...the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave her speed and the capacity for sailing to windward (beating). Caravels were much used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the age of discovery Initially, up to the 15th century, Europeans were limited to coastal cabotage navigation using the barge (barca) or the balinger (barinel), ancient cargo vessels used in the Mediterranean of around 50 to 200 tons. These boats were fragile, with only one mast with a fixed square sails that could not overcome the navigational difficulties of Southward oceanic exploration, as the strong winds, shoals and strong ocean currents easily overwhelmed their abilities. The caravel was developed in about 1450, based on existing fishing boats under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and soon became the preferred vessel for Portuguese explorers. Its name may derive from an ancient boat type known as carabus in Latin and καραβος in Greek, later Arabized to qārib, indicating some continuity of its carvel build through the ages.[2] They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and 1 to 3 masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing beating. Being smaller and having a shallow keel, the caravel could sail upriver in shallow coastal waters. With the lateen sails attached, it was highly maneuverable and could sail much nearer the wind, while with the square Atlantic-type sails attached, it was very fast. Its...
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...An Ancient Mariner, unnaturally old and skinny, with deeply-tanned skin and a "glittering eye", stops a Wedding Guest who is on his way to a wedding reception with two companions. He tries to resist the Ancient Mariner, who compels him to sit and listen to his woeful tale. One day when he was younger, the Ancient Mariner set sail with two hundred other sailors from his native land. The day was sunny and clear, and all were in high spirits until the ship reached the equator. Suddenly, a terrible storm hit and drove the ship southwards into a "rime" - a strange, icy patch of ocean. The towering "rime" was bewildering and also desolate until an Albatross appeared out of the mist. No sooner than the sailors fed it did the ice break and they were able to steer through. As long as the Albatross flew alongside the ship and the sailors treated it kindly, a good wind carried them and a mist followed. One day, however, the Ancient Mariner shot and killed the Albatross on impulse. Suddenly the wind and mist ceased, and the ship came to a standstill. The other sailors blamed the Ancient Mariner for making the wind die and praised him for making the strange mist disappear. Then things began to go wrong. The sun became blindingly hot, and there was no drinkable water. The ocean tossed with terrifying creatures. The sailors went crazy from their thirst. They hung the Albatross around the Ancient Mariner's neck as a symbol of his sin. After a painful while, a ship appeared on the horizon, and...
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...HISTORY SBA FACTORS THAT MOTIVATED THE EUROPEAN VOYAGE TO THE NEW WORLD Technology 2010 Name: Tashena Edwards Registration #: Subject: History School: St Andrews High Centre #:100108 Date: March 2012 D Topics page Rationale……………………………………………… Introduction…………………………………………. Body of Research………………………………… Appendices…………………………………………. Conclusion………………………………………………. End Notes…………………………………………….. Bibliography……………………………………………… Theme: The Indigenous people and the Europeans Thesis statement: “To what extent is it safe to say that the advancement of technology was one the main factor that lead to the discovery of the new world?” Europe in the fourteenth century was different from what it is today, mainly because of their advancement in technology. Throughout the centuries European states has stretched there vast empires so as to achieve riches. So I challenged myself, what was it that helped the Europeans to achieve such supremacy. My answer came plain and simple it was their voyages to and from the New World. These voyages came about because of the new technology and to greater extent knowledge. This advancement didn’t only allow them riches, because they did benefited highly. It also created a path way for great discovery that subsequently; cause a change over and with that discovery allowed the world to be what it is today. In the 1450s invention of the printing press which made available books, maps, travel...
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...many empires and civilizations have used the sailboat as means of transportation. Some of these civilizations may have fallen apart if they did not have the sailboat for transportation. Over time, the sailboat and the sail itself have evolved into a fast and efficient way of transportation. Sailing has also now become a sport and hobby that many people enjoy. Both the Industrial Revolution and early civilizations caused the design, safety, and function of sailboats to evolve. Sailboats have been in use as far back as the early Egyptians. A sailboat works by using a sail to catch the wind and have the wind propel the boat over the water. “Early Phoenicians and Egyptians would sail using a cloth sail attached to a single log,” (Sailboat History Timeline). Since then, the sailboat has evolved into many different types of ships, such as the caravel. The caravel was used in the 15th century by Europeans because it is very fast and sturdy (History of Boats and Ships). These people used the sailboat to travel throughout their territories. Many people today have sailboats that they use for...
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..."Pull in the Jib". "Sit farther inside the boat". "Roll more in the tacks". These are all things I hear on a day-to-day basis from my superiors during the school sailing race team. In the beginning of the season, commands being tossed at me just flew right by and I never had any idea what they were talking about. Now, as the sailing season comes to an end in only a few weeks, I actually know what people are talking about. I have sailed since I can remember, starting in Essex and working my way up to MSA, but never would I have realized how meticulous and precise you have to be with everything to achieve maximum speed going through the course. If the boat is leaning too much one way you lose speed. If you move the rudder too much you lose speed. If you don't recoil yourself back into the center of the boat in roll tacks you lose speed. It is incredibly annoying how easy it is to lose speed and how hard it is to keep going fast. Which is why I like it. I think what makes me like it is that sailing has always been a relaxing experience and now that I realized that it is actually one of the most taxing physical and mental sports out there, the difference between what I thought it was and now what I know it is just intrigues me. Part of me wants to just chill on the side of the boat with a lemonade or jump off for a swim every once and a while but another part of me wants drysuits and constantly bruised shins from hitting the centerboard box during roll tacks. Maybe I can have...
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...mountain full of fresh powder. For the sensation of pure living, I'd have to say that my favorite sport is sailing. For one thing, sailing is pretty easy to get started on. I was only lucky enough to go sailing a few times on a friend's parents' boat. I thought that I'd sit back and enjoy the ride, but it turns out there's very little about sailing you can't learn as you go along. As a new sailor, you should always cruise with someone who knows what they're doing. I quickly learned to man the sails, steer the rudder, and learn basic sailing rules and safety procedures. There's a lot of teamwork involved. Sailing is cooperative, not than competitive. When it's time to pull the mainsail across the boat, everyone on board has to work together to move across the boat at the same time, or else someone's going to get hit with the boom and go overboard! Each person has a job to do at each time, and they work together. For example, each movement of the rudder requires an adjustment in the sails in order to get the best wind. After each day on the water, I felt that I learned more about my friend and his family. There's a natural competitive aspect, too. If you're on the water going in the same direction as another boat, a race happens almost naturally. That's because the upwind boat will always 'steal' the wind from the downwind boat. I enjoyed the few times we met another boat on the water and had a few minutes of unofficial 'racing'. Unlike racing in...
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...2006 24 INTERNATIONAL MELGES CLASS RULES Authority*: International Sailing Federation * The International Sailing Federation (ISAF) is not a National Authority (NA) INTERNATIONAL MELGES 24 CLASS RULES 2004 The Melges 24 Class was designed in 1992 by Reichel and Pugh and was adopted as an International class in 1997. SECTION A - FUNDAMENTAL RULES. A.1. TYPE OF CLASS RULES. A1.1. The Melges 24 is a closed class. The intention of these rules is to ensure the boats are as identical as possible in construction, hull shape, weight, weight distribution, equipment, rigging and sail plan. It is impossible to foresee every conceivable innovation which may be thought of in the future and to mention every suggestion that has been ruled illegal in the past. When considering anything in connection with the boat or its sails or equipment which is not within established practice in the Melges 24 Class or involves the use of a material not previously used or accepted by the class or is not clearly covered by the class rules, plans or specification, you must assume that it is illegal, and must obtain a ruling from the Class Technical Committee before attempting it. A.2. ABBREVIATIONS. A.2.1. ISAF. MNA. ISAF Member National Authority. ICA. International Melges 24 Class Association. NCA. National Class Association. ERS. The Equipment Rules of Sailing. RRS. The Racing Rules of Sailing. A.3. AUTHORITY. A.3.1. The international authority of the class is the ISAF which shall co-operate...
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...What is interstellar travel? Interstellar space travel is manned or unmanned space travel between different star systems, in comparison with space travel to other bodies in the same star system. It is invariably more difficult, as the time and distance scale for such an endeavour is almost unimaginable Why we want to visit other stars? The group identified five key factors as high-level motivations for the exploration of distant space: • Human survival: ideas related to creating a legacy for the human species, backing up the Earth’s biosphere, and enabling long-term survival in the face of catastrophic disasters on Earth. • Contact with other life: finding answers to whether there is other life in the universe, whether “intelligent” life exists elsewhere in the galaxy, and at a basic level, whether we are alone in the universe. • Evolution of the human species: exploration as a human imperative, expansion of human understanding and consciousness through space exploration. • Scientific discovery: breakthroughs in scientific understanding of the natural universe, a pursuit for knowledge. • Belief and faith: a search for God or the Divine, a need to explore beyond Earth’s atmosphere as a part of natural theology or as found through religious revelation. These drivers for exploration were identified through group discussion as the most significant, high-level reasons why human societies and individuals would undertake the exploration of space over long timescales...
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...Introduction Earth has a problem, overpopulation. Many scientist believe that mankind will soon grow to a population that our planet cannot sustain. The land to house, feed, and support the population is dwindling. Increases in drought and natural disasters are occurring more frequently and with increased severity. Pollution is increasing and man’s ability to consume resources is far outweighed by his ability to replace them. These are all problems shared by leaders of some and many countries. Hunger has stricken most of Africa and other places around the world. India and China make up approximately 37 percent of the world’s population. These are not problems that one has to research to find. There are public service announcements on television programming in the United States, one of the world’s superpowers and argued the most powerful nation, that state one in five American children will go to bed hungry. China has a law known commonly around the world that restricts families to one child unless pre-approved. Where do we go from here? Statement of Need Space has long been an area of curiosity for man. Upward man has found a home in the stars, Heaven, one that has yet to be fully explored. How do we do this? How does man find a place to settle when the planet he has called home since the beginning of time is slowly, but surely, dying? The solution is in the history of man himself. The human population took millennia to grow out of Africa. Slowly, man crawled...
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