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《空降的省委书记》

– 要阳谋不要阴谋

环境背景介绍

江南省是一个政治生态极其特殊的省份。中国的官场规则,有一条规矩,即党政两个一把手,最多只能在当地产生一个,另一个,一定要从外地调入。省是如此,市也同样如此。那些外来干部,在别的省能够干得很好,但在江南省,却往往出现强龙压不过地头蛇的情况,连续多任省委书记或者省长,都被地头蛇赶走了。 上一任空降的省委书记袁百鸣,就是在和以陈运达为代表的本土派的权力斗争中落败的。省内还有很多人期望陈运达能够接任书记,最后,却是由中央又空降来了赵德良。赵德良作为一名外来势力,尽管有着省委书记的官衔,在江南省官场,却没有根基,甚至连一个得力的人都没有。另外,江南的权力蛋糕早已经分得精光,他单枪匹马,孤身一人,怎样才能达成一种新的权力平衡?这才是他最大的难题,自然也是最大的考验。散布在别人手里的权力,如同散布在沙漠中的沙子。赵德良将怎样将它们拿捏成一股力量?

权力平衡之路

1 选个好秘书

得知赵德良来江南省的消息之后,陈运达对赵德良做了一件事。 说起来,这是一件很小的事,但又是一件犯了官场大忌的事。陈运达替赵德良安排了一个秘书,为了随时掌握赵德良的一切。因此这个秘书,赵德良是绝对不能再用了,他必须自己找一个秘书,至少也需要安排一个值得信任的人。他毕竟是外来干部,在江南省没有根基,加上秘书又是一个重要却级别很低的职位,怎么找到这个人,就成了他的一大难题。 秘书长不帮忙找,赵德良通过朋友帮助物色到了本书的主角-唐小舟。秘书长通过省委组织部和宣传部,对唐小舟进行了一番了解,调阅了很多与唐小舟有关的资料。

2 第一次下基层出行

秘书长最初确定的两个城市,是陈运达的势力范围,尤其是柳泉,是陈运达升副省长之前,在地市的最后一站。后来,陈运达甚至培养了一个柳泉帮,江南省官场,以柳泉势力最盛。余丹鸿确定的路线,有种将赵德良引向江南地方势力包围圈之嫌,相反,赵德良选择了另外两个城市,更像是在权力突围,是一场寻找政治同盟军的战斗,无论是郑砚华还是丁应平,都不是陈运达的人。 赵德良独自一人来到江南省,要撑起这个权力的天秤,还真不是一件容易的事。三个多月过去了,大家一直传说,他会对江南省官场来一次大调整,事实上光打雷不下雨,至今没有看到任何动作。这是否说明,不是不动作,而是他还没有想好怎样动作,或者没有真正找到自己的同盟军? 站在赵德良的角度想一想,如果他一来就进行权力结构调整,因为他对江南省官场一无所知,最终起关键作用的,肯定就是陈运达。陈运达如果借此机会将自己的得力人员往上再提一提,赵德良要想控制权力,就更难了。既然如此,动不如静。自己静,人家就得动,只要他们动起来,自己正好可以暗暗观察。 站在权力平衡的角度分析,赵德良如果去了那几个地方,虽然不是大错特错,至少也是做了一番无用功。相反,去了另外,意义就完全不一样。他若能将这两个市委书记收在自己的权力场中,江南省的权力平衡,便已经发生了悄然变化。而这两个书记,又是陈运达权力结构中的最薄弱环节,只要赵德良投出橄榄枝,他们便会迅速行动。

3 省委宣传部部长的提拔

1 确定人选

原省委宣传部宣传部部长调走了,他这一走,江南省官场出现松动,恰好是赵德良趁机建立赵氏班底的机会。他如果从外面调人,肯定是自己的亲信,看起来,赵氏班底是加强了。可在省内干部队伍中,他还是没有基础。相反,如果从省内提拔,这个人无疑会成为他的班底,而这个人,并不是一个人,而是一条线。 在中组部沟通后,又从与原省委宣传部部长获得推荐人,就是丁应平,也是在第一次下基层的考察出来的千里马,接下来就是要是使用常委会投票通过。

2 存在的问题

此前省委曾数次讨论过丁应平的职务问题,每次都遭到陈运达的反对,陈运达反对的理由也十分简单,丁应平喜欢赌博。甚至有同志认为,丁应平赌博并不是单纯的赌博,是通过这种方式受贿。如果要用丁应平,他并没有意见,省委需要先将一件事调查清楚,丁应平到底有没有通过赌博受贿。这么尖锐的问题提出来,谁还敢再为丁应平说话?事情就此搁置了,既没有成立专门小组调查丁应平是否通过赌博受贿,也没有考虑他的提拔。 可以设想,赵德良如果仅仅只是将这一议题拿出来讨论,陈运达一定会坚决反对。在常委会中,陈运达至少有两个坚定的支持者,一个是余丹鸿,一个是政法委书记。相反,赵德良却是孤家寡人,组织部长马昭武和常务副省长彭清源虽然和他走得近一点。但这种近,毕竟还不是政治同盟,其中有某种利益关联的话,一样的会成为反对者。也就是说,此事直接拿到常委会上,赵德良是一点胜算都没有。

3 书记会上的权力交换

书记会是临时性会议,既可以由书记提议临时召集,也可以由某位副书记向书记提议,再由书记召集。因为书记会属于临时性质,列席者,便由书记指名,议题也具有临时性,通常是一事一议。这次书记会的议题,名义上是组织部长马昭武提出来的。此次书记会讨论的职位有四个,而参加会议的人,三个书记加一个组织部长,恰好也是四个。如果平均分配的话,恰好是一人一个名额。马昭武提名了农业厅长,游杰则提名了外经委主任。陈运达将广电局长稳稳地收入囊中。整个会议,赵德良竟然没有出招,不仅前两个提名,他没有表示任何意见就通过了,现在,陈运达如此明显地提名自己的亲信,赵德良也同样没有表示反对。剩下最后一个议程,也就是讨论由谁来接宣传部长。 其实对于赵德良来说,这次会议的主题只有一个,那就是让丁应平当宣传部长。赵德良最后提出丁应平,等于和其他几位进行了一次权力交换。另外三个人分得了属于自己的权力蛋糕,自然要卖给赵德良一个面子。何况,自己得到的是实惠,几乎不存在变数了,丁应平的任命却十分复杂,此时只能算是第一次提名,此后还有常委会的第二次提名,最后上报中组部,中组部是否考虑江南省委的意见,才是关键中的关键。

4 地市权力洗牌-反黑

1 一篇文章引发的争议

赵德良到江南省已经十个月了,下面的班子却一直没有动。很多人觉得他没有魄力,是怕陈运达。很多老干部觉得赵德良太懦弱,完全没有一个省委书记的魄力。到江南省快一年了,下面班子的问题,始终没有得到妥善解决这说明这届省委班子考虑问题缺乏全局观,进而怀疑本届班子对权力的控制能力。 赵德良不是不想动,而是一直在等一个契机。 《江南日报》发了第二篇有关万隆服装城存在黑恶势力的报道。这篇报道令常委会炸开了锅,以陈运达为首的本土派觉得《江南日报》报道以偏概全,应追究责任。赵德良迫于政治压力不得不退却,定了一个很低的调子。宣传部要做好工作,后续文幸,绝对不准再发。至于已经发出来的两篇文章,不宜热处理,只能冷处理。具体工作,由宣传部去做,结果向省委常委会报告。 赵德良想拿这件事做文章,别人也一样想拿此事做文章,到了第二天,形势出现了急剧变化。

2 围堵江南日报社事件

第二天早晨五点多,江南日报报社大门被四五百人人围了,要求报社交出不负责任的记者。 常委会上本土派对事件的发生极度不满,认为之所以导致这次群体性事件,完全是由于省委以及省委宣传部的错误所致,是因为错误地刊发了那篇文章,引起了群众的强烈不满,而省委又未能及时制止事态的进一步恶化。

陈运达建议省委立即采取断然措施。为了防止事态蔓延,更进一步激化矛盾,甚至被某些别有用心的人利用,我们必须有一个预案,必要的话,需要采取断然措施。陈运达这话,才是真正的别有用心。真的采取断然措施的话,会是什么结果?将示威者全部抓起来?那岂不是火上浇油?抓五百个人容易,可五百人后面,联系着的是五千人甚至更多,你能抓得完?或许,陈运达正暗暗期待着赵德良乱中出错,做出错误的决策吧。

然而,经调查这次群体性事件,是由当地黑恶势力组织。常委们基本态度是一致的,眼前的事实,触目惊心,对于扫黑行动,大家一致赞同。这些人大部分都是从底层一步步上来的,社会是个什么情形,黑恶势力到底是怎么回事,他们是非常清趁的。所不清楚的是,江南省的黑恶势力,已经发展到了如此规模。所以都同意开展全省范围内的扫黑行动。

然而全省大扫黑,扫到后来,肯定会触及权力保护伞,这个保护伞一动,搞不好,就是动了自己的权力蛋糕。谁都想借助这样一次机会,狠狠地打击政治对手的势力,扩大自己的势力。同时,谁都无法拍胸保证,自己一定能够毫发无损。扫黑毕竟牵一发动全身,尤其是全省性扫黑。

3 打黑行动陷入低谷

常委会一散,有人主动将消息透露了。各地方黑恶势力的关键人物,提前知道消息,逃之天天。

各地因为没有抓到人,公安局长都很急,不知道该怎么办,更没法向上面交待。这时候,有人给他们提了一个建议,希望他们向上提供一份假报告:经调查,本地没有黑恶势力存在。

两个月过去了,扫黑工作毫无进展,赵德良却不发出收兵指令。刚开始还有些人在赵德良耳边说,这个黑是扫不下去了,不如趁早收官。到了现在,所有人不再在赵德良面前提起此事。最终的结案陈词,渐渐送到了公安厅,一切都没有脱离当初的预想,大部分汇报材料,都只有一个结论,经过两个月的调查,本市虽然有一些犯罪团伙,但还没有形成黑恶势力。

赵德良闹出这么大的动静,结果连小鱼小虾都没有捞到一个的话,他怎么向中央交待?扫黑原本就敏感,赵德良闹了个竹篮打水一场空,上面怪罪下来,他将如何了局?想到这里,唐小舟禁不住心惊肉跳。赵德良扫黑,显然是一场政治布局。可人家也没有闲着,在他布局之后,采取了一招釜底抽薪之计。说起来,这一招真够狠每的,当面支持你赵德良扫黑,背后却来这么一手,让你连黑恶势力的毛都抓不到。为了政治斗争,竟然连社会最起码的稳定都可以栖牲。

此事已经不仅仅是一场扫黑斗争,不知不觉中,上升到了江南官场的一场政治斗争。

4 政治危机还是造势

赵德良意识到,自己正处于一次巨大的政治危机之中。而这次政治危机,看起来还仅仅只是萌芽,并没有显现。赵德良把各种情况进行了思考和评估,最后得出结论,此时仍然想突破,那是不可能的。希望获得突破只存在两种方向,一是将那些脱逃者全部至少是绝大部分抓回。干这件事,成本巨大且不说,完成的可能性极小而风险巨大,搞不好再一次授人以柄。二是阻止那些公安局长上报所谓未见黑恶势力的报告。要阻止此事,只能靠强大的行政能力。在自己并没有完全掌控权力的情况下,赵德良如果蛮力去干,同样是一次危机,一旦被对手拿去做文章,更加难以收场。

既然不可进,那就只有退。退其实有两种办法,一种是溃退,一种是战略转移。以赵德良的性格,自然不甘认输,不肯溃退,只能是战略转移,退是为了以后更好地进。也就是从那时开始,赵德良明白了自己下一步应该怎么走。既然是战略转移,就一定要让对手觉得,自己是溃退了。

赵德良,做出了两个决定,一是退,二是随时准备着,将来再进。现在总结这一过程,显然可以分为三个步骤,第一步骤,他虽然决定退,但表面上,还在坚持,仍然要求其秘书以联络员的身份,奔波于各个城市。给人的感觉,赵德良只是无可奈何地硬撑,只是为了退得面子不那么难看而已。第二步,便是真正的退,那就是在常委会上被迫宣布扫黑取得了阶段性成果。走这一步时,必须有一着应手,让所有人相信,赵德良真的山穷水尽了。没有这一结果,那些逃脱的涉黑首要人物,就不可能去而复返,也就根本不可能有后来的总反击。接下来,便是北京调查组的调查以及训勉谈话。当时就曾有一种传言,说北京调查组,其实是赵德良自己请来的。现在看来,这是完全有可能的。赵德良不仅请了北京调查组,而且,和高层达成了高度默契,由高层配合,制造了一系列溃退假象。北京调查组是其一,训勉谈话是其二。当时坊间流传的赵德良即将调走传言,只不过是小插曲,起了推波助澜的作用。恰恰是趁着这个机会,赵德良和北京有关方面开始部署第三步,即总反击,利用对手以为胜券在握,通过武警演习,明修栈道暗渡陈仓,进行收官之战。

政治智慧

赵德良的所有行动,得到了北京方面的全力而且是无条件的支持,这一点极其难得。省里要讲权力平衡,中央更要讲权力平衡,某个人想独揽大权,中央是绝对不会同意也不会让其得逞的。也可以看出中央对江南省地方势力太过强势不满。

江南省官场还一直说赵德良是个书呆子,既不懂政治也不懂经济。赵德良的政治智慧其实是无人可比。他表面上显得比较弱,就是他的政治智慧体现之一。在一个权力不完全受他控制的地区,他不表现出一种弱势,又怎么能够掌控局面?而恰恰是他的这种表面上的弱势,令某些人麻痹大意。等他们终于有一天意识到这一点时,大概也就是赵德良彻底控制局面之日。或许到了那一天,仍然有人觉得不解,以赵德良这么文弱的人一个,怎么将权力控制得如此之好? 那时,有些人恐怕只能怨天尤人了,毕竟,老天帮赵德良嘛,竟然出了这么多事,让赵德良抓住机会,对江南省官场顺利进行了洗牌。

三好学生赵德良

能够管理好自己,管理好群体,管理好组织是学习好组织行为学的目标和境界,那么赵德良同志,是这样的人代表。他不仅是三好学生,而且是大的三好学生,又满又圆。可以分别通个三个组织行为学的模型进行分析。

1 人生团队模型-管理好自己

作为空降的省委书记,赵德良拥有的仅仅是官衔和法定权利,凭什么最后能够在江南省站住了脚?除了他所谓的政治智慧之外,人生团队的组建和维护也是必不可少的。 在生活团队中,赵德良的妻子是某位中央首长的小女儿; 赵德良的朋友里黎兆平是江南省的名人之一,他的秘书就是由他推荐的。 他的事业团队中,智囊团大概可以分成两组,一组是在赵德良的朋友里有在复旦大学前后期的同学校友。他们这届的学生十分特别,年龄差距非常大,最大的当时有三十多岁,最小的却是应届生。他的这些同学,级别最低的,也是中央某部委的处级干部,大多数都是厅级,还有几个副部级和一个正部级;另一组是他在中央党校高级干部后备班的同学,几乎全都是副省级以上领导,最差的也是副省长副部长,有两个省委书记三个省长,还有两个正部长。 虽然赵德良是空降的,但是他的人生团队是稳定的,需要变化的仅仅是日常工作团队。另外,所谓智者伐交,外交和关系都是各种力场平衡的结果,拥有什么样的人生团队,其实变相的是团队给你的参照权力。 故事中重要的日常工作团队,虽然开始的核心员工只有他的秘书一个人,后来凭借省委书记的权力和建立共赢利益系统的能力得到了迅速的扩充。 另外在其人生团队模型的扩展的方面,他也更注意效率。在选择宣传部部长上他的选择是从内部提拔而不是外调,他的理由是“如果从省内提拔,这个人无疑会成为他的班底,而这个人,并不是一个人,而是一条线。” 结合此模型,可以看出,权力场就是一个建筑,一般人以为,建筑是由一砖一瓦组成的。然而,权力结构并不是由单独的砖或者瓦组成的,而是由结构件组成的。每一个结构件,就是一个势力团体,相互支撑相互依存,一荣俱荣,一损俱损。如果某个人出了问题,肯定不是这个人的原因,而是这个结构件的原因。只要这个结构件不出问题,组成这个结构件的每一分子,只可能越来越好。 所有这些结构件,全都是利益团体,每个人要适应或者加入,目的只有一个,那就是获得更大的利益。可人家凭什么让你获得利益?这就像商场一样,要获得利益,就必须付出,必须进行等价交换。

2 群体中的行为 – 管理好群体

常委会开会讨论人事问题.每一个细节.都极其重要。一般来说.拟提拔的人以及拟提拔的职位,办公厅事前已经发给了每个常委,大家心中都有数。但这还只是拟提拔,而不是最后的提拔命令,能否提拔,必须常委会通过并且下文之后,才能生效。常委会怎么通过,学问就大了。如果由组织部笼而统之地将拟提拔名单念一遍,然后由常委们发表意见,通常情况下,因为拟提拔的人多,需要谈的话题以及人也多,很难谈得深入和透彻,结果除了极个别人,列入名单者,基本上都能通过。如果不是笼而统之地念名单,而是一个一个地议,因为是一人一议一事一议,每个常委都有机会发表意见,情况就极其微妙了。如果有一个人有意见,其他人也就不好反对了。如果真的对立起来,就只好采用表决制度。 所以每个人常委会在讨论问题上,每个人常委都想推荐对自己有利的人,又要保证别人支持自己,有竞争又有合作。 因此,打算提拔丁应平之前所做召开的书记会,就是事先与群体中负相关和无关的人员进行的一次沟通,通过权力的交换将竞争转化为合作。然后利用群里对个体的影响使提案波澜不惊的通过。 另外,人事讨论次序安排也很有意思。 书记会上,丁应平的事,放在最后一个,那是因为赵德良需要两位副书记和组织部长认为已经获得了自己的利益,达到了理想目标。剩下最后一块蛋糕,自然就是书记的,别人若想抢,无理了。但是等到了常委会上,赵德良却将这个次序颠倒,最先拿出来讨论的,是丁应平。宣传部长是副省级,职位比其他所有拟提拔者都高,放在最前面讨论,顺理成章。参加书记会的三位,不可能反对这一提名。因为他们都期待自己推出的人得到常委会通过,如果自己反对提名丁应平,接下来讨论自己的人时,赵德良便可以反击。 “集中-民主-集中-民主”,可以理解为,提拔丁应平实现由赵德平提出,体系的是集中,然后大家民主讨论,通过权力交换是大家的意见都集中,最后再用民主的方式确定下来。

3 政治权利利益的分析方法-管理好组织

省委书记是受中共中央委托执掌一个省的政权,省委书记代表党来管理一个省。如果无法平衡权力,那也无法真正控制权力。虽然自然可以找一些客观理由,比如说这个地区的情况非常复杂,或者说某些人太强势,建立的权力联盟太强大。但是,中央肯定不会这样看问题,一纸任命,实际上就是给了省委书记平衡权力场的尚方宝剑。不能用好手中的权力,那只有一种解释,就是领导者使用权力的能力有问题。 可以想见,作为省委书记,赵德良下的是全省权力平衡这盘大棋,他所考虑的全部事情,也就是与打破权力平衡是否有关。无关的,他不必关注,否则,他就会陷入没完没了的琐碎事务之中。官场就是一个棋秤,官就是那个弈者。权力执掌者的工作,并不是要让这盘棋迅速见到胜负输赢,恰恰相反,他是要想尽一切办法控制这盘棋的进度,努力让每一粒棋子,都能充分发挥作用。换句话说,就是要努力达成棋秤上的力量平衡,这也就是权力平衡。 帮助赵德良如何运用组织政治、权力和利益的分析方法分析一下。 第一步,他对利益相关者构成进行了分析,秘书最重要,是他可以使用最重要的棋子。常委会里的那些人是和自己正相关的,那些是负相关的,那些是无关的。地市的市长,市委书记那些人可以用。另外,非正式的群里有哪些?本地派,柳泉帮,其他中间力量?正如文中所说,“散布在别人手里的权力,如同散布在沙漠中的沙子。赵德良将怎样将它们拿捏成一股力量?” 第二步,目标/利益分析。在官场,政治生命是最重要的,而省委书记往往可以在其升迁途中起到关键作用。但是权力该如用应用? 第三步,权力评估,相对于政府体系,奖励权力、强制权力、法定权利以及专家权力都界定的比较清晰,相对困难的是参考权力评估。 第四步,利益整合。根据建立共赢利益系统的基本过程框架,可以看出,省委书记有很强的社会责任,在考虑到其他利益相关者时,人民群众的社会力量是最重要的。这也是最后,反黑会带权力震动,但还是要做的出发点之一。 第五步,结盟改变权力分布。从赵德良孤身来到江南省,到第一次下基层出行,都是为了改变权力分布做准备,团结一切可以团结的力量,组成一股足够和陈运达平衡的势力。从某种意义上说,权力控制,只有两种手段,一是以雷霆手段动外科手术,将某些人的权力剥夺;一是在权力结构体,利用提拔、调动、正常退休等手段进行调整,完成新的权力分配,改变原有的权力结构,达到新的权力平衡。相对而言,后者更加的温和,适宜于社会的稳定,也更挑战控制者的政治智慧。前一种,稍有不慎,便可能酿成战争,可以说后患无穷。所以说,王者伐道,就是利用组织规则,来做事。

第六步,通过谈判协商与最终处理利用冲突。赵德良一直控制会议的高手,从推荐丁应平,到处理江南日报社时间,再到后来的几次常委会,赵德良一直是博弈的胜利者。

王者伐道,智者伐交,武者伐谋

“王者伐道,智者伐交,武者伐谋”是书中提到的一句话。我觉得也是对组织行为学一个很好的理解。

1 王者伐道 - 理解组织

在企业中的“道”是什么,其实就是规则,然而规则又是与企业的组织结构分不开的,所谓的规则或者潜规则,都是基于一定的组织结构和组织文化的。“王者伐道”,就是要利用组织的规则做事,用去运用规则去制约,调动其他利益相关者。本文的副标题,“要阳谋不要阴谋”,所谓的阳谋,就是去正面的,有规划的去做一些事情,大势所趋。 另外一方面,不要去和规则对抗。有的时候为了达到自己的目的,可能会做一些违背规则的事情,虽然从短期来看是得到利益的,但是从长期看往往是失败的。比如在反黑行动没有结果的时候,赵德良也考虑过阻止那些公安局长上报所谓未见黑恶势力的报告。要阻止此事,只能靠强大的行政能力。在自己并没有完全掌控权力的情况下,赵德良如果蛮力去干,同样是一次危机,一旦被对手拿去做文章,更加难以收场。 当然,有些规则是规定了一些流程,但是有些流程是不是可以绕开哪?比如说,正常来说要见省委书记是要通过省委办公厅的,但是绕开这个程序的惟一办法,就是由省委书记首肯,再由秘书安排。赵德良有一个时间是可以安排的,那就是每天晚上九点到十点,赵德良会用一个小时练书法,大多数情况下,他会一边练字一边思考。如果有必要,他也会在练书法的时候接见下面的领导人。当然,这个时候接见的领导人,肯定不是一般意义的。 这样的事情也不属于违反规则,所以在阴阳之间,在规则与违规之间,有一个灰色的地带,这是对组织理解更高的层次。

2 智者伐交 – 运用群体

在权力的构成里面提到了参考权力,每个人都有这样的参考权力,这种权力取决于每个人有什么样的家庭,什么样的老板,什么样的朋友,其实就是所谓的人生团队。 在赵德良反黑行动最危急的时刻,也是利用关系,从北京请来了调查组,接着又制造训勉谈话,使他的对手相信,他已经无路可走。然而如何做到动而不惊动,肯定是通过非官方的方式,但又不是违反规则的方式。 另外在个人对群体的影响方面,赵德良身上也有很多地方可以借鉴。 在第一次下基层时,按照惯例,市领导要送到高速公路出口。在市委招待所上车前,赵德良和郑砚华握了握手,姚营建等人,一直站在郑砚华身边,显然希望书记和他们也都一一握手,可赵德良松开郑砚华的手后,向其他人挥了挥手,说,你们请回吧。转身上了车。省委书记,他和谁握手不和谁握手,都是有特殊意义的。 赵德良的这一行动,完全可以理解为省委书记对姚营建的不满或者轻视。明天,不,或许今天稍晚些时候,官场便会传出说法,赵德良对姚营建非常不满,这样的话一旦传开,整个闻州,大概再没有几个人会听姚营建的话了。

3 武者伐谋 – 个人决策

阴谋和阳谋,同样是谋,虽然有的时候能够达到相同的结果,但是对周围的影响却不一样。在反黑的行动中,赵德良虽然有心通过反黑对权力进行洗牌,但是毕竟是为人民谋福利,对公对私人都是有益的。然后他的对手却不停的使用阴谋,甚至不惜破坏社会的稳定,动用黑社会势力去围攻日报社。看似这是釜底抽薪的一步棋,反而给了反黑行动最好的证据。聪明反被聪明误。 同样是在决策,同样是利用自己的智慧,可是在本案例中结果确实想法的。根本的区别是,阳谋是光明正大的,对组织有利的;阴谋往往是对个人有利而对组织无利的。正如太极图所示,即使在阳谋中也有为自己谋利的那一部分。

4 总结

结合组织行为学课上所学的,以及本案例所叙述的,我组认为赵德良同志是三好学生的代表,管理好了自己,管理好了群体,管理好了组织。结合组织行为学所学的,参考《二号首长》中的部分案例,希望我们可以早日修炼成三好学生。

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