...Impacts on the Livelihoods of Small Farm Holders and the Environment in Southeast Asia Due to the loss of Swidden Agriculture Swidden agriculture is a long standing and common practice in many tropical areas in the World. In Southeast Asia in particular, the method for growing maize, rice and other fruits and vegetables is mainly still Swidden agriculture. The small scale farm holders in Southeast Asia, have used this technique for centuries and to them, it is the only way they know to grow food and keep from going hungry.The term swidden is a hard word to define, being so broad and because many scientists and people have had trouble agreeing on definitions for the term. This and the relatively small amount of research and data on farms that use swidden creates holes in existing literature. An increasing problem that small farm holders who use the practice of swidden are facing is the intervention of governments which has sparked added impacts. Understanding the implications of the demise of swidden and the practice itself by both governments and people, can help small farm holders and communities gain more from the loss. This paper will outline the effects of the loss of swidden agriculture on the environment and livelihoods of people in Southeast Asia and how there can be alternatives. The way that I conducted my research was both the use of the University of Oregon library web access and the Internet for certain clips and videos. Through the library I used peer reviewed...
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...INTRODUCTION According to Opena (1985), Manobo is a generic term which refers to people who are still in the subsistence level economy and are generally in the mountains and who practice the slash and burn agriculture. Further she qualified that the term Manobo is very derogatory for it connotes to be backward, uncivilized, ignorant, boisterous, unwashed, unkept, rough and lawless. Hence, she opined that the use of the term must be used with discreetness, tact and prudence. The term can also mean a slave (magdul) or a person destined to do all the menial jobs in the house and farm. According to Elkins (1977) the Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao. They mostly inhabit the hinterlands of Bukidnon specifically on the boundaries of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao and Misamis Oriental (NCIP,2003). The Western Manobos are in the Southwestern part of Bukidnon in Mulita, Kalilangan and Pangantucan. These people speak a quaint language with Marawi influence which cannot be understood by other ethnic groups in Bukidnon. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of the two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. Marriage is an alliance system in which reciprocity and mutual...
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...INTRODUCTION According to Opena (1985), Manobo is a generic term which refers to people who are still in the subsistence level economy and are generally in the mountains and who practice the slash and burn agriculture. Further she qualified that the term Manobo is very derogatory for it connotes to be backward, uncivilized, ignorant, boisterous, unwashed, unkept, rough and lawless. Hence, she opined that the use of the term must be used with discreetness, tact and prudence. The term can also mean a slave (magdul) or a person destined to do all the menial jobs in the house and farm. According to Elkins (1977) the Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao. They mostly inhabit the hinterlands of Bukidnon specifically on the boundaries of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao and Misamis Oriental (NCIP,2003). The Western Manobos are in the Southwestern part of Bukidnon in Mulita, Kalilangan and Pangantucan. These people speak a quaint language with Marawi influence which cannot be understood by other ethnic groups in Bukidnon. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of the two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. Marriage is an alliance system in which reciprocity and mutual...
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...Mar 2006-Mar 2007 -The largest local student-run organization registered in Microsoft -Operated as liaison between local chapter and national headquarters -Maintained daily operations while organizing weekly chapter events 3、What factors have influenced your career choice? On the one hand, all the qualifications I have cultivated on campus, such as outstanding English ability, demonstrated leadership and collaboration potential, excellent interpersonal skill are the essential points to meet the need of the job. On the other hand, arising from my interests to choose the functional job I like, I am sure I would play my talents and capacity as much as possible. Meanwhile, KPMG definitely will offer me a good training class and career cultivation to transform my potential to be professional. Though I am not professional, I have the enthusiasm and potentiality to be evolved in KPMG to cultivate myself to be a qualified staff.After the long-term efforts and study, I can be a considerable manager striving for the prosperity of the company. 4、Outline your career ambitions and objectives. My short-term career objective is to be involved in a dynamic and fast growing company, which provides me with a great opportunity to permanently grow as much as possible through the challenging...
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...two acres of land for agriculture. The continuous increase of input cost and similar decrease in land productivity made him reluctant to continue crop cultivation because the profits were so frustrating. That soil testing can be good and effective for cost minimization; can contribute for higher yield was completely unknown to him. His preliminary conception about soil testing was negative; he thought it was costly and would not give any extra benefits. In early 2007, Zahurul was introduced to the AISD project in a soil test awareness-building session which was organized by Message of Bangladesh (MOB). Attending the session was not enough to convince Zahurul of the benefits of soil testing but it got him interested and so he contacted one of the MOB soil collectors. In the meantime, AISD introduced a soil collector; Anisur with the farmers in this area who collected soil samples of farmers including Zahurul’s and sent the samples to KZZ trust for testing. KZZ trust is a privately owned, trained and professional soil testing laboratory and its activities were made known to potential farmers. To demonstrate better the benefits of soil testing, MOB and KZZ trust also set up trial demonstrations for the farmers. KZZ trust analyzed Zuhurul’s soil and provided a report with recommended fertilizer dozes for the specific rice cultivation. He set up a trial demo plot of about 35 decimals including a control plot. He decided to cultivate hybrid rice of Moina variety sold by the of...
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...Dutch courage is needed. It’s all about mushroom- its cultivation and marketing where investment is extremely possible minimum. No down time exists here, as the state of art technology is not needed. Even it’s neither a capital intensive one. The project is aimed at fulfilling with the very number one basic need i.e., food along with the ex gratia, nutrition, staying at the heart at the agriculture sector, the mother of all industries. The projected outcome is that by investing BDT 2,000,000.00 (equivalent of US$ 25000.00), net income would be BDT 5,995,635.37 which states about 299.78% ROI without any substantial variation, due to the existence of antithesis relationship in between risk and return (because, here risk is at rock-bottom but the return is sky-rocketing). Mushroom Mavens, LLC (proposed) plans to produce and market mushrooms in Bangladesh, a country with a conducive climatic condition for the cultivation of mushrooms. In Bangladesh due to escalating population growth, land to man ratio is decreasing every year. As a result, the land available for cultivation of vegetables is decreasing. These circumstances create a potential market for mushrooms, a vegetable with high nutritious value in it. The price of vegetables is skyrocketing and it is getting beyond the reach of the common people. This inadequate consumption of vegetables has created malnutrition in the general public. In such a situation, the cultivation of mushrooms would not only bring profit for the company...
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...Janet Michelle Lewis Parenting Practices April 12, 2014 PARENTING PRACTICES Parenting a child is a very important role. Parents teach a child how to behave and they provide the needs for the child. Parenting practices varies from generation to generation. In the chart below I have described parenting practices over generations in my family. | Generation 1: Years (1960-1970) | Generation 2: Years(1980-2000) | Generation 3: Years(2000-2014) | Parenting Practice 1: Education | Medium standards | Medium standards | High standards | Parenting Practice 2:Religious Involvement | High standards | High standards | High standards | Parenting Practice 3:Breastfeeding | High standards | Medium standards | Low standards | Parenting Practice 4:Extra curriculum activities | Low standards | Medium standards | Medium standards | Similarities and differences in these styles between three generations Each generation of parent practicing, expressed and viewed the importance of education among all generation of children. As a child we were made to go to school and we enjoyed going as well. Parents would express how important it was to finish high school, and afterwards go to college or get a trade. The encouragement of going to college became more intense over generations. Early on it was about completing high school. Parents seem to have an understanding and significance of institution of the church in earlier years (Cozby, 2009). Among generations, parents...
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...Developmental Psychology 10/2/12 I think so many factors influence parenting. I would like to start this off with one of the most important factors I think that influence parenting, and that is having a child unplanned and not being ready for it versus planning for a child and being ready for it. I am a little old fashioned when it comes to certain things and especially when I think of how I would raise my child. I do not have one, and I am a lesbian. I am not sure when I will have one, but I want to with a potential partner, hopefully she can carry or we can adopt as well. When I say I am a little old fashioned I guess I am referring to how I would raise my child. When I see the way my friends act with their kids, I do not think they are doing anything wrong, but I think to myself I would not do that. I believe a lot the children I see now don’t have any manners. When I go over to my friend’s house and I see the children running and screaming at the top of their lungs, then cutting through parents and jumping on the couch, I think oh my, I wouldn’t let my children do that at our house or anyone else’s. If I even thought of doing anything like that when I was younger I would have got spanked. I definitely would not hit my child I do not believe in that, but I do believe in strict discipline. Another thing I would be strict or serious on is how my child answers or responds to me. I would teach my child to respond to me and others properly. For example if my friend was...
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...| Generation 1: Years children were raised (1950-1970’s)Georgia | Generation 2: (1970’s-1990’s) Georgia & Florida | Generation 3: Years(1990’s-2010’s my generation) Florida | Parenting Practice 1: Education | Parents in my family thought education was more key than anything, and kids faced discipline if they skipped school or did bad | Education was very important like the previous generations but more kids starting to use sports and activities to help pay for school | Education was important, but sports was just as important because it was the only way some of the kids could afford college | Parenting Practice 2: Extracurricular activities | Kids didn’t really play sports, they did hunting and picking tobacco | Kids played a lot of sports and hung with friends | Extracurricular activities were very important and is was very serious especially football, even some of the parent pushed them harder in sports than school | Parenting Practice 3:Relgion Involvement | Kids had to pray and were not allowed to curse | Kids attended church every week and had to use read the bible everyday | Kids rarely attended church | Parenting Practice 4:Discipline | Kids were whooped and did extra chores | Kids were whopped and not allowed outside | Less whooping more taking away of technology, and not allowing them to go outside | Introduction The “Miller” family has its great share of similarities and differences within 3 generations. We like to define our generations by at...
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...Parenting in 2015, spanking or timeout, harsh discipline or no dessert tonight, going to school or home schooling, so many options to be a good or great parent, from traditional to all out crazy, parenting in today’s world is not what grandma could of ever imagined. A parent’s goal is to give their children all the best in life, encouraging them to excel in everything they do, but what happens when that parent goes above and beyond, and not in a positive socially excepting way. The difference between Chinese mothers and Western civilization “moms” is pitch black night and day. All a Chinese mother has left to do to raise their children is a battery pack inserted in the child’s back, given the way some Asian people in today’s society are stereotyped, math genius’s, music prodigies, large corporation CEO’s, it seems that in a way Chinese parenting has something going on, even as strict as it often gets, pretty much taking a child’s childhood almost completely away. As in “the west side”, it is highly believed to let a kid be a kid, that’s how you learn what’s right and wrong, your personal likes and dislikes and have a better chance to mold yourself as a person and not be molded like a product straight off the factory line. A Chinese mother will stress academic excellence, not encouraging but making, even if harsh threats and degrading are involved for their child to have perfect A’s and be number one in not pretty much everything, but EVERYTHING that that child does. A Western...
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...Autobiographical Psychosocial History Essay Marquita Johnson Psychology 201 September 15, 2013 Karen Wilson The five concepts that I have chosen to discuss throughout my paper are: meditation, motivation, information processing, coping with stress, and parenting styles. The first concept, meditation has worked for me very well since I have learned about it. I have done so much research on different meditation techniques people use to relieve stress and deal with everyday life, and I found one that just works for me, it is called Transcendental Meditation. This type of meditation just requires you to sit in a room quietly and think of all the things that have bothered you throughout the day, and just clear them from your mind. I was surprised the first time I tried it because it worked, and I felt a sense of peace within myself. Meditation has also served as motivation for me to get through the work week, and also through the day. Motivation has always been something I have always had with my family. At times, my family is the biggest push I have to do better in life. They always tell me to do my best, but be better than what they are. I understand that, but sometimes it gets hard. I have this one aunt that no matter what the situation is, she always speaks of it in a positive light, and lets me know that failure is not an option for us. She is going to school to be a chef at the age of 45, and that is enough motivation for me. I feel it is enough motivation because...
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...The Way We Are: How Much Credit or Blame Belongs to Our Parents PSY 304 December 22, 2014 The Way We Are: How Much Credit or Blame Belongs to Our Parents When it comes to parenting and raising our kids we all want them to grow up and be responsible productive adults that contribute positively to society. Unfortunately this is not always to case, the way we raise our kids can either lead them to be positive impact on the society or they could go down the other road and have a negative impact on society. So as parents we are either too blame or given credit for how our children turn out. The parenting style you choose can have a very important impact on how your child lives as an adult. Parents are their children’s most important role models, it is important for parental control in each step of our children’s life and education. As parents we are our children’s most valuable and important role models, what they learn from us will guide who they are as adults. When our children are small one way they learn how to do things is by watching what others are doing and modeling what they do, and how they behave, this is what developmental psychologist Albert Bandura call social cognitive theory. Children are so impressionable they will model a parent’s behavior good or bad. The parenting style you use when raising your kids could have a large impact on the way they turn out as adults. According to developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind there are four different parenting styles...
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...Bridget Johnston Writing 101S Writing Assignment 1: Comparison and Contrast Essay March 22, 2015 Parenting: Amy Chua vs. Hanna Rosin Is there a right way to raise your child? There are really no set rules on how to raise your child, as we can see throughout the articles written by Amy Chua, a self-described “Chinese Tiger Mom” and Hanna Rosin, a “Western Mother,” in The Wall Street Journal in January 2011. These articles show that the two authors have completely different parenting styles. On one hand, Amy Chua believes kids should not go to sleepovers, be in school plays, and get anything less than A's in school except for gym. Meanwhile, Hannah Rosin believes that children need some freedom to express themselves. There are many differences between the two styles but each has had its own success in raising children. On January 8, 2011, Amy Chua wrote an article entitled, “Why Chinese Mothers are Superior” to explain how Chinese parents raise successful kids and produced so many math wizzes and music prodigies. In response to that article, Hanna Rosin wrote an article dated January 15, 2011, entitled “Mother Inferior?” with the subtitle “Amy Chua has the diagnosis of American childhood exactly backward. Our kids don’t need more drills and rules. They need to lighten up and roam free.” “Western parents are extremely anxious about their children’s self-esteem.” (Amy Chua) Chua in the following statements definitely makes it clear that grades are first priority then feelings...
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...In my report, I looked at differences and similarities between my mom, daughter, and my generations. I look at the differences in parenting practices for education, punishment, breastfeeding, and religion. In my paper, I also explain how cohort effects might have influenced the parenting practices of each generation. Then I will look at contextual factors and how they may have influenced the parenting practices of each generation. Finally, I will explain why it is important to understand contextual factors, including cohort effects, when researching the differences in parenting practices. In all three of my generations you had to go to school, if you didn’t truant officers would come to your home to check on you and parents would get into trouble if you were not sick. The difference is in my mom’s generation she used typewriters not computers, she wore uniforms, and went to a Catholic school. Her parents viewed school as being very important. In my generation school was viewed as very important. We used typewriters, computers were introduced later on. I went to a public school. In my daughter’s school, it is public school, they hand out Chromebook for them to do their homework on. For her, I view education as being very important. For punishment, my grandparent’s didn’t believe in hitting instead they made my mom sit in the corner, do an extra chore, or write sentences. In mine, even though it was legal it was barely used. I only got spanked once, but I had to write sentences...
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...There are 4 different parenting styles: authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and uninvolved. Each parenting style is based off of the level of demandingness and responsiveness. Authoritarian parents are high on demandingness; requiring complete and unquestioned obedience without any debate or explanation. These parents also tend to have low responsiveness, showing little to no affection towards their children. Authoritative parents are high on demandingness, and have set limits that they enforce, but they do tend to communicate and reason with their children regarding these limits; showing that they are also high on responsiveness. Permissive parents tend to have low demandingness; having very little expectations of their children and do not consider themselves responsible for how their children turn out. These permissive parents are high on responsiveness; which is exhibited by how much they communicate and listen to their children, and show affection and attachment as well. Uninvolved adults show relatively no interest in the lives of their children; having very low demandingness. These uninvolved parents also show low responsiveness, and tend to do no more than provide food, shelter, and clothing for their children; sometimes resulting in complete neglect. Thirteen year old, Michael, asks his parents if it would be alright for him to rent a video game that his friends talked about. This video game is rated “M”, meaning it is meant for mature audiences. The response, and...
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