The change of science and technology and impact on humans
Donna Haraway is a prominent scholar and her works have significantly contributed the study of science and technology. Her major work has sparked debate in many other fields, which is called the cyborg manifesto. She introduces her cyborg theory that tell us that humans are cyborgs, both biological beings and programmed machines. She explains the definition of a cyborg which is a cybernetic organism, a hybrid of machine and organism. Science and technology has both advanced and changed dramatically over time. Technology can radically change what humans are capable of achieving which increases human control, so while humans and technology can both ultimately change cultures and ways of life, the two will continue to function together. I chose this topic because I strongly believe in what Donna Haraway has to say about humans and cyborgs and the similarities between each other. I have begun reading information about how has science and technology changed what it means to be human and became very interest and committed into answering the question with the precise, scholar articles that I will be gathering in order to complete this research paper. I tend to approach this topic by heading towards the idea of cultural theory between the history of communications and control in the human machine and also the concept of the cyborg. I tend to speak also about the reinvention of nature, and the relationship of ideas and humanness and machines and the breakdown of boundaries between human and animal, animal-human and machine.

Annotated bibliography
Muri, A. (1965). The Enlightenment Cyborg: A History of Communication and Control in the Human Machine, 1660-1830. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. In this book, Muri talks about the comparison of cyborgs and humans and how they act upon each other. He talks about the concept of the cyborg. On page 6, he explains that rather than to accomplish an ideal Enlightenment universe where human reason takes center stage, the cyborg undermines the very concept of “human”.

Haraway, D.J. (1991). Simians, Cyborg and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. In this book, Harwaray mainly focuses on the idea of cyborgs and women. She first talks about cyborgs and what is the true meaning of the cyborg. She believes that a cyborg is a hybrid creature, composed of organism and machines. She elaborates more on this and which is what I will be mainly focusing on for my research paper. Adas, M. (1989). Machines as the Measure of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Men: Science, Technology, and Ideologies of Western Dominance. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. This book talks about the history of science and technology and how men has changed the way the world works due to technology. It is more in depth about the history and the technology that was used in the Great War. More than any other technological innovation, the railway embodied the great material advances associated with the first Industrial Revolution. Clark, A.J. (2003). Natural-born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies, and the Future of Human Intelligence. New York, New York: Oxford University Press.

In this book, Clark talks about the cyborg that is within us. Over time we begin to realize that we are exactly like cyborgs due to the fact of science and technology. He explains that us humans shall be cyborgs but not in the merely superficial sense of being human-technology symbionts. In this book, his aim is to convince us human beings that we are natural-born cyborgs.

Haraway, D.J. (1987) A manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s, Australian Feminist Studies. New York, New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Haraway elaborates on the concept of the cyborg, she believes that the cyborg is a rejection of rigid boundaries, separating human from animal and human from machine. She talks about her cyborg theory which rejects the notions of essentialism. The cyborg theory relies on writing as the technology of cyborgs.