...microscopic structure, which type of sensory receptor is responsible for transmitting the sensation of cold from the ice cube? 2. Mustafa is unable to balance himself. Based on receptor location, which type of sensory receptor is responsible for providing information about his body position? 3. Mustafa’s right side lacks sensations when Dr. Nasri pricked him with the pin or touched him with ice. Based on his inability to perceive these sensations in his right limbs, which part of his brain has been affected? 4. Mustafa’s symptoms can also be categorized according to the type of stimuli that the receptors detect. Which of the following receptor types can be correlated with the symptoms that Mustafa is experiencing? Be specific in your answers. 5. Mustafa has a clot in an artery on the left side of his brain. Why has he lost function on the right side of his body? 6. The nurse uses a serrated wheel to test for the presence of sensation on the surface of Mustafa’s body. Which part of his body has the most sensory nerve endings that would respond to the pressure of the wheel? 7. The nurse slides the handle of a reflex hammer along the palms of Mustafa’s hands. Which type of sensory receptor is being stimulated by the touch of the handle? 8. Dr. Nasri uses a tuning fork to test for vibratory sensation, a more subtle sensation than touch. Which types of sensory receptors are stimulated by vibrations? 9. Mustafa increasingly feels sensory stimuli to his right side. Trace...
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...tissue largely caused by a virus that enters the CNS when the person experiences a viral disease such as measles or mumps or through the bite of a mosquito or tick. 2. Hydrocephalus—An abnormal increase of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain that causes the ventricles of the brain to dialate, resulting in an increased head circumference in the infant with open fontanel(s); a congenital disorder. 3. Neuralgia—Severe, sharp spasmlike pain tht extends along the course of one or more nerves. 4. Narcolepsy—Uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep. 5. Dysphagia—difficult speech. 2. Pathologial Conditions 1. Anencephaly—An absence of the brain and spinal cord at birth, a congenital disorder. 2. Bell’s palsy—A temporary or permanent unilateral weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the face following trauma to the face, and unknown infection, or a tumor pressing on the facial nerve rendering it paralyzed. 3. Carpal tunnel syndrome—A pinching or compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to inflammation and swelling of the tendons, causing intermittent or continuous pain that is greatest at night. 4. Cerebral concussion—A brief interruption of brain function, usually with a loss of consciousness lasting for a few hours. 5. Cerebral contusion--a small, scattered venous hemorrhage in the brain (or better described as a “bruise” of the brain tissue) occurring when the brain strikes the inner skull. 6. Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)—involves...
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...Cell Theory Cell Theory is a way to describe the biology of living things. Cell theory says that the cell is the basic unit of life. Cells by themselves are alive, but they can also be part of a larger living thing. The smallest living organisms (like bacteria but not viruses) and the biggest ones (like humans and whales) are all made of cells. Very small organisms like bacteria and amoebas are only made of one cell each, so they are called unicellular organisms ("uni" means "one"). Larger organisms are made of many cells, and they are called multicellular organisms. Definition: The Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of Biology. Credit for the formulation of this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow. The Cell Theory states: * All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. * The cell is the basic unit of life. * Cells arise from pre-existing cells. The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that: * Energy flow occurs within cells. * Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell. * All cells have the same basic chemical composition. Animal Tissues 1. Epithelial: In Greek, ἐπί (epi) means "on" or "upon", and θηλή (thēlē) means "nipple". Epithelial layers are avascular, so they must receive nourishment via diffusion of substances from the underlying connective tissue, through the basement membrane. Epithelia...
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...Sarcolemma- plasma membrane * T-tubules- inward extensions of the sarcolemma * Mitochondria- provide ATP * Sarcoplasmic reticulum- endoplasmic reticulum * Myofibril- contains thick and thin filaments, myosin and actin 4. Sketch a myofibril 5. Describe the neuromuscular junction * Junction of a muscle fiber and axon of motor neuron it is attached to 6. Name the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular function * Acetylcholine 7. Draw a diagram showing how the thin and thick filaments are organized in the sarcomere and list the five steps involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber 8. Define what is meant by excitation-contraction coupling, and describe how it works * The coupling of nerve impulse with muscle contraction hinges around the release of calcium ions * 1, the action of acetylcholine cause a wave of electrical depolarization to spread over the sarcolemma into the t tubule * 2. Depolarization of t tubule causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions * 3. Calcium ion concentration in sarcoplasm rises which allows the attachment of myosin heads to actin * 4. Tropomyosin winds over the surface of actin filaments, obstructs the binding of myosin to actin in resting muscle Troponin- binds to actin and to...
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...coordinating incoming and outgoing impulses, thoughts, and feelings via nerves. Functionally, the nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (controls in-bound and out-bound neural impulses), and peripheral nervous system (connects the CNS with the peripheral parts of the body). The PNS can be divided into subdivisions of the somatic nervous system (deals with the parts of the body we move voluntarily) and autonomic nervous system (works with the involuntary parts of the body). The CNS receives sensory input from the peripheral nervous system and produces motor responses via nerves. A nerve is a fiber composed of nerve cells and neurons. Most nerves of the peripheral nervous system contain both sensory neurons and motor neurons. The sensory neurons in the peripheral nerve carry sensory impulses to the CNS. The CNS processes this information and sends the appropriate motor signals back to the nerves via the motor neurons. (Terfera, D. & Jegtvig, S., 2015). The brain and spinal cord is what makes up the central nervous system. The brain being the command center controlling the body functions of sending and receiving messages through the nerves. At the end of each nerve cell, there is a synaptic terminal thus full of extremely tiny sacs that hold neurotransmitter chemicals. These chemicals transmit nerve impulses from one nerve to another or from nerves to muscle cells. An electrical nerve impulse travels along the neuron to these sacs that then release...
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...cold which include feeling the urge to eat and urinate. However you are able to feel pressure. This disease is part of a subgroup of diseases called HSAN (Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy). Anhidrosis means that the person is not able to sweat and congenital means that the condition is present from birth. CAUSE CIPA is caused by a genetic mutation which prevents the formation of connections from the nociceptors (nerve that responds to potentially damaging stimuli) and thermoreceptors (senses changes in temperature) to the spinal nerves. This disorder is autosomal recessive and equally present in all racial and ethnic groups, however it more common in cultures in which intermarriage is allowed. The genetic mutation is in the gene encoding the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor (NTKR1 gene). NTKR1 is a gene for nerve growth. DIAGNOSIS These two tests are used to diagnose the absence of sweating by stimulating nerves connected to sweat glands: * Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART). In this test, the chemical acetylcholine is inserted with electricity, which normally induces sweating. * Sympathetic skin response test (SSR). This test induces sweating by using multiple stimuli including electrical, acoustic, and inspiratory gasp The second type of test tests for sensory loss which affects pain and temperature perception: * Response to painful stimuli such as pin pricks or vigorous pressure on the Achilles tendons * Decreased...
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...Biology revision – understanding ourselves B1 Both parents are heterozygous for the faulty allele Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder caused by a recessive allele. This genetic diagram shows the possible outcomes when both parents are heterozygous for the faulty allele. There is a one in four chance of the offspring being homozygous for the faulty allele, and so having cystic fibrosis. ----------------------- Fit people are able to carry out physical activities more effectively than unfit people. Their pulse rate is likely to return to normal more quickly after exercise. But being fit is not the same as being healthy. Healthy people are free from disease and infection: they may or may not be fit as well. It is possible to be fit but unhealthy, or healthy but unfit. High blood pressure can cause: • kidney damage • burst blood vessels ...
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...Tissues, Cells and Organs The human body consists of many millions of cells. The cell is the basic structural unit of the body. A typical body cell has the following features; A cell membrane – this acts as a boundary for the cell contents. It also acts as a barrier, allowing certain substances into the cell, while keeping other substances out. The cell membrane is said to be ‘selectively permeable’. A nucleus – this determines what type of cell it will be, e.g. liver cell, nerve cell, skin cell,…. The ‘information’ that determines this is located on long, threadlike structures called chromosomes, which are only found in the nucleus. The cell cytoplasm – this is a ‘jelly-like’ substance found outside of the nucleus. This is where most of the chemical reactions performed by the cell take place. These chemical reactions are controlled by specialized proteins called enzymes. Mitochondria – these are small oval shaped structures located in the cell cytoplasm. This is where the energy releasing chemical reactions take place. Cells that are active, have a lot of mitochondria; e.g. muscle and liver cells. While cells that are less active, only have a few mitochondria; e.g. skin cells and fat cells. A collection of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function, is known as a tissue. There are 4 basic tissue types found in the body; -- epithelial, -- muscle, -- nervous and – connective. Epithelial tissue is the type of tissue found...
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...impulse:CNSNeuroeffector Junction | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSGanglionNeuroeffector Junction | | | Subdivisions of ANS | Sympathetic | Parasympathetic | Origin of preganglionic fibers | Spinal Nerves T1-L2(Thoracolumbar Division) | Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, XSpinal Nerves S2-S4(Craniosacral Division) | Location of Ganglia | In Sympathetic Chain(Paravertebral GangliaOr Abdominal PrevertebralOr Collateral Ganglion)Preganglionic usually shorter than Postganglionic Fibers(Except Adrenal Medulla) | In or near effector organsPreganglionic usually longer than Postganglionic Fibers | Branching of Preganglionic Fibers | Extensive branchingAve. Ratio Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:20 | Limited branchingAve. Ration Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:1(Except the Vagus) | General Description of effect on organ response | Preparation for emergency/Stressful situations“Fight or Flight” | Conservation and restoration of body’s resources“Rest & Digest” | Localization of responses | Widespread regions of body affected “Mass Discharge” | Localized Effects | Duration of Responses | Sustained (1:20) | Short (1:1) | Biochemical Differences between Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Divisions - The transmission of an impulse along a nerve fiber is an electrical phenomenon. In contrast, transmission, across synapses and neuroeffector...
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...Some tissues that are in this chapter are nervous tissue, muscular tissue, connective tissue and bone tissue . Nerve tissue is the way the organs of the nervous system, which consists of the bodies of nerve cells (neurons) and its extensions, and the glia. This tissue consists of cells called neurons very specialized and glial cells that support and nutrition to the above. Nerve cells or neurons: By stars and with many extensions. Are specialized to transmit nerve impulses. They are the only cells that do not play, and when they die could not be replaced. Glial cells: helper cells are to protect and carry food to neurons. Some features are the reception, conduction and transmission of nerve impulses. To detect, transmit, analyze and use information generated by sensory stimuli represented by heat, light, mechanical energy and changes in the external and internal environment. Organize and coordinate directly or indirectly, the operation of most of the body, including motor function, visceral, endocrine and psychological (Marieb & Hoehn, 2010, p. 134). Its main function for muscular tissues is movement. That will be of three types, movement of all internal structures: it consists of smooth muscle tissue and vessels will encounter, visceral walls and glands. Outward movement, characterized by manipulation and motion in our environment. is characterized by being composed of striated muscle. And automatic movement: it works by itself, is the heart muscle. Striated muscle tissue(Bailey...
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...oggy1962 first attempt 1.1 The four basic human body structures and their units are cells, tissues, organs and systems. Cells – these are the smallest independent unit in the human body and can only be seen with a microscope. There are many different types, shapes and sizes. Each type is specialised and carries out a particular function in the body. The types of cells include epithelial cells (the skin), muscle cells, nerve cells, bone cells and blood cells. Every cell has a nucleus, (except red blood cells), a cell membrane and cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the body’s genetic material; this directs all the metabolic activities of the cell. The cell membrane is semi-permeable and surrounds the cytoplasm. Its function is to protect the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances in and keeping others out. The cytoplasm is a gel like substance in which organelles are suspended. These include ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitrochondria, and centrioles. The organelles each have different functions within the cell. Tissues – a group of cells is known as a tissue. Different types of tissues are found in different organs. Humans have four different types of tissue: Epithelial tissue – this covers the body surface. The major functions are protection, secretion, absorption and filtration. Connective tissue – this is the most abundant tissue in the body. It binds structures together and forms a framework and support for organs. It...
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...Introduction This essay will consider the structure and function of the 11 systems within the human body. It will detail the interrelationship between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system and between the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. It will then explain the roles of the circulatory and lymphatic systems in the immune response and the role of hormones in metabolism. Human Body Systems The human body is made up of 11 separate but interconnected systems (Sherwood, 2007). These are the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, immune, endocrine and reproductive systems. The success and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of separate body systems to work together. The skeletal system provides structure for the human body, stores minerals, produces blood cells and provides protection for delicate organs (Kelly, 2004). 206 bones are connected with ligaments, muscles and tendons, with cartilage, a softer cushion like material, providing protection in jointed areas. Body movements are controlled by the muscular system, with these muscles being connected to bones via tendons (Adams, 2004). Stimulation of these muscles by the nervous system causes contraction and the resulting movement of bones to which they are attached. A number of involuntary muscles ensure the respiratory and circulatory systems continue with contraction of the heart and lungs (Adams, 2004). The heart is central...
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...Lisa Wright Anatomy and Physiology I 09/08/2011 Journal Questions 1-6 Journal # 1 Why does our skin age when even at 90, the outer layer is only 3 weeks old? Over time, the skin looses its flexiblity/collagen. The collagen becomes less elastic and thinner. This is where the problems with getting more moisture to the upper layer, the epidermis, begins. When you are young like in your 20s, you have more fatty vessels in your skin, as you age the fat dissapears. Journal # 2 What is the function of the multiple nuclei in striated muscle cells? Some nuclei that is present in the Muscles are Mytoblast. They form individual muscle fibers. The mytoblast that do not fuse with muscle fibers remain in the adult muscles and become sattelite cells. After an injury, these suspected sattellit celss can get bigger and divide. They can fuse with damaged fibers from the muscle and then assist in the regeneration of the muscles tissues. Journal # 3 How is the concept of Homeostasis (or its loss) related to disease & aging? Homeostasis maintains the internal conditions of your body. For Example: when your body uses a ton of energy and gets hot, you body sweats in response to that. When you age, alot of energy is not used as often as you used it when you were young. This is how diseases such as arthritis can occur much easier. You immune system can slow down as well. When you age, your body gets out of balance and out of homeostasis. Then you become more vulnerable...
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... |-oma | |-pathy |gastr/o- |poly- |-ous | |hepat/o- |ven/o- |hemat/o- |neur/o- | |an- |esthes/o- |-ous |appendic/o- | |-megaly |cutane/o- |-ia |intra- | 1. Pertaining to the liver 2. Pertaining to underneath the skin 3. Surgical removal of the appendix 4. Pertaining to within the vein 5. Disease of many nerves 6. Enlargement of the liver 7. Swelling of the blood 8. Condition of not feeling B. Define the following word parts. |-ac |Pertaining to |-ar |Pertaining to | |-ary |Pertaining to |-ion |process | |-osis |Condition; abnormal condition; process |Peri- |Around | |Hyper- |Above, more than normal |Brady- |Slow | |Post- |After, behind |Anti- ...
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...tentacles are about 15 centimetres long when they are swimming, and about three meters long when they are hunting. The bell can grow up to the size of a basketball, and is shaped like a box or cube, which is where it develops the name box jellyfish. The stingers on the tentacles are the most important part of the jellyfish. They are used to catch their prey, but sometimes unfortunately they are used to sting humans. If a person is stung, they can die within 4 minutes. The nervous system consists of four eye clusters with 24 eyes on each cluster. It is believed that they can distinguish colour somewhat, although it is still debated on whether or not they can form images. They are also one of the few species of jellyfish to possess a nerve ring, which is located around the base of the umbrella. The box jellyfish is one of the most dangerous jellyfish in the world. It has caused around 64 deaths in Australia, where it is commonly found, since deaths were first recorded in 1883. The amount of venom in one jellyfish is said to be enough to kill 60 humans in one sting. Being stung results in a very large amount of pain and if not treated, the victim can die within 4 minutes. ------------------------------------------------- Habitat The box jellyfish seem to move towards the shore in calm waters when the tide is rising and gather near the mouths of rivers and creeks and travel by following the rain. Box Jellyfish feed on small fish and crustaceans. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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