...Impacts on the Livelihoods of Small Farm Holders and the Environment in Southeast Asia Due to the loss of Swidden Agriculture Swidden agriculture is a long standing and common practice in many tropical areas in the World. In Southeast Asia in particular, the method for growing maize, rice and other fruits and vegetables is mainly still Swidden agriculture. The small scale farm holders in Southeast Asia, have used this technique for centuries and to them, it is the only way they know to grow food and keep from going hungry.The term swidden is a hard word to define, being so broad and because many scientists and people have had trouble agreeing on definitions for the term. This and the relatively small amount of research and data on farms that use swidden creates holes in existing literature. An increasing problem that small farm holders who use the practice of swidden are facing is the intervention of governments which has sparked added impacts. Understanding the implications of the demise of swidden and the practice itself by both governments and people, can help small farm holders and communities gain more from the loss. This paper will outline the effects of the loss of swidden agriculture on the environment and livelihoods of people in Southeast Asia and how there can be alternatives. The way that I conducted my research was both the use of the University of Oregon library web access and the Internet for certain clips and videos. Through the library I used peer reviewed...
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...INTRODUCTION According to Opena (1985), Manobo is a generic term which refers to people who are still in the subsistence level economy and are generally in the mountains and who practice the slash and burn agriculture. Further she qualified that the term Manobo is very derogatory for it connotes to be backward, uncivilized, ignorant, boisterous, unwashed, unkept, rough and lawless. Hence, she opined that the use of the term must be used with discreetness, tact and prudence. The term can also mean a slave (magdul) or a person destined to do all the menial jobs in the house and farm. According to Elkins (1977) the Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao. They mostly inhabit the hinterlands of Bukidnon specifically on the boundaries of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao and Misamis Oriental (NCIP,2003). The Western Manobos are in the Southwestern part of Bukidnon in Mulita, Kalilangan and Pangantucan. These people speak a quaint language with Marawi influence which cannot be understood by other ethnic groups in Bukidnon. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of the two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. Marriage is an alliance system in which reciprocity and mutual...
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...INTRODUCTION According to Opena (1985), Manobo is a generic term which refers to people who are still in the subsistence level economy and are generally in the mountains and who practice the slash and burn agriculture. Further she qualified that the term Manobo is very derogatory for it connotes to be backward, uncivilized, ignorant, boisterous, unwashed, unkept, rough and lawless. Hence, she opined that the use of the term must be used with discreetness, tact and prudence. The term can also mean a slave (magdul) or a person destined to do all the menial jobs in the house and farm. According to Elkins (1977) the Manobo belongs to the original stock of proto-Philippines or proto-Austronesian people who came from South China thousands of years ago. He later coined the term Manobo to designate the stock of aboriginal non-negeritoid people of Mindanao. They mostly inhabit the hinterlands of Bukidnon specifically on the boundaries of Agusan, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao and Misamis Oriental (NCIP,2003). The Western Manobos are in the Southwestern part of Bukidnon in Mulita, Kalilangan and Pangantucan. These people speak a quaint language with Marawi influence which cannot be understood by other ethnic groups in Bukidnon. Marriage is traditionally by parental arrangement, which begins when each of the two families chooses a spokesperson, preferably a datu or bai, who is known for eloquence and knowledge of custom law. Marriage is an alliance system in which reciprocity and mutual...
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...Introduction: The 21st century was said to be a great era for the world of technology. Vast arrays of modern gadgets, advanced equipments and devastating breakthroughs in the modern world were broadcasted. These shifting of the world affects, not so entirely but with a big deal on human living. A person living in this world can cope up with the modern living if and only if he is knowledgeable of the modern things. The very best of it and still searching for advancement were computers. Nowadays computers are widespread in every section of men in the planet. From the basic cell phones, tablets, laptops and supercomputers, these engineered intelligently machines plays a great role into this days everyday struggles. Computers can be a benefit to one person but destruction for others. Still, almost all people uses and depends on it. Computers come in a variety of classification, from small to large, cheap to costly, and personal to multiuser. They engulfed with applications that are suitable and significant to these days. An institution or educational institution that still cannot cope up with these computer breakthroughs is said to be left behind. Nowadays, in a highly technological society, human productivity is made more efficient through the development of electronic gadgets. Now, with the advent of such modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast phase. Computers are not confined...
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...Paris meeting are an important start. Bill Gates announced the formation of the Breakthrough Energy Coalition, composed of philanthropists who will invest in public-private partnerships to invent and scale technologies. More than 20 countries led by the U.S. unveiled "Mission Innovation" and pledged to seek to double their government research-and-development budgets over the next five years to accelerate clean-energy innovation. Ten of the world’s largest oil and gas companies launched the "Oil and Gas Climate Initiative" to organize meaningful action through the sharing of best-practice information and other industry collaboration as well as to make investments in R&D and startups. These statements indicate that both the public and private sectors recognize that we live in a carbon-constrained world and that there will be a charge on carbon emissions, imposed through regulations or market prices or a combination of both. Thus, there is an imperative for industry to explore the commercialization of new innovative low-carbon technologies. Given the scale of the energy and climate challenges, the three initiatives are necessary but not sufficient. Why? Successful innovation must address technologies from creation to deployment. Take, for example, advances in battery technology. A battery that costs less than $100 per kilowatt-hour with a lifetime of more than 1,000 cycles would be a game changer for offering affordable and reliable renewable electricity across the world. Today’s...
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...of the Internet” gives important update of the changes within the networking community. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). Current trends that affect the data communication are market trends in which these they show opportunities on how to grow business successfully and take advantages of the many positive changes and guard against the negative ones. While the market trend does effectively also inform it also save organizations from reacting to late when it comes to surprises that may occur while keeping ahead of the many competitors when developing business growth strategies. The developing market trends goes from changing customer needs with the increasing and decreasing with the products and service usage with changing demographics, pricing, technology, economy and communication increased by use of social media by certain customers. This trend have an effect on future careers by gradually improving jobs and gives you stability with the job search...
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...New IT Technologies Technological advances have benefited human beings in many different in aspects of human life including personal, social, and organizational life. It is important to remember that organization is essentially groups of people working together towards achieving some common tasks. Thus, it is not possible to separate what is good of organizations from what is good for people and societies in general. In fact, development of need for organizations has arisen out of the technological developments. Organizations are needed primarily because of the practice of the concept of division of labor which is a very important principle used in all technological developments. Technology has also helped organizations to improve their internal management, further improving their effectiveness and profitability. Technology is perhaps the greatest agent of change in the modern world. Although never without risk, technological breakthroughs promise solutions to the most pressing global challenges of our time. Let us look at a few new emerging technologies. Cloud Computing Relatively new IT technologies include those that pertain to cloud computing. While the technology of cloud computing in and of itself is not necessarily a recent development, cloud users have been frequent since the greater part of the last decade; recent developments include the access to and usage of private clouds. One of the chief concerns with cloud computing was always that which pertained to...
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...Problem: Competition was shifting as traditionally Nypro ahead of others by offering high precision moulds which not only satisfied but delighted the customers. But in recent times completion has caught up and have started similar producing moulds which needed high precision. Decision: Gordon Lankton has decided to incorporate an innovative product called NovaPlast. But due to the structure of the organization with 21 plants globally he has to take a call as how to introduce the product. Alternatives: Lankton has three alternatives in front of him on the issue of leveraging the capability of NovaPlast: 1. Build a new plant employing only NovaPlast machines: The advantage of having all the NovaPlast machines in a single plant is engineering efficacy. The Centralized development would facilitate personal oversight of project. Also the senior management is all in favour. However this option does not align with Nypro’s close-to-customer strategy. It will result into longer delivery time which is the most critical factor determining customer demand and satisfaction in the current competitive market scenario. 2. Install 2-3 machines in each plant: Having NovaPlast machine in each plant will help Nypro in quoting shorter delivery time and capture more market share. It aligns with the company’s close-tocustomer manufacturing policy. There could be however opposition from plant employees to adoption of an unproven technology and standardized employment of NovaPlast in...
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...India’s R&D policy and its influence on technology development and society Mohsin U. Khan National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi-110012 Technology import policy of India Period of liberalization until mid sixties. Period of tight regulations from then until the end of seventies. Period of relaxation of regulations from then until the end of eighties. Regulations were then relaxed and the policy became once again liberal. Why India gone for liberalization in 1991 India’s economy grew at the rate of about 5% during 1980s. Domestic inflation gone up to 17% in 1991. Foreign exchange reserves reduced to $ 1.2 billion barely sufficient to pay for two weeks imports. Central government fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP touched the all time high of 8.4%. Current account deficit widened to $ 8 billion (2.6% of GDP) Policy changes since 1991 Drastically reduced number of industries reserved for public sector. Abolished industrial licensing except for a short list of industries related to security and strategic concerns, hazardous chemicals. The restrictions imposed by MRTP Act on large firms expansion, merger, amalgamation and take over etc..have been abolished. Cont.// The protection provided to the small firms being reduced. Now TNCs are free to decide whether they will use imported or local raw material. Now TNCs are free to use their brand names. Now TNCs can increase the permissible extent for foreign equity from 40 to 51...
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...are doing in the market, he stated, “One of the reasons for Fitbit’s ongoing success is its investment in new models” (Marshall). The more designs they create the more customers because everyone finds a the right fit. When they advertise their products they must consider what will help the message stick in their customers minds. “But the content of the message matters too. And the specific quality that a message needs to be successful is the quality of ‘stickiness” (92). The advertisement needs an agglutinative message so it catches the attention of everyone. Without incorporating The Stickiness method people would never remember why they want to purchase the product. Another way the improvements have brought success to the product is shifting their focus to something rather than just fitness. As they shift fitness to fashion they create a “stickiness” to those who want something that will go great with their outfits, but also track their steps. According to Gladwell the power of context also affects how successful a product will be. This concept corresponds with the stickiness of the product as well. “There is a concept in cognitive psychology called the channel capacity, which refers to the amount of space in our brain for certain kinds of information” (175). If the stickiness is well done, the next thing to take part is the power of context, which allows the advertisement to be kept in the brain. As long as people can recognize the product from a specific detail it will attract...
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...Amazon case study analysis ---- Jiachuang Sun 1. Review of Amazon’s strategy between 2007 and 2009 Strategic analysis Profiling the business: ➢ Mission: Amazon’s mission is to be Earth’s most customer-centric company, where customers can find and discover anything they might want to buy online, and endeavors to offer its customers the lowest possible price[1]. ➢ Product/service analysis: Since the establishment of Amazon, new products has been kept adding into the original book category and Amazon has moved further to provide service. There are three product categories in Amazon, media category, electronic and general merchandise category and other category like Amazon web service and Amazon Enterprise Solution. This means you can buy almost everything from Amazon. ➢ Sales and gross profit analysis: The net sales growth of Amazon in year 2007 and 2008 was in average 30% and the total sales in 2008 was $19166m. In the same time, the gross profit grew from $3353m in 2007 to $4270 in 2008. Actually, both the sales and profits grew quickly since 2001 and they seemed to grow at a quicker way. External environment analysis ➢ Opportunities and threats: • Opportunities: to further improve the speed of delivery; international expansion in emerging markets such as China and India; extension of brands into new areas; through acquisitions and partnership to consolidate Amazon’s technological capability...
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...analysis processes. The goal of this research is to gain information about the packaging industry and it’s external factors such as main competitors and external stakeholders. First as an introduction, Temple-Inland’s industry is defined and explained in regards to it’s remote environment, the paper packaging industry. The industry will be explained in relation to time frame and geographic scope of Temple-Inland’s operations. Next, external issues are identified that affect the paper packing industry and Temple-Inland itself. In order to identify these external issues, a STEEP analysis has been used to illustrate the most relevant remote factors. 12 factors will be examined and each fall under the category of socio-cultural factors, technology, economy, ecology and political regulatory forces. Each one of these factors is assessed and then appropriately placed into an Issues Priority Matrix based on its impact on the company and significance of the factor in the industry. Subsequently, Porter’s five forces will be used as another analytical tool that identifies the structural characteristics that determine Temple-Inland’s competitiveness and profitability in the packaging industry. The forces that will be analyzed include competitors and rivalry, suppliers and relative power, buyers and relative power, possible new entrants and barriers to enter/exit, substitute products or threat of substitutes, and other significant stakeholders. Porter’s five forces analysis will also...
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...Philosophy and Design Pieter E. Vermaas • Peter Kroes Andrew Light • Steven A. Moore Philosophy and Design From Engineering to Architecture Pieter E. Vermaas Delft University of Technology Delft the Netherlands Andrew Light University of Washington Seattle USA Peter Kroes Delft University of Technology Delft the Netherlands Steven A. Moore University of Texas Austin USA ISBN 978-1-4020-6590-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-6591-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007937486 © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Design in Engineering and Architecture: Towards an Integrated Philosophical Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peter Kroes, Andrew Light, Steven A. Moore, and Pieter E. Vermaas Part I Engineering Design ix 1 Design, Use, and the Physical and Intentional Aspects of Technical Artifacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...Running Head: ORGANIZATIONAL TECHNOLOGY Organizational Technology Plan Overview Business today is faced with an array of workplace changes varying from downsizing to implementation of new equipment or methodologies. In the current recession Jake’s Plumbing has looked for ways to have a successful business, while still providing the customer excellent service. Jake’s Plumbing is an organization that can change and adapt to new technological advances that leads to the organization’s survival and success. This organization is going to adjust business practices and the organizational model to achieve long-term prosperity. Changes required to make Jake’s Plumbing superior to competitors may include hiring skilled workers, finding support with external and internal partners, and continuing to advance in the areas of technology, which helps them remain competitive. As this cycle of change continues and adjustments made to the organizational structure, Jake’s Plumbing will incorporate these changes into the organization so that their employees and customers benefit. Lane, (2008) stated “Organizations go through change all the time, some minor but very often major; sometimes in the name of economy and almost always in the interests of improvement – this can be in terms of service or returns (or, with any luck, both).” (Lane 2008, The Challenge of Supporting Staff, ¶2.) This organizational technology assignment will be to concentrate...
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...INNOVATION POLICY OF BRAZIL 1. Some Numbers: • Total area - 8.5 million km² • Population - 191 million • GDP (2010) - 3,7 US$ trillion • Investment in R&D - 1.25 % GDP in 2010 • Scientists and researchers - 231,000 in 2010 (headcount) • Scientific papers - 2.7 % of world scientific production • world's sixth largest by nominal GDP • eighth largest by purchasing power parity. • moderately free markets and an inward-oriented economy. • the largest in Latin American nations ere. • one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5 percent • together with Mexico, has been at the forefront of the Latin American multinationals phenomenon by which, thanks to superior technology and organization, local companies have successfully turned global. 2. Overview Brazil has many times in its history praised to be the land of the future. First, Brazil with population of 190 million, the past eight years “Bolsa Familia” social program have lifted over 40 million Brazilians out of poverty and into middle class. This creates interesting platform for creating context related innovations and scaling bottom-of-the-pyramid innovations (disruptive and reverse) globally. Second, Brazil was almost non-effected by financial crisis 2008, a signal for strong and stable macro-economic policies. This means that Brazil, first time in its history, is becoming an interesting country for long term investment and strategic cooperation...
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