...Prisoners with Special Needs M J CJA/234 Introduction “Special needs offenders are incarcerated offenders with special needs stemming from their physical or mental age or other disabilities. Special needs can encompass many types of conditions like :offenders with severe psychological needs, mental retardation, significant psychiatric disorders, behavior disorders, multiple handicaps, neurological impairment and substance abuse; or offenders with physical handicaps, or chronic or terminal illnesses; or elderly offenders; or offenders with severe social and/or educational deficiencies, learning disabilities or language barriers; or offenders with special security or supervision needs, such as protective custody cases, death row inmates and those who chronically exhibit potential or aggressive behavior; or sex offenders, for whom appropriate treatment may reduce the risk of reoffending” ("Special Needs Offender Law & Legal Definition", n.d.). As more inmates are found guilty and are given prison sentences the prison system has to focus on separating special needs offenders. This separation is necessary to insure safety and balance within the facility. The special needs population can affect both the state and federal level of incarceration because they must gather accurate date. Putting offenders with different needs together can lead to violence issues among inmates. There is also an increase...
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...general jurisdiction, then the appellate courts and finally the state supreme court. The federal court system is similar to the state courts in that there are trial courts, courts of appeals and finally the highest court in the nation is the Supreme Court of the United States. Another piece of the federal court system is the Military trial courts, the Military appellate courts and then they will also report to the Supreme Court of the United States. Why does the U.S. have a Dual Court System? “This dual-court system is the result of general agreement among the nation’s founders about the need for individual states to retain significant legislative authority and judicial autonomy separate from federal control (Schmalleger, 2011).” This separation of state and federal jurisdictions has worked well for the United States since we were founded. However, given the...
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...punishment for breaking the law in the United States is incarceration. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reports that at the end of 2010, there were 2,266,800 adults incarcerated in the U.S. federal and state prisons, and county jails (Prisoner Statistics, 2012). When one adds the reported 493,100 corrections staff working inside the prison or jail, the total number of people interacting on a daily basis in this closed society creates conditions where corruption at some level is likely to occur (Bureau, 2012). Research suggests corruption of correction officers, also known as detention officers, or guards is a serious issue that should be continually addressed by facility management because it occurs for many reasons and takes on many forms that can pervert the justice system. This paper will explain some main forms of corruption, give outrageous examples of documented corruption, and spell out why, given the ethics expected of the profession, corruption must be continually addressed and prevented. The first step for criminals is finding the officer with a mindset that can be corrupted. Low to median pay scales for these officers and an increase in offenders affiliated with the gang element of society has increased the potential for corruption related manipulation of prison staff (Diaz, 2009). “Corrections and law enforcement work by its very nature involves the...potential for gradual deterioration of social-moral inhibitions and perceived sense of permissibility for deviant...
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...within these walls. Penitentiaries continue to pop up all over America for the fact that crimes are still being committed and offenders will be tried in a court of law and from there will receive a punishment whether it be probation, community service, or jail time. A lot of people do not know much about the prison system and how it works and how it came to be. I would even say that a majority of people only understand that prisons are where the bad guys go and serve their time behind bars, but there is more to it that just that. In order to understand what prisons are about and what purpose they serve we must look at the history of penitentiaries and how they have evolved over time. The history of the punishment can be dated all the way back to the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Criminal activity back in those times was not lightly tolerated just like today, except that back then you could receive harsh punishment for what feel today as normal for example sex or what they called back in those times fornication. According to "The Howard League for Penal Reform" (2014), "Sanctions for criminal behaviour tended to be public events which were designed to shame the person and deter others; these included the ducking stool, the pillory, whipping, branding and the stocks. At the time the sentence for many other offences was death.” (History of the Prison System). In those times they believed a form of punishment were public events to shame those who broke the law or rules. Punishment...
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...-Corrections is a booming business prisons + crime = profitable industry we have an Increasing number of people under correctional supervision 6 million people under the correctional system by the end of the century - Tough on Crime Political Stance popular public policy 20 million victimizations in 2009 repeat violent felons off of the streets treat minors as adults create mandatory sentencing laws reduce time-off-for-good-behavior - Shift in Public Opinion 4.3 million violent crimes 33 million personal theft crimes - 7.2 million 3% (1 in 33) of adults in the U.S. are under some sort of correctional supervision -Probation (community sentence) and parole are NOT the same thing -1.3% average annual increase from 2000 to 2009 But declined 1.3% in 2010 to 2009 “has the correctional population supervision increased or decreased from 2000 to 2009?” Answer: INCREASED - the majority of people in the corrections system are on PROBATION - Percentage breakdowns for types of offences: 9% Public Disorder (35% federal) DUI, indecent exposure, drunken disorderly, prostitution, etc. 18% Drug Offence (51% federal) 19% Property Offense (less than 10% federal) 53% Violent Offenses (less than 10% federal) - Regions highest to lowest South West Midwest Fed? North East - Top 5 States Federal Texas California Florida New York Notes From Ch. 1 in Textbook- - Penology the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts - Penitentiary typically used...
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...A Correctional Point of View As a corrections officer in a California state prison, I won’t boast that I am the most experienced at my job. I’ve only been posted at this prison for 3 years, but being here this long has helped me to discern the kind of relationships that inmates and corrections personnel begin to elope into. I won’t deny seeing my co-workers become friendlier with certain inmates than others. I won’t even deny that my co-workers snuck stuff like porno magazines and cigarettes in here beneath their jacket to give to certain inmates either. Respect however, goes a long way here in California State Penitentiary, regardless whether it’s right or corrupt. I think that this is the biggest issue in this prison, the abuse of our legitimate power. Most of us are able to come into work and do our jobs respectively; we get a new inmate, we process him or her, get him or her clothed and secure their belongings, and then it’s off to whatever assigned cell he or she has. If the inmate has questions or requires assistance, that’s what we’re here for; given the inmate hasn’t had a track record of misconducts. Most of us, including myself, enjoy our jobs here; those that see it my way, feel that we’re doing a service to our community, straightening out the lives of the people here behind bars. Diaz, a fellow officer of mine whom I’ve known for at least 3 months is an experienced vet at this detainment facility. Last week, a prisoner was sent to the Special...
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...Running Head: Crime in America Economics, Crime, and Prevention in America Clara m. Jones Strayer University Instructor: Dr. Astiage Tondari Economics 405: Economics of Social Issues June 7, 2012 Abstract Economic theories of crime have long been put forward in an attempt to explain criminality. They undertake to explain crime in terms of economic reasons as we as in terms of the structuring of society. Two of the most prolific of these theories look at the country of America and present differing explanations of the causes of crime in this country (Merton 1938; 1949; 1957; 1968; 1995; 1997; 1999; Clubb, 2001). Robert Merton seeks to explain crime in terms of a strain to anomie’ while Elliott Currie’ sees crime as a product of the factors associated with market society. These theories may concentrate specifically on America they are of general application; therefore, one can consider whether or not they explain the causes of criminality in the UK in the present day. There will be more in this paper on Merton and Currie as well as others in this. This paper discusses the effects of child maltreatment, adolescent maltreatment on delinquency and crime, including violet and nonviolent offending. This paper will discuss, gender difference, deviant behavior, and substance abuse (drugs). This paper will discuss will economic analysis classification of crime, deterrence, rehabilitation, incarceration, recidivism, parole, probation, court systems, good and services, and legalization...
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...Employment Discrimination Trends HRA 596 July 26, 2012 Executive Summary The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is responsible for investigating any legitimate claim of discrimination. Since it was created in 1965, the EEOC has investigated hundreds of thousands of claims on race, age, sex, age, religious, and disability discrimination. These investigations are then compiled into detailed reports that show the type of discrimination and the number of claims filed for each per year. These reports demonstrate that in spite of the EEOC’s continued prevention efforts in the form of education and outreach programs, the number of discrimination claims have continued to increase. The reports by the EEOC also demonstrates the current and previous trends in discrimination claims, which allow one to get an idea of which claims are prioritized, although all claims are dealt with and taken seriously by the EEOC. Employment Discrimination Trends The role of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is to ensure that federal laws put in place to prevent employment discrimination based on an applicant’s “…race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information” (“Overview,” n.d., para. 1). The EEOC is responsible for preventing or investigating any claims of discrimination that occur based on these criteria. The EEOC also educates employers on discrimination laws and methods of ensuring...
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...Belly of the Beast | Jack Henry Abbott | The "Pains of Imprisonment" and "The Inmate Social System" | | | "In the Belly of the Beast" is a generous collection of autobiographical, political, and philosophical letters to an author from a man who takes life head on, but with a different approach. Norman Mailer, an author, was in the middle of writing a novel entitled "The Executioner Song", which is the story about a murderer named Gary Gilmore. While this novel was in the works, Mailer received a letter from Jack Henry Abbott, a convict having been in jail most of his life. Abbott's letter was solely criticism that accused Mailer of not knowing what real life in prison is like, but that Abbott would do everything in his power to clarify the aspects of what violence and everyday life is like in prison. A wide array of subject matter was covered far past the basic account of "a day in the life of an prisoner". The rationale of the inmate hierarchy is displayed from the inside with a totality that would take years of research and interviews. It is clear that there is no doubt concerning the feelings Abbott has for his jailers, and the establishment they represent. He clearly expresses throughout his writings that the corrections system exists to oppress the unfortunate and underprivileged. Abbott began to talk about the fact that he was in and out of foster homes almost from the time of his birth. By the age of nine, he was already in juvenile detention centers. The...
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...individuals who have tremendous animosity towards you.” (The ethics of caring for those who hate you, 2006) A correctional officer is held to a higher standard than the average public. Correctional officers at all times are expected to be respectful, and impartial to all prisoners. Regardless of personal beliefs about a prisoners charges or an individual prisoner, correctional officers must be an outstanding role models for others they are around. Dealing with prisoners correctional officers cannot become too friendly; they must maintain fair and impartial judgment. Correctional officers still must remember they are prisoners. There is thin line between be friendly towards prisoners and making prisoners incarceration a living hell. National Prison Association founded in 1870, is the oldest association developed for those who work in the corrections profession. The association had its first meeting in Cincinnati Ohio. The then governor of Ohio, Rutherford B. Hayes (later became president of The United States), was elected as president of the association. The association developed a declaration of principles. “The treatment of criminals by society is for the protection of society. But since such treatment is directed to the criminal rather than the crime, its great object should be his moral regeneration. The state has not discharged its whole duty to the criminal when it has punished him, nor even when it has reformed him. Having raised him up, it has further...
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...reintegration exercises should start as ideal on time as could be normal the situation being what it is inside the criminal equity process with a particular ultimate objective to have a most ultimate effect. It suggests distraction from the criminal procedures (especially of defenseless get-togethers) to reasonable treatment programs, noncustodial approvals, instead of separation from society and ponders activities and undertakings in confinement offices, would all have the capacity to be considered as parts of an expansive "social reintegration" approach. Criminal to support past prisoners taking after release from imprisoning, a continuum of thought in the gathering for those in require, will all be more feasible if the period in prison is used to set up a prisoner for reentry to society. This approach requires close coordination between criminal equity establishments and social confirmation and prosperity organizations in the gathering and probation offices where they exist. UNODC can offer basic sponsorship and direction around there, including supporting the change of social reintegration programs in prisons and in assisting with the organizing and execution of continuum of thought and support in the...
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...| Critically discuss the nature of desistance and evaluate the extent to which current probation practices support desistance. | | | | | | Desistance has many definitions according to numerous theorists. Some definitions are vague. For example, Laub and Sampson explained how Neal Shover (1996) defines desistance as “voluntary termination of serious criminal participation”. Some other definitions are more arbitrary. For instance, Professor Laub and Professor Sampson came across other definitions, such as Farrington and Hawkins (1991) and how they define desistance as having no conviction between the age 21 and 32, following a conviction before 21. Another study they found was that of Weitekamp and Kerner (1994), and this explained how together they have both tried to unravel various workings in the area of desistance. They have defined the desistance as the period of time when the criminal or delinquent actions ends permanently. Comparing this notion, they define suspension as an interruption in offending activities. Laub and Sampson also showed how Maruna (2001), points out that the fore mentioned researchers, in addition to their definitions, view desistance as a developmental progression, and not as a happening; which means the rate of offending recurring decelerates and also becomes far less appealing. In a documentary by Allen Weaver, on desistance, he spoke about Laub and Sampson’s study, about a research that was conducted in the 1940’s as part...
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...Human rights violations Project in Social Studies Mick Joshua Ilano IV-Mercy Human rights violation in the Philippines. On January 18, 2013, Aquino signed a landmark law, Republic Act No. 10361, designed to protect the rights of the country’s estimated 1.9 million domestic workers. The Philippines also ratified the International Labor Organization’s Domestic Workers Convention No. 189, which would help protect the rights of the 1.5 million Filipino domestic workers abroad. The Aquino administration, however, has not made significant progress on its pledge to expedite the investigation and prosecution extrajudicial killings, torture, and enforced disappearances, among other serious violations of human rights. The number of extrajudicial killings has dropped significantly since Aquino took office, but politically motivated killings are still frequently reported and the murder of petty criminals by “death squads” in urban areas continues unabated. Only two cases of extrajudicial killings have resulted in convictions in the past three years, and even in those cases, the individuals believed most responsible for the killings have not faced justice. The government took some steps to set up an inter-agency committee in 2013 to help investigate and prosecute high-profile extrajudicial killings, but it was not yet operational at time of writing. Harassment of and violence against leftist political activists and environmentalists continues. Insurgency and Ethnic Conflicts In...
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...member of the public and a term in jail or prison, and/or a fine as possible penalties Types of Crimes Offences against the person Offences against the person are defined as acts that intend to cause harm or injury to the victim Homicide Definition: is the unlawful killing of one person by another * Murder is the killing of one person by another “with malice aforethought”(mental component) * Manslaughter is the killing of someone in circumstances less culpable than murder. (generally given a lighter sentence than for murder) Degrees of awareness | Murder | Voluntary Manslaughter | Involuntary manslaughter | Non-criminal Killing | Intention to killReckless indifference of life Constructive murderDeath during intention to commit grievous bodily harm | Where the intention to kill or cause the act is mitigated by other factors, such as provocation or diminished responsibility | Non-reckless indifference to life or manslaughter by criminal negligenceReckless indifference to grievous bodily harmManslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act | Death by non-criminal negligenceDeath by an unlawful act that is not dangerousAccidental deathSelf-defence | Stats: Murder: * In 2001 of the 340 homicides in Australia, 306 were murder * Maximum penalty is life imprisonment Manslaughter: * In 2001 of the 340 homicides in Australia, 34 were manslaughter * Maximum penalty is 25 years in gaol but offender may not go to gaol, may receive a lesser...
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...CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal justice assessment toolkit 1 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkit UNITED NATIONS New York, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations, the Secretariat and Institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Belgian 2006 OSCE Chairmanship concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUE ..................................................................................... 1 2. OVERVIEW: GENERAL AND STATISTICAL DATA ......................................................... 5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 OVERVIEW OF COUNTRY AND PRISON SYSTEM.............................................. 5 PRISON POPULATION ........................................................................................... 6 PROFILE OF PRISON POPULATION..................................................................... 6 QUALITY OF DATA ......................................
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