...Policies in Relation to Abortion Before and After the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Case New Mexico State University Jennifer Walker Abstract The Roe versus Wade Supreme Court Case has had a huge impact on abortion laws in the United States. Before 1973, abortions were illegal and criminal, with few exceptions. Overnight, the decision in the case legalized first trimester abortions while leaving the specifications of the other trimesters up to the states. This case has led to many debates over the value of life and when life begins whether at conception, independence from mother, or first breath. All of these can be defined by religion, law, or individual beliefs. Unfortunately, none of the policies before or after Roe versus Wade have addressed the issue of unintended pregnancies, which is the underlying cause of abortion. Until this is addressed, policies will continue to be created, implemented, and challenged. Policies in Relation to Abortion Before and After the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court Case Introduction In 1973, a case was selected to be heard by the Supreme Court that would substantially impact women’s rights then and continue to impact them today. The case was over Texas policy article 1911 that stated, “If any person shall designedly administer to a pregnant woman or knowingly procure to be administered with her consent… and thereby procure an abortion, he shall be confined in the penitentiary not less than two nor more than five years…” (Law Library, 2014)...
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...Abortion is a surgical or medical procedure performed to end pregnancy. Abortion is mostly done in a time of crisis. Perhaps the pregnancy was intended but after the baby being conceived circumstances start becoming unfavorable. Your partner perhaps drew away, financial stability becomes weak and many others of so (Scotland 1998).In the nineteenth century, Britain and most states in America considered abortion as a rebellion to God. Though now abortion is legal in both USA and Britain, it was influenced by some events. In the USA, the Roe V. Wade case of 1973 in the Supreme Court, led to allowance of abortion in the first trimester. In the second trimester abortion is allowed if it is only in the best interest of maternal health. In Britain, a doctor on medical ground advised on the abortion, and the 1967 Abortion Act made it legal (Newman and...
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...Abortion I decided to my Guttmacher Institute paper on something I wasn’t familiar with, abortion. Abortion is something very taboo both in my family, and in my religious upbringing as a Roman Catholic. It is something rarely spoken about, it is kept very secret, and when someone has one they are looked down upon. Doing research about it has put it into a different light for me. I didn’t realize just how many people had abortions in the United States, what the statistics were, the statistics on late term abortions, and why women say they have them. Reading up on this subject definitely opens one’s eyes to the world of Abortion, a taboo world in itself. Abortion is a hotly debated topic amongst American’s young and old, different races, nationalities and cultures. Is a state, person, or public figure pro-choice or pro-life? On the Guttmacher Institute website the statistics on abortion in the United States are staggering. In the past, abortion clinics have come under fire for their practices, they’ve been bombed and doctors have been murdered (Fletcher, 2009). Because of the acts that have occurred against them since the 1960’s they are concealed and hidden, normally not well known to the general public unless you have a reason to know it is there. Despite the hush-hush nature of abortion, nearly a quarter of all pregnancies in the United States end in abortion (Guttmacher Institute, 2011). According to the Guttmacher Institute, most of the violence against abortion...
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...Abortions Abortions are one of the many things that everyone has an opinion on. As defined by the 2012 Merriam-Webster dictionary, an Encyclopedia Britannica Company, an abortion is, “the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus as a spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation--miscarriage, the induced expulsion of a human fetus, or the expulsion of a fetus by a domestic animal often due to infection at any time before completion of pregnancy.” Abortions have always been and will probably always be a controversial topic in which everyone will not agree upon. In the midst of the controversy, two groups have emerged. These groups are referred to as pro-life and pro-choice. According to Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context, pro-life supporters claim that life begins at conception, therefore, abortion at any stage in the pregnancy is murder. They believe that life is valuable and the life of the unborn baby has the same rights as the mother. Pro-choice supporters, on the other hand, claim that it is the woman’s right to choose what she does with her body. These pro-abortionists claim that anti-abortionists are truly against the rights of women and free choice rather than the termination of the fetus. Pro-life and pro-choice advocates differ in many of their opinions, specifically, concerning when life begins, affects abortions have on...
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...Lavon Russell Joannah Bruscell English 120 - Advanced Composition 08 January 2015 Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to highlight the benefits of allowing the freedom of choice on abortion to continue. The main debate is whether abortion is moral or immoral. One of the great things about being human is to have individual thoughts and opinions. That is something that will never change. In this paper, I will first discuss what abortion is as well as its origin. With the use of various sources, I will showcase statistics that lend support to how I came to the determination that abortion should remain legal. These statistics will include abortion rates in the United States vs. the rest of the world, how income or poverty levels affect abortion, and individual frequency of abortion. Abortion is arguably the most highly debated topic in our society today. Also, despite there being many social issues that divide our country, abortion remains to be the most divisive to date. Abortion is the pre-birth termination of a fetus at different stages of pregnancy before life is self-sustainable while still in the mother’s womb. The backbone of the United States has and will always be that all people are created equally and that every person has “certain unalienable rights by their Creator”. Declaration of Independence has been the defense certain rights such as free speech, religion, the right to bear arms, the right to a trial, etc., but it is not limited to...
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...SHOULD ABORTION BE LEGAL? By MARY W. DOUGLAS FINAL PAPER PHL-103INFORMAL LOGIC ANTHONY BIDUCK-INSTRUCTOR SEPTEMBER 8, 2013 Final Paper DouglasM1 Thesis The definition of abortion is the induced termination of a pregnancy followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. The paper is presented on the moral issues of Abortion. Should abortion be legal? As today’s society becomes more open-minded to an issue normally handled behind closed doors being performed by persons with no medical degree whatsoever, the choice should be left to the individual whether or not to have an abortion. Abortion is an eight letter word that has become a label that society applies to the procedure in which a pregnancy is purposely ended for many reasons. Let us examine the subject of legalizing abortion. Argument Abortion has been a very controversial topic for many years. With women’s rights to vote, the right to burn their bras if they wanted to, and the right to eliminate a developing fetus from a woman’s body has become a great debate. Abortion is a subject that questions the morals of an individual and their decision as to whether to have one or not. Moral philosophy has always investigated the rules and principles...
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...Abortion, Bioethics, and Personhood: A Philosophical Reflection Post Date: 11/19/2001 Bioethics Human Dignity Author: Francis J. Beckwith, PhD Abortion is the issue that first brought evangelical Christians and other cultural conservatives into the arena of bioethics. Although today bioethics is dominated by other issues that are perceived as more pressing, the answer to the philosophical question lurking behind abortion--Who and what are we?--turns out to be the key that unlocks the ethical quandaries posed by these other issues. After all, if human persons ought not to be either subjects of research or killed without justification, and if the fetus from conception is a human person,1 then embryo experimentation, abortion, and cloning2 are prima facie morally wrong. However, some bioethicists have attempted to deal with the issue of human personhood by either sidestepping it or making a distinction between human beings and human persons, putting the fetus in the former category but not the latter. In this paper I will address both attempts. Sidestepping the Issue: The Failure of Neutrality Some bioethicists seek to sidestep the question of personhood by suggesting a neutral posture toward it. They maintain that bioethical decisions can be made apart from answering this question. Take, for example, the 1994 recommendations of the National Institutes of Health Embryo Research Panel, a body consisting of bioethicists across many disciplines including philosophy, theology...
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... Raymond Gentry Choriocarcinoma: Not a Death Sentence Choriocarcinoma, or also known as Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD), is a very rare and malignant type of tumor. According to Spickler and Oberleitner (2011), Choriocarcinoma develops from genetically deformed germ cells which usually produce sperm or eggs (pp.1012-1014). Research shows no exact causes for the development of Choriocarcinoma (GTD). Early research shows that Choriocarcinoma was almost always found to be a fatal disease. There are no known means of prevention for this disease. According to Spickler and Oberleitner (2011), although Choriocarcinoma has the capability to metastasize extremely fast, there is a high possibility of a complete cure or remission even if the disease has been diagnosed in later stages of development even with metastases (pp.1012-1014). My research will show that it is not a dismal death sentence for those diagnosed with it. Choriocarcinoma (GTD) is primarily found in women during their childbearing years however it has been diagnosed in men as well. This paper will concentrate on the causes, risk factors, and forms of treatment in women. Doctors have no exact explanation for the development of Choriocarcinoma (GTD), though there are many risk factors. Some of the leading causes are an ectopic pregnancy where the fetus starts development in the fallopian tube. According to Goldstein and Berkowitz (2004b) the development of...
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...A STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE ON MALARIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT GUIDELINES DURING PREGNANCY Ritah Francis Mutagonda, B. Pharm. Master of Science by Research in Pharmacology and Therapeutics Thesis Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences October 2012 i A STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND HEALTH WORKERS KNOWLEDGE ON MALARIA PREVENTION AND TREATMENT GUIDELINES DURING PREGNANCY By Ritah Francis Mutagonda, B. Pharm. A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Research in Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences October 2012 ii CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that they have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences a thesis entitled “A study of pregnant women and health workers knowledge on malaria prevention and treatment guidelines during pregnancy” in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by Research in Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Professor Appolinary A.R. Kamuhabwa Supervisor Date: …………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Professor Siriel Massawe Co – supervisor Date: ………………………………………… iii DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Ritah Francis Mutagonda, hereby solemnly declared that...
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...Chapter Study Questions Exam Five 2305 (Chapters 4, 5, and 9) The Enduring Democracy Third Edition, 2013-2014, Dautrich and Yalof, Cengage Publishing. Be sure to skip a line between the question and the answer and skip another line before the next question. Chapter Four: Civil Liberties 1. What are civil liberties and when did individual rights recognized by government first appear in a legal charter? What charter? 73 - Those specific individual rights that are guaranteed by the Constitution and cannot be denied to citizens by government. Most of these rights are in the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights. The original English legal charter, the Magna Carta of 1215. 2. How are civil liberties different from civil rights? 73 - Civil liberties may be distinguished from civil rights (sometimes called equal rights), which refer to rights that members of various groups (racial, ethnic, sexual, and so on) have to equal treatment by government under the law and equal access to society’s opportunities. 3. What were the Alien and Sedition Acts and were editors if newspapers actually jailed? 74 - Alien Act, which authorized the president to deport from the United States all aliens suspected of “treasonable or secret” inclinations; the Alien Enemies Act, which allowed the president during wartime to arrest aliens subject to an enemy power; and the Sedition Act, which criminalized the publication of materials that brought the U.S. government...
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...Unintended Pregnancy And Induced Abortion in Colombia CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES Elena Prada Susheela Singh Lisa Remez Cristina Villarreal Acknowledgments This report was written by Elena Prada and Lisa Remez, both independent consultants; Susheela Singh, Guttmacher Institute; and Cristina Villarreal, Fundación Oriéntame. Haley Ball edited the report, and Kathleen Randall supervised layout and production; both are at the Guttmacher Institute. The authors thank the following current and former Guttmacher Institute staff members for providing assistance at various stages of the report’s preparation: Fernanda Abella, Suzette Audam, Akinrinola Bankole, Ann E. Biddlecom, Patricia Donovan, Gustavo Suarez and Jonathan Wittenberg. They also appreciate the valuable input of the following external reviewers: Deborah Billings, University of South Carolina; Teresa DePiñeres, University of California, San Francisco; Sandra García, Katherine S. Wilson and Rebekah Horowitz, all of the Population Council, Mexico; Pío Iván Gómez, Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Ana Cristina González, independent consultant, Colombia; Guillermo López-Escobar, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Colombia; Axel Mundigo, Senior Fellow, Guttmacher Institute; Melanie Peña, Gynuity; María Isabel Plata, Profamilia, Colombia; Mónica Roa, Women’s Link Worldwide, Colombia; and Luis Távara, Federación Latinoamericana de Sociedades de Obstetricia y Ginecología. In addition, the project benefited from invaluable advice and...
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...portion of the research for parents who are expecting a child with Tay Sachs Disease was noted to be during an approximate 30 year span from the mid-1950’s to the early-mid 1980’s, thus older citings will be noted. “Tay-Sachs parents say that their child dies three times—when the disease is diagnosed, when the child enters the hospital, and the final time.” (Atwater, 1964) “How do you parent without a net, without a future, knowing that you will lose your child, bit by torturous bit?” (Rapp, 2011) Will it be a boy or a girl? What color will the eyes, the hair be? Whose smile will the baby have? These are just a few of the many questions that begin when parents find out they have conceived a child, and most of the time the questions only grow as the pregnancy progresses too; what will they want to be when they grow up? Who will they look like? Will they be strong, graceful, independent, or determined? Should we look at preschools and colleges now? It may not seem to occur very often that parents will say to themselves; we never thought about how we might parent a child without a future. Now instead of questions that may focus on the future, the focus is questions for the present and seeking answers; how much time will I have with my child? How do I handle the problems and pain? Why is my child being punished before they are even born? What did I do wrong? Why won’t anyone tell me how to fix this? In some situations, such as the case study for this paper, these questions...
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...Chapter 7 : Moral Issues 7. 1 The Environment 7. 2 Life 7. 3 Rearmament and War 7. 4 Business Ethics 7. 5 Sexuality and the Family 7. 6 Discrimination 7. 7 Freedom of Information 7. 8 Science and Technology Chapter Overview This chapter will discuss the contemporary moral issues. There are eight main sub-headings and examined in turn. Students may not only learn about moral facts, principles and theories, but also some important moral issues so that they will kept in phase with current issues in facing the challenge out there. This chapter also encourages students to ...
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...contents critical thinking thinking critically about ethical issues 1 ETHICAL REASONING 3 2 VALUES-BASED ETHICAL REASONING 9 3 RIGHTS-BASED ETHICAL REASONING 15 4 CONSEQUENCE-BASED ETHICAL REASONING 20 5 ERRORS IN ETHICAL REASONING 25 5.1 THE IS/OUGHT FALLACY 25 5.2 THE ARBITRARY LINE FALLACY 27 REVIEW OF TERMS 29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU SEE 29 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU HEAR 30 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU READ 30 THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT WHAT YOU WRITE 35 THINKING CRITICALLY WHEN YOU DISCUSS 36 REASONING TEST QUESTIONS 36 T H I N K I N G C R I T I C A L L Y A B O U T E T H I C A L I S S U E S We don’t cover any particular step or steps in this section—you can, and should, apply all of your critical thinking skills when you think about ethical issues (hence, the entire template is bolded)! Template for critical analysis of arguments 1. What’s the point (claim/opinion/conclusion)? s Look for subconclusions as well. 2. What are the reasons/what is the evidence? s s Articulate all unstated premises. Articulate connections. 3. What exactly is meant by . . .? s s s Define terms. Clarify all imprecise language. Eliminate or replace “loaded” language and other manipulations. 4. Assess the reasoning/evidence: s s If deductive, check for truth/acceptability and validity. If inductive, check for truth/acceptability...
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...Walter Glannon: Genes, Embryos, and Future People Bioethics, 02699702, Jul98, Vol. 12, Issue 3 ABSTRACT: Testing embryonic cells for genetic abnormalities gives us the capacity to predict whether and to what extent people will exist with disease and disability. Moreover, the freezing of embryos for long periods of time enables us to alter the length of a normal human lifespan. After highlighting the shortcomings of somatic-cell gene therapy and germ-line genetic alteration, I argue that the testing and selective termination of genetically defective embryos is the only medically and morally defensible way to prevent the existence of people with severe disability, pain and suffering that make their lives not worth living for them on the whole. In addition, I consider the possible harmful effects on children born from frozen embryos after the deaths of their biological parents, or when their parents are at an advanced age. I also explore whether embryos have moral status and whether the prospects for disease-preventing genetic alteration can justify long-term cryopreservation of embryos. INTRODUCTION Recent advances in reproductive biotechnology have given us the ability to intervene in the process of human biological development from embryos to people. One type of intervention is the testing of embryos for genetic defects that cause disease, which enables us to choose between allowing these embryos to result in disabled people or selectively terminating...
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