...Physical Separation of a Mixture Luis Gutierrez Dr. Chakravarty 09/20/13 Chemistry 125 Physical Separation of a Mixture Date of experiment: Friday September 13, 2013 Name: Luis Gutierrez; September 20, 2013 Introduction This lab was the separation of the components of a ternary mixture. The three objectives in this lab were: 1. Learn the different separation techniques which include; sublimation, extraction, decantation, filtration and evaporation. 2. Separate three components in a mixture using the separation techniques learned. 3. Determine the mass percentages of each of the three components present in a mixture. In order to separate the components of a ternary mixture, one must understand what a mixture is and the different separation techniques that can be used. Mixtures are defined as a physical combination of two or more pure substances. Separation techniques are used to separate components that are not chemically combined. Because only physically combined mixtures are being used in this experiment, the separation techniques described in this experiment are based on physical changes, rather than chemical changes. METHODS 1. Sublimation- Involves the heating of a solid that passes directly into a gaseous phase without transitioning into a liquid phase. The reverse process where a gas goes into the solid phase is called deposition or condensation. 2. Evaporation-...
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...Investigation on Performance of Vortex Tube with Four and Six Inlet Nozzle Snehal Bharat Bhote†, Kiran Devade‡ †‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indira College of Engineering and Management, Pune, India Abstract The vortex tube is a device used for generation of cold and hot air streams from compressed air. This simple device is very efficient in separation of air streams into two different temperatures streams. Cold air coming out of vortex tube can be used for air conditioning and refrigeration purpose. Cold mass fraction of vortex tube is considerably influenced by its thermo physical and geometrical parameters. Present study deals with the experimental investigation on the effect of these geometrical and thermo physical...
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...Introduction Mass spectrometry is a type of analytical technique that is used to ionize chemical compounds into charged molecules and they are separated based on the mass-to-charge ratios and their kinetic energy. It is thus can be used to identify the presence of the compound, their masses as well as their quantities. During the ionisation process, sample molecules are bombarded with a beam of electrons, electrons may be captured by the molecules to produce radical anion or it may lead to displacement of the electron(s) located at the outer shell of the molecules to give a radical cation. The probability of getting radical cation is one hundred times higher than radical anion. Sample molecules are converted into ions when the ionisation potential...
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...personal error * Gross error | Lecture handoutsTextMath Toolbox 1.2p. 37-41 | Matter and its properties * Classification of Matter: substance and mixtures * Changes matter undergo: physical change and chemical change * Properties of matter * physical property: intensive & extensive * chemical property * Purification and Separation of matter: separation techniques | Lecture handouts TextChapter 1 1.1 p. 3-12 1.2 p. 13-26 | Atoms, Molecules and Ions * Structure of the atom: subatomic particles, the nuclear atom, isotopes, mass number, atomic number, isotope symbol * Ions: cations, anions, isotope symbol for ions * Naming ionic compounds * Naming covalent compounds | TextChapter 22.2 p. 60-682.3 p. 69-71Chapter 33.1 to 3.5p. 91-111 | Chemical Composition * Atomic mass: relative atomic mass, isotopic mass and isotopic abundance * Percent composition * Moles and Particles * Molar mass * Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula | TextChapter 22.4 p 72-74Chapter 44.1 to 4.3p. 130 - 148 | Quantities in Chemical Reactions * The meaning of a balanced reaction * Mole to mole conversion * mass to mass conversion * limiting reactants * percent yield | TextChapter 66.1 to 6.5p. 217-234 | Gases * Behavior of gases * Factors that affect the properties of gases * volume and pressure * volume and temperature * volume, pressure and temperature * Gay-Lussac’s law * Avogadro’s hypothesis * Ideal Gas Law * Calculations...
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...CN5010 Mathematical Methods in Chemical and Environmental Engineering Modular Credits: 4 Workload: 3-0-0-1-6 Prerequisite(s): Nil Preclusion(s): Nil Cross-listing(s): Nil This module is targeted at postgraduate students, who are interested in process modelling and simulation for various chemical and environmental engineering processes. The course covers both analytical and numerical techniques in solving the associated algebraic as well as differential equations. Analytical methods such as eigenvalue-eigenvector and Green’s function method, and numerical methods such as finite difference, collocation and finite element methods are discussed. All fundamental concepts are introduced with applications related to chemical and environmental engineering using modern software tools. Some background knowledge in analytical methods and numerical analysis from undergraduate modules will be beneficial. CN5020 Advanced Reaction Engineering Modular Credits: 4 Workload: 3-0-0-0-7 Prerequisite(s): Nil Preclusion(s): Nil Cross-listing(s): Nil The module aims to train the students in the fundamentals of reaction engineering and their application to the design and analysis of reactor. The concepts and theory in reaction kinetics are applied to reactor design of single phase reaction system. These are extended to multiphase reaction systems, incorporating the effects of physical rate processes and the interfacial equilibrium leading to the formulation of procedure for the...
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...method of dissolved solids from a liquid mixture (solution)The impure salt is dissolved in water at a high temperature to create a concentrated solution.The mixture is then cooled and the salt crystallises, leaving the impurity in the solution.This crystallised slat contains much less of the impurity than before. The salt can then be filtered and dried.Sugar cane industry. | Assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations Yes, fractional distillation can separate a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen because they have similar (but not the same) boiling points. Could filtration successfully separate sand from a sand-salt mixture? No. Without water the salts in the sand and salt mixture will not separate out via filtration because filtration requires an insoluble solid plus a liquid mixture, which in this case would be salt + water Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists * the process of determining the % by mass of one substance in a mixture * It is used to determine whether mining is economically feasible * to determine the composition of compounds in soil to determine whether the soil is appropriate for growing certain crops * to determine the percentage of particular pollutants in water Apply systematic naming of inorganic compounds as they are...
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...process vessels. 4 CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESS VESSELS Two phase separator separator Vapor-liquid Liquid-liquid separator Three phase separator separator Vapor-liquid-liquid Hold up drums 5 GENERAL GUIDELINES Various factors taken into account while designing the vessel are as follows Type of Vessel: Vertical Horizontal Spherical 6 GENERAL GUIDELINES Selection guidelines for type of vessel (H or V) Large vapor to liquid loads by vol. Large liquid to vapor loads by vol. : Select vertical vessel : Select horizontal vessel Large liquid and large vapor loads by vol. : Select horizontal vessel with split flow (*) Liquid-liquid separation Liquid-solid separation : Select horizontal vessel : Select vertical vessel (*) Split flow vessel consist of single entry in center and two vapor outlets on each end. 7 GENERAL GUIDELINES Liquid hold up volume: The liquid hold up volume should be decided based on the type of service and flow rates. Height/ Length to Diameter Ratio Vessel diameter should always be as per standard dished end sizes available. Increasing the diameter reduces the height/ length and but increases thickness . 8 VERTICAL KNOCK OUT DRUM It is a two-phase separator. A vessel designed to handle streams with high gas-to-liquid ratios. The liquid is generally entrained as mist in the gas or is free-flowing along the...
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...RESEARCH ACTIVITY Heat and Mass Transfer Crystallization * Mixed-Suspension, Mixed Product Removal (MSMPR) Crystallizer * Crystallization from Melt Objective of Research This study is inclined in the discussion of a type of equipment in crystallization operations, the Mixed-Suspension, Mixed-Product-Removal Crystallizer, its operations, as well as the assumptions integrated in its practice. It also discusses the basic principles of Melt Crystallization and a brief overview of its applications in the modern society. Introduction A crystal may be defined as a solid composed of atoms or molecules arranged in an orderly, repetitive array. The interatomic distances in a crystal of any definite material are constant and are characteristic of that material. Because the pattern or arrangement of the atoms or molecules is repeated in all directions, there are definite restrictions on the kinds of symmetry that crystals can possess. There are five main types of crystals, and these types have beenarranged into seven crystallographic systems based on the crystal interfacial angles and the relative length of its axes. The treatment of the description and arrangement of the atomic structure of crystals is the science of crystallography. (Perry's Chemical Engineer Handbook - 8th ed – 2007, page 18-50) Crystallization, in its essence, is just then the process of crystal production from liquid solutions through the aid of different cooling equipment. It is one of the most...
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...Gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. It is used in clinical chemistry to separate proteins by charge and/or size (IEF agarose, essentially size independent) and in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge.[1] Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through an agarose matrix. Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel. This phenomenon is called sieving.[2] Proteins are separated by charge in agarose because the pores of the gel are too large to sieve proteins. Gel electrophoresis can also be used for separation of nanoparticles. Gel electrophoresis uses a gel as an anticonvective medium and/or sieving medium during electrophoresis, the movement of a charged particle in an electrical field. Gels suppress the thermal convection caused by application of the electric field, and can also act as a sieving medium, retarding the passage of molecules; gels can also simply serve to maintain the finished separation, so that a post electrophoresis stain can be applied.[3] DNA Gel electrophoresis is usually performed for analytical purposes, often after...
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...The properties of Vitamin B12 result it being a pink and reddish colour due to the Vitamin B12 containing Metal Cobalt, which provides the pink to red colour to this water soluble Vitamin. Q6. Chromatography is a separation method in which the analyte is contained in a mobile phase and pumped in a stationary phase. Non-stained proteins are usually monitored at a wavelength of 280nm where the absorbance of ultraviolet light is measured; this technique is beneficial since the molar absorptivity can be predicted straight from the protein sequence. However, this method is only useful for proteins that contain tryptophan or tyrosine. The reason why the proteins absorb ultraviolet light at wavelength 280nm is because of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine, as due to these amino acids containing aromatic rings they are made of hydrocarbons and comprise of a ring structure that helps absorb ultraviolet light. Q7. The molecular mass of rat xanthine dehydrogenase is 145,034 Da. Stark, K Et al. 1989) ‘Proteolytic conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase: Evidence against a role for calcium-activated protease (calpain); Biochemical and Biophysical research communications pp...
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...------------------------------------------------- Gas chromatography Gas chromatography (GC), is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure compounds from a mixture.[1][2] In gas chromatography, the mobile phase (or "moving phase") is a carrier gas, usually an inert gas such as helium or an unreactive gas such as nitrogen. The stationary phase is a microscopic layer of liquid or polymer on an inert solidsupport, inside a piece of glass or metal tubing called a column (a homage to the fractionating column used in distillation). The instrument used to perform gas chromatography is called a gas chromatograph (or "aerograph", "gas separator"). The gaseous compounds being analyzed interact with the walls of the column, which is coated with a stationary phase. This causes each compound to elute at a different time, known as the retention time of the compound. The comparison of retention times is what gives GC its analytical usefulness. Gas chromatography is in principle similar to column chromatography (as well as other forms of chromatography, such as HPLC, TLC), but has...
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...suppliers of gasoline. Gas Chromatography accompanied by Mass Spectrometry is the method of choice because it allows the separation of the different structures of the gasoline and then identifies each one of them. The differences and patterns within the many gasolines from different octane rates and different gas stations have now been determined. Introduction Gas prices are likely to continue rising through the summer and even on into the fall because of increased demand and tight supplies according to the United States Energy Information Agency. The government agency predicts that retail gasoline prices will average $3 a gallon this month (July 2007) and climb to $3.07 in August of 2007. Because of this inconsistent yet constantly increasing price of gasoline and the ever increasing demand for gasoline as personal vehicles (as the main means of American transportation) as well as heating of homes and businesses, it seems interesting to analyze the three main grades of gasoline used during daily even hourly activities. This qualitative study, not quantitative, will allow us to understand the differences between the gasolines. For this particular experiment the samples of gasoline chosen to be analyzed are the three major octane levels 87, 89, and 93 from five different local gas stations: BP, Chevron, Cowboys, Racetrac, and Wal-Mart. Method A Gas Chromatography/ Mass Spectrometry Machine...
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...Formula Sheet for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Energy = VIt P=VI [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Core [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] H.S.C. Course - Options [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Constants How to Use the Formulas for Stage 6 Physics Preliminary Course |Formula |Name |Comments |Typical Problem |Typical Answer | |[pic] |Wave Equation |v= velocity (m/s) |Calculate the wavelength of a water wave |[pic] | | |8.2.1 |f = frequency (hz) |travelling at 3 m/s whose frequency is 6 | | | | |( = wavelength (m) |Hz. | ...
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...INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE BACCALAURÉAT INTERNATIONAL BACHILLERATO INTERNACIONAL N00/430/H(1) PHYSICS HIGHER LEVEL PAPER 1 Friday 10 November 2000 (afternoon) 1 hour INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES ! ! ! Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all the questions. For each question, choose the answer you consider to be the best and indicate your choice on the answer sheet provided. 880-226 24 pages –2– 1. N00/430/H(1) When an ideal gas in a thermally insulated chamber is compressed the volume V and pressure P are related by the equation PV γ = constant where γ is a constant. Which one of the following plots would produce a straight-line graph? 1 V A. B. log P against log V C. P against log V D. 2. P against log P against V The power P dissipated in a resistor of resistance R in which there is a current I is given by P = I2 R The uncertainty in the value of resistance of a particular resistor is !10% and the uncertainty in the value of the current in the resistor is !3%. The best estimate for the uncertainty of the power dissipated is A. B. !9%. C. !16%. D. 3. !6%. ±19%. When a car is moving at a speed v in a straight line the total force opposing its motion is F. The product Fv is a measure of the A. power developed by the car. B. rate of change of momentum of the car. C. work done by the car against the frictional forces. D. ...
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...The Great Awakening created the separation of church and state in America like the old lights and the new lights, what state it started in, and it’s competitiveness that it has started between churches which made a big movement among the american people. First of all, The Great Awakening split the church and state in America because on (page 91) it states, ”Orthodox clergymen, known as “old lights,” were deeply skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists. “New light” ministers, on the other hand, defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion.” This shows that the old lights which were people who didn’t want the Awakening but on the other side is the new lights people who defended the Awakening....
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