like those published and enforced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The OSHA regulatory exposure limits permissible exposure limits (PELs) published in 29CFR 1910.1000 Table Z1 are based on recommendations made by the ACGIH in 1968, although other exposure limits were adopted more recently. Many OSHA exposure limits are not considered by the industrial hygiene community to be sufficiently protective levels. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) publishes recommended exposure limits (RELs) which OSHA takes...

Words: 510 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE IN LARFARGE (WAPCO) PLC. EWEKORO, OGUN STATE. 2012 EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE IN LARFARGE (WAPCO) PLC. EWEKORO, OGUN STATE. BY BADEKALE OLUSEUN FELIX B.Sc. INDUSTRIAL AND LABOUR RELATIONS (OOU) MATRIC NO: 165802 BEING A RESEARCH WORK SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS IN INDUSTRIAL AND PERSONNEL RELATIONS (M.I.P.R) UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, NIGERIA SEPTEMBER, 2012. BADEKALE, Oluseun Felix. B.Sc. ILR (OOU) Matric. No. 165802 Page 1 EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE IN LARFARGE (WAPCO) PLC. EWEKORO, OGUN STATE. 2012 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project was carried out by BADEKALE OLUSEUN FELIX under my supervision ………………………………… DR. E.E. OKAFOR ……………………………… DATE BADEKALE, Oluseun Felix. B.Sc. ILR (OOU) Matric. No. 165802 Page 2 EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE IN LARFARGE (WAPCO) PLC. EWEKORO, OGUN STATE. 2012 DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to the glory of God Almighty who within all ups and down has chosen to make this a success. BADEKALE, Oluseun Felix. B.Sc. ILR (OOU) Matric. No. 165802 Page 3 EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICIES ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE IN LARFARGE...

Words: 22004 - Pages: 89

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...employee under health, safety and welfare in a workplace. An employee is a person who is hired to provide services to a company. In exchange for the work they do they receive compensation. Employees have duties that they must follow. Good safety management is essential for the employer and employee to work together. An employee should talk to their employer if they have any questions that are related to safety, health and welfare. Every employee should ask their employer for the company's safety statement if they have not already received a copy of it. This is a plan on how to keep employees safe at work. An employee should always be alert and aware of their surroundings in case an accident was to occur. They should also look out for unusual behaviour from their work colleagues. If anything unusual does happen they should bring it to the attention of their employer. If an employee feels they are unsafe in the workplace and are unable to handle the problem, they should inform their employer. Accidents that occur in a workplace may happen due to people rushing their job, taking chances and cutting corners. An employee must think about what could happen if they are not careful and they must try to do everything they can to stop it from happening. Employees must remember that the worker safety, health and welfare is not en employers full responsibility. • Employees must follow the laws that are put in place. They should protect their own safety and health along with the safety and health...

Words: 466 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Safety and Health

...occur. Statistical research has shown that 88% of all workplace related accidents are caused by unsafe acts, 10% of accidents are caused by unsafe conditions while the remaining percentage of 2 % is a result of providence or natural causes. The statistics clearly shows that accidents can be prevented and the ultimate losses can be minimized. It is a matter of individual and collective responsibility. UNSAFE ACTS Unsafe acts cause more than four times as many accidents as unsafe conditions. This clearly shows that people have more to fear from their own actions than any other job hazards around them. People deliberately expose themselves to injury and or death mainly where they perform an activity in a manner that threatens their health and safety and of others. Unsafe acts are mainly a result of negative and inconsistent attitudes by staff members. The following attitudes by staff members have a great potential to cause accidents; Over Confidence. Staff members have a tendency of being over confident with their work activities even on operations that are dangerous. They...

Words: 2827 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...4 Essay No. 2 – Health and Safety (487 words) In recent years, it would seem that that there are more and more health and safety guidelines and regulations in the workplace that Engineers must be aware of. These apply to all sectors of the workplace, but are they doing anything to make the workplace any safer. The statistics would say that that the workplace has not got any safer over the last few years. The Health and Safety Authority statistics on work related fatalities tells us that in 1990 there were 73 work related fatalities, 69 in 1999, 70 in 2005 and 67 in 2007. For 2007, the construction industry had the highest number of fatalities (18) and this was an increase from 13 in 2006. This was followed by Fishing (12 compared to 2 in 2006) and then by Agriculture (11 compared to 18 in 2006). There were 2 worker fatalities in the Manufacturing sector. The latest European Union data also indicates that number of Irish work related fatalities is higher than the European average (approximately 3 fatalities per 100,000 Irish workers compared to approximately 2 fatalities per 100,000 European workers). There has been little change in the annual injury rate over the last four years. What do all these statistics mean to us as Engineers? Engineers are employed in virtually all of the sectors that these fatalities and injuries occur in, and there are many Engineers employed in the construction sector in particular. Larger companies, particularly in manufacturing have been...

Words: 500 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Health&Safety

... INTRODUCTION/ HISTORY Companies suffer a considerable loss due to accidents, and it is reflected in paying insurance cost, repair of the damage machinery, slowing down of production, additional charges on training of new specialists, and so on. Thus, a special system of accident investigation or, in other words, loss causation investigation is widely in practice. Accident investigations are conducted not only to prevent material loss, physical injury or corrective measures – the point is also to assure that the injured worker gets all material compensation necessary, or, instead, to oppose false insurance claims. Thus, inadequate safety program is reflected in the lack of workers training, necessary inspections of the equipment and so on. Inadequate safety program standards are evident when workers do not understand the peculiarity of the safety program and how to apply it, that is why insufficient compliance to standards occurs. Before a loss occurs (Injury, illness, damage, loss in process), there are series of events that take place with a root cause that begins this series of events. The root cause is called a Lack of Control (Inadequate standards, lack of compliance for preparedness, knowledge and skill training, etc). This leads to a basic cause (or personal factor) such as lack of knowledge, stress, inadequate capabilities. This in turn leads to an immediate cause (substandard conditions and actions) such as operating without authority, working under the influence of...

Words: 2768 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

Health and Safety

...Introduction/ Plan of action: This is a safety and health at work assignment. I will examine the following: * noise and sound * Stress * diet, exercise and lifestyle * dangerous chemicals, fumes and dust * occupational related illness * manual handling I will also select one occupational illness (musculoskeletal disorder) in my vocational area. This is one of the most common work-related illnesses. I’m going to discuss what musculoskeletal disorder is. (Causes and symptoms) I will also discuss the impact of this illness and the preventative measures. My vocational area is multimedia. I would like to work as a movie editor in the future. This September I started a course called Multimedia production and Digital movie. I’m studying eight modules (graphic design, multimedia project management, multimedia authoring, web authoring, digital movie production, health and safety at work, communication and work experience.) Contents: Introduction/plan of action:...................................................................2 Noise and sound:.................................................................................4 Stress:................................................................................................ .6 Diet, exercise and lifestyle:..................................................................8 Dangerous chemicals, dust and fumes:..............................................10 Occupational...

Words: 3451 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

Health and Safety

...P1. EXPLAIN POTENTIAL HAZARDS AND THE HARM THAT MAY ARISE FORMS EACH IN A HEALTH AND CARE SETTING. POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN A NURSERY. POSSIBLE HAZARDS IN A NURSERY. 1. SHARP EQUIPMENT’S IN A CLASSROOM. Sharp equipment in a nursery room can include; mark pens, pens, pencils, razors, broken toys etc. If they are left everywhere in the room unattended they can injury the children. Children can pierce each other with this equipment; also they can put them in their mouth and swallow them and end up chocking. The pen ink can leak out of the tube and the children can end up licking it or staining their clothes and even the class room. If the children pierce themselves or their friends in the sensitive organs e.g. eyes, nose, they can end up being blind or can spending their lives with a disability. What makes these kids even more at risk is because they are innocent and vulnerable. They don’t think what they are doing is wrong, that’s why there are supposed to be under supervision all the time and the environment they are in has to be clean and tidy. The effective way to use this sharp equipment is to ensure that the staffs are around to monitor the children at all times. 2. SLIPPERY FLOOR. Slippery floor is a floor that has water, glue or paint on it, or it can be just an ordinary floor that is made out of slippery material. It’s hard to see the wet floor because when you get closer to it.Differnt types of shoes trigger tripping e.g. if children wear shoes with...

Words: 1417 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Health and Safety

...the workers body had with the floor caused for their right lower leg to get injured. The awkward impact of the fall resulted in the direct cause of the injury as the worker suffered a broken right lower leg. 3 a) what section(s) of the Act (and what Regulation(s) if cited in your case) were violated? Please write out verbatim those section(s) of the Act and regulation(s). Act Part 3 – DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS AND OTHER PERSONS Section 25 (1)(c) – an employer shall ensure that, the measures and procedures prescribed are carried out in the workplace; Regulation Material Handling Section 45 (c)- Materials, articles or things, to be removed from a storage area, pile or rack, shall not be removed in a manner that will not endanger the safety of any worker. 3 b) What OTHER sections of the Act and Regulations COULD the company have been charged with in your case? Provide at least four (4). Write out these sections verbatim. You do not have to defend your choices. Act...

Words: 1193 - Pages: 5