...Sampling Designs • 1. Simple random sampling (SRS) Steps: – (1) Assign a single number to each element in the sampling frame. – (2) Use random numbers to select elements into the sample until the desired number of cases is obtained. • The method is not very different from winning a lottery. 2. Systematic Sampling • Steps: – (1) Calculate the sampling interval as the ratio between population size and sample size, I = N/n. – (2) Arrange all elements in the population in an order. – (3) Select a case in the first interval randomly. – (4) Select every ith case from this point. 2. Systematic Sampling (continued) I I 1st element, randomly chosen I I I I – Systematic Sampling is easier and simpler than SRS – The text warns of a danger to this method. What is it? 3. Stratified Sampling • Stratified sampling is more complicated than SRS. The advantage is the guaranteed representativeness in some important characteristics. • For example, say that we want to select a sample of 100 individuals. Sex ratio in the sample is up to chance if we do SRS. We can guarantee the 50-50 split if we do stratified sampling: Stratified Sampling, Graphic Representation Population SRS SRS Sample • Stratified sampling is often used to reduce the variability of a sample. Oversampling, Graphic Representation Population SRS SRS Sample • Increasing the representation of a group in a sample. This is often done when groups are very different in size...
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...were trying to get a survey on America's grocery stores. You would find all the stores and randomly select grocery stores in order to conduct your research. Convenience Sample- The sample or group used in this kind of sample are only used because they are easily accessible and don't involve pre-planning. They may not represent the whole population but they are easy to find and are very cheap for researchers. Another pro of this sampling is that it pretty much randomizes the sample on its own. An example on when this is used is if you want the opinion of students on if they liked a class you might choose the first 5 to walk out or the first 5 on the attendance sheet. Basically which on ever is more convenient for you. Random Sample- The subset of individuals are randomly selected from a population. Because researchers usually cannot obtain data from every single person in a group, a smaller portion is randomly selected to represent the entire group as a whole. The goal of a random sample is to represent the population. You want to use this type of sampling when you cannot get the opinion of the whole population and you want an opinion of what the population would most likely think. For example, if you wanted to see what was a city's favorite food, you randomly select people for your sample. Stratified sample- Stratified sampling is a probability sampling technique wherein the researcher divides the entire population into different subgroups or strata, then...
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...PENETRATING DOMESTIC MARKET Introduction: I have done the summer internship from ‘Anuva Technologies’. The company was established in 2005 and has its branches in Pune and Ahmedabad. It is a service providing company in various fields like Web Design, Mobile Application, SEO (Search Engine Optimization), and Internet Marketing where it is having marketing tie ups in the countries like US, UK, Canada and Australia. I have done the project under ‘Service Marketing’ with project title ‘To Penetrate The Domestic Market for Anuva Technologies’ in areas of Pune region and covered the areas such as Aundh, Bavadhan, Chandini chowk, Karve road, Paud road, MIDC Pirangut, Law college road and DP road. The company is doing business with foreign clients and want to expand its business in Pune market. Objectives: 1) To generate leads as to Penetrate Domestic Market of Pune for the following regions Aundh, Bavadhan, Chandini chowk, Karve road, Paud road, MIDC Pirangut, Law college road and DP road. 2) To study the operation of service marketing in IT sector and its uses in future. 3) To understand the behavior of customer with respect to service offerings and price. 4) To know the expectations of the customers from the service providers 5) To study the competition in same field w.r.t those who provides similar services. Research Methodology: * Research: It is an investigation to find new facts from a branch of knowledge to gain new knowledge by collecting, organizing, and...
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...size of research population, it is not feasible to test all the individuals of the population since it will take too much time and will be expensive as well. So the researchers take few individuals from the research population ( a subset of the set of target population) using sampling techniques. These techniques helps to take out sample as per the requirements of the type of research that is to be conducted. A research population is also known as a well-defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait. Usually, the description of the population and the common binding characteristic of its members are the same. "Government officials" is a well-defined group of individuals which can be considered as a population and all the members of this population are indeed officials of the government. There are various sources from which a sample is created. A set of all these sources is called a Sampling frame from which the sample is selected. With the help of sampling frames, researchers are able to select the sample population from the target population that will be tested for the research or survey. A sampling frame should have the following characteristics: Completeness: A frame should be complete in a sense that all the individuals of the target population should be covered in the frame. In case we are...
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...------------------------------------------------- University of Phoenix Material Basic Concepts in Statistics Complete the following questions. Be specific and provide examples when relevant. Cite any sources consistent with APA guidelines. Question | Answer | What are statistics and how are they used in the behavioral sciences? Your answer should be 100 to 200 words. | According to FSU (2010), Statistics are a mathematical science that involves the application of quantitative principles for the collections, analyses, as well as presentations of numerical data. In addition, statistics uses data from a few populations so that they could describe it meaningfully, in order to draw a conclusion from it, to make an informed decision. From the behavioral science stand point statistics is a tool that are used to discover systematic signs within asset of data, as well as guides decision making. Statistics are also used in the behavioral sciences for descriptive, inferential correlation, regression analysis of variance as well as nonparametric statistics (B, Michael, 2010).. | Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics. What information do they provide? What are their similarities and differences? Your answer should be 250 to 400 words. | According to Whitaker Steven (2013), statistics is a lot of math concentrating on the data, organizations, along with interpretations of a bunch of numbers (Aron, Aron, & Coups, 2009). However, within researches...
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...Overview CQI's Q Coffee System locates specialty coffees at origin and helps to improve those that have the potential to meet specialty standards. The effect is a common language between buyers and sellers that draws attention to more specialty coffees while creating an infrastructure that gives producers greater opportunities to enter the marketplace and to increase their economic viability. When a coffee moves through the Q Coffee System and becomes verified as a Q Coffee™, it signifies an independent confirmation of quality that can truly be deemed specialty. Green coffee samples are submitted to an In-Country Partner (ICP), and 3 Licensed Q Graders (professionally accredited cuppers) cup and score the coffee. Coffees that meet the standards for green, roasted, and cup quality are issued a Q Certificate. If a coffee does not meet specialty standards, it receives a technical report that explains why. Reinforcing Standards | A Differentiated Approach According to SCAA standards, a coffee that receives a score of 80 or above is considered specialty, Q Coffees™ provide an assurance of quality that consumers can trust. While many variables in roasting and brewing affect the taste of coffee, Q Coffees™ confirm that the beans being used are among the highest quality in the world - properly milled and having distinguishable characteristics that separate them from other coffees. A good bean is the first step toward achieving a perfect cup of coffee. Reinforcing the standards of...
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...frame, a set of items or events possible to measure * Specifying a sampling method for selecting items or events from the frame * Determining the sample size * Implementing the sampling plan * Sampling and data collecting PROBABILITY AND NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING: A probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units according to their probability of selection. Non-probability sampling is any sampling method where some elements of the population have no chance of selection (these are sometimes referred to as 'out of coverage'/'under covered'), or where the probability of selection can't be accurately determined. It involves the selection of elements based on assumptions regarding the population of interest, which forms the criteria for selection. Hence, because the selection of elements is non-random, non-probability sampling does not allow the estimation of sampling errors. These conditions give rise to exclusion bias, placing limits on how much information a sample can provide about the population. Information about the relationship between sample and population is...
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...THIRUVERUMBUR. It covers the data sources, primary as well as secondary, sampling procedure, detailed analysis and interpretation of data, methods used in data analysis. It covers limitations of study like time, money and sample size taken, sampling technique, eliciting information and limitation in usage of research tool and nature of respondents. Customer expectation towards a bank starts from the brand name, product, services and number of branches at their convenience. The major competitors for the Federal bank in Thiruverumbur is, STATE BANK OF INDIA(SBI), INDIAN BANK, INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK, KVB and HDFC. In this study, the target 150people who are the customers of Federal bank as well as customers of other banks for the purpose of the research. The target population influences the sample size. The target population represents the Thiruverumbur region. The people were from different professional backgrounds. The Research design used in this study is Descriptive research. It is defined as fact finding with adequate interpretation. Simple random sample (SRS) is a special case of a random sample. A sample is called simple random sample if each unit of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. Whenever a unit is selected for the sample, the units of the population are equally likely to be selected. From the inference the customer expectation is purely based on the Product and the service provided by the...
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...ASMA FATHIMA REG NO: 11SKCMA016 TITLE OF THE STUDY: “A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF LIFESTYLE INTERNATIONAL PVT LTD” 1. TITLE OF THE STUDY: “A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF LIFESTYLE INTERNATIONAL PVT LTD.” 1.0. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY: Performance Management System (PMS) includes activities which ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. Performance management can focus on the performance of an organization, a department, employee, or even the processes to build a product of service, as well as many other areas. PMS is also known as a process by which organizations align their resources, systems and employees to strategic objectives and priorities. In organizational development (OD), performance can be thought of as Actual Results vs Desired Results. Any discrepancy, where Actual is less than Desired, could constitute the performance improvement zone. Performance management and improvement can be thought of as a cycle: • Performance planning where goals and objectives are established • Performance coaching where a manager intervenes to give feedback and adjust performance • Performance appraisal where individual performance is formally documented and feedback delivered It is to understand the gap between two things: A performance problem is any gap between Desired Results and Actual Results. Performance improvement is any effort targeted at closing...
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...needs, motives, attitude and values at a sub-conscious level. Purpose of research: The research was primarily exploratory to gain insights into reasons why people make certain purchases. Mr. Campagna also wanted to get a flavour of language people use in talking about chain saw. Analysis of method: The research was conducted in states of Illionois and Wisconsin. People who were selected for TAT were screened on basis of whether they planned to purchase a chain saw in next 12 months or already owned a chain saw or had used a chain saw in past. However this was the only information collected, ideally some more information must have been collected regarding their demographics and more regions could have been considered. They restricted the sample to only two states. How should Conway and Baggins respond to Hamilton’s question? Hamilton...
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...All of the following data are demographic data except a. income b. age c. education d. residence e. religion * Data Types The following question elicits _____ data. How satisfied are you with the last flight you took with American Airlines? Very Somewhat Neutral Somewhat Very Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Satisfied Satisfied 1 2 3 4 5 a. demographic b. psychographic c. attitude d. behavioristic Types of variables marketing researchers may work with include all of the following except a. nominal b. ordinal c. logistic d. ratio The variable in which numbers serve only as labels to identify or categorize objects or events is the ____. a. nominal variable b. ordinal variable c. interval variable d. ratio variable The following question will result in a ____ variable. Which is your favorite Yogurt brand? __ Yoplait __ Dannon __ Chobani __ Stonyfield __ Other () a. nominal variable b. ordinal variable c. interval variable d. ratio variable Which type of scale is the following question? Please rank the importance of the following product features in your decision to buy a laptop computer. (1=most important, 4=least important) a. Rank order b. Likert scale ...
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...200 workers who responded to the survey questionnaires expressed a high level of interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and redesign of benefits programs. However, a critical review of the claim and its premise cast some doubts on the validity of the argument. First, corporate restructuring and redesign of benefit programs is a small part of management issues and thus cannot be used as a basis to say workers have interest in management issues. Second, for workers to have merely indicate on a questionnaire that they have interest in the topics of corporate restructuring and design of benefit programs is not enough to conclude that they actually do it in reality. Finally, a generalization made from the result of a survey with a sample size of 1,200 workers without stating the population size is not adequate. First and foremost, the discussion will touch on the inadequacy of the premise as against the claim. With this, I state that, corporate restructuring and redesign of benefit programs is a small part of management issues and thus cannot be used as a basis to say workers have interest in management issues. Management issues encompass several measures. These are inclusive of spinning of departments into agencies to enhance efficiency, changing of product lines, merging with or acquiring of other firms and so on. Again, the emphasis of benefit programs is so obvious that workers will be concerned with since it directly affect them thereby resulting in the kind of response...
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...INTRODUCTION The Study is entitled “IRREGULAR SUDENTS CAUSES AND EFFECTS TO ITSELF”. The researchers chose this topic because nowadays, the researchers have noticed that there is an increasing population of irregular students. The researchers would like to know what causes them to become an irregular and the effects of being one. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main Problem is about the causes and effects of being an irregular student. The study seek to solve the following sub-problems: 1. What is the percentage of CITHM Tourism irregular students? 2. What are the causes that make the Tourism students irregular? 3. What are the effects of being an irregular student to the following? a. Grades/Class performance b. Schedule c. Course Completion d. Financially e. Social Life/Classmates 4. What are the actions being implemented by the college to minimize this problem? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To know the percentage of CITHM Tourism irregular Students. 2. To determine the causes that make the Tourism students irregular. 3. To find out the effects of being an irregular student to the following. a. Grades/Class performance b. Schedule c. Course Completion d. Financially e. Social Life/Classmates 4. To know the actions being implemented by the college to minimize this problem. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY (Discuss the significance of the study, how the study contributes to existing knowledge, social relevance of the study...
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...sampling Cluster sampling is a sampling technique where the entire population is divided into groups, or clusters and a random sample of these clusters are selected. All observations in the selected clusters are included in the sample. Cluster sampling is typically used when the researcher cannot get a complete list of the members of a population they wish to study but can get a complete list of groups or 'clusters' of the population. It is also used when a random sample would produce a list of subjects so widely scattered that surveying them would prove to be far too expensive, for example, people who live in different counties in the Country. Advantages One advantage of cluster sampling is that it is cheap, quick, and easy. Instead of sampling the entire country when using simple random sampling, the research can instead allocate resources to the few randomly selected clusters when using cluster sampling. A second advantage to cluster sampling is that the researcher can have a larger sample size than if he or she was using simple random sampling. Because the researcher will only have to take the sample from a number of clusters, he or she can select more subjects since they are more accessible. Disadvantages One main disadvantage of cluster sampling is that is the least representative of the population out of all the types of probability samples. It is common for individuals within a cluster to have similar characteristics, so when a researcher uses cluster sampling, there...
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...Definition of Terms Target population * the population we want to study Sampled population * the population from where we actually select the sample Sample * these are the elements from the sampled population who are actually selected to participate or to be the subject in the study Sample size * Total number of elements in the sample SAMPLING * the process of selecting a small number of elements from a larger defined target group of elements such that the information gathered from the small group will allow judgments to be made about the larger groups SAMPLING TECHNIQUES * PROBABILITY SAMPLING a method of selecting a sample wherein each element in the population has a known, nonzero chance of being included in the sample. Simple Random Sampling a probability sampling method wherein all members of the population have equal chances of being included in the study. When to use: * If the members of the population are not so spread geographically. * If the members are homogeneous with respect to the characteristic under study. Systematic Sampling probability sampling method wherein the selection of the first member (random start - r) is at random (using simple random sampling) and the selection of the other members in sample is systematic by successively taking every kth member from the random start, where k is the sampling interval. When to use: * If the arrangement of the members is according to magnitude...
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