...Model of Memory. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the Multi-store model of memory in 1968. The model had two distinct stores known as a Short-term store and a Long term store. The model also unravelled a stimulus from the environment known as the sensory register. The memory model elaborates three stages that take place from information passing to the sensory register then to the short-term memory and eventually stored in the long-term memory. The main features of the sensory register is its modality specific, therefore information is held in the same sense it is registered e.g a visual image is held as a picture in the person’s memory and taste is held as a taste. The capacity of the sensory register is quite large however it has a very brief duration of approximately half a second. A series of experiments have been conducted by Sperling in 1960 which discovered that the sensory register can hold at least nine items of modality specific information for a brief period of time. From the sensory register information can be lost or can be passed onto the short-term memory. The research was developed by Miller in 1956 called ‘The Magic Number Seven’ in which he discovered that the short-term memory can hold 5-9 items of information, with a capacity that can be extended by ‘chunking information’, e.g broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and peas can be chunked as one item known as vegetables. In 1959 Peterson and Peterson discovered the duration of the short-term memory as approximately...
Words: 497 - Pages: 2
...Conclusion 8 References 9 Abstract Studies on memory span have gained prominence over the years as specialists explore how the human brain stores information. This report shall give details of an experimental research that was designed to explore whether the length and type of stimuli affects one’s ability to recall items within a short period of time. The items used to carry out the research shall be highlighted and the research findings analyzed. A discussion on whether there length and type of stimuli relate to our recall accuracy shall also be provided in order to establish whether findings on previous research were conclusive. Introduction The study of the human brain functions has been in existence for many years. As a result, psychologists and behavioral scientists have over the years developed various theories such as Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, which aim at explaining how the brain works in regard to how it receives, processes and stores information during various stages of development (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2009, p.111). These theories have been directed by research conducted on various branches of psychology. Of particular interest is cognitive psychology, which can be defined as a branch of psychology that studies mental processes that facilitate learning, remembering, thinking and perception among other processes (Brown, 2006, p. 6). Previous studies on the different types of memories indicate that various parts of the brains have...
Words: 1896 - Pages: 8
...The effect of Chinese characters’ syllable on the capacity of STM Name: Ena ID: 1231600032 United International College Abstract Short-term memory is the capacity for holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time. (Wikipedia, 2014). Chinese characters and alphabetic words are different. So the capacity of STM may be influenced by some different factors. This experiment was focused on the relationship of syllable (monosyllable and disyllable) and the capacity of STM. 30 students participated in this experiment and received two tests. Each participant required learned and recognized the Chinese characters. According to the results, Chinese characters’ syllable could influence the capacity of STM, participants behaved differently in monosyllable and disyllable Chinese characters test. Key word: capacity, short-term memory, Chinese characters, syllable The effect of Chinese characters’ syllable on the capacity of STM Short term memory has a certain capacity, and different characters may have different memory capacity. Chinese characters are different from alphabetic words, so Chinese characters may have different memory capacity from other language. Bolin, Qicheng, and He (1983) stated that the word is the most common chunk unit in the English language, but the basic unit of Chinese writing is the character, or hanzi. For Chinese characters, monosyllable character means only word and disyllable characters...
Words: 1254 - Pages: 6
...International Journal for Research in Education (IJRE) Vol.1, Issue: December: 2012 ISSN: Research Paper-Education EFFECT OF YOGA EXERCISES ON ACHIEVEMENT, MEMORY AND REASONING ABILITY Nilesh Gajjar Assistant Prof. SVS Edu. College, P. G. Dept., Nagalpur, Mehsana. ABSTRECT Now, we are living in the world of 21st century which is known as the world of ‘Mental Stress’ in these circumstances, knowledge amplifies day by day. There is a Knowledge explosion in the world, hence each and every person tries to get this Knowledge by new & most recent Medias & they also use it. In this direction there is a qualitative growing up in the person for in receipt of Knowledge & its use by appreciative. In the same way, we notice the qualitative addition in the Educational organization, teachers, & the students, which are going to get Knowledge. In these circumstances, teachers & students feel a perplexity. So there is a question against us that, this growth in the education organization, teachers & in the students will have no proper direction for the Academic achievement of students. If we get an affirmative answer of this question, we must do the fundamental change in the teaching learning process of Education. In the present day, each person including the students and the teachers face anxiety, frustration, etc. Due to these factors, the students cannot keep much interest in their study, academic activity & their performance in the entire exam. Consequently, in this way it is very...
Words: 6593 - Pages: 27
...that are involved in memory management, proving that the three stores present in multistore models are valid. It will do that by collecting evidence on both short- and long-term memory, by calculating the recency and primacy effects with regards to words recollection. Meeting this objective involved engaging 65 participants of both genders and were between 17 and 34 years of age. The participants were subjected to recall tests the included both high- and low-frequency words. The results showed that 75% of the respondents were female with the average participants’ age being 19.49 years and 81.5% of them being native English speakers. The results further showed that there were higher recall rates for both the first and last items, as opposed to the middle items that reported lower recall rates. Additionally, the high-frequency words reported higher recall rates for the first-word items than the low-frequency words. The research concludes that memory management makes use of both short- and long-term memory. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Methodology 6 Participants 6 Apparatus 7 Design 7 Procedure 7 Results 8 Discussion 10 Conclusion 12 References 14 Appendix I 15 Primacy and Recency Effects Introduction From as early as mid 1960’s, there have been increasing evidence to support the suggestions that memory processes required different cognitive components (Parkin, 2014). The suggestions have been modelled on the notion that memory consists of discrete storage...
Words: 3153 - Pages: 13
...30, 2013 Memory The human mind is a fascinating instrument that is very complex and even though we know quite a lot about it we still do not know everything. The human memory has three phases of memory interpretation; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory. Knowing how each of these memories store information is comparison to a computer. The average adult knows anywhere between 50,000 to 100, 00 words. The brain is incredible in protecting itself when injuries occur at times. The Father of Psychology begins with Sigmund Freud and his analysis of Psychoanalysis and the theories he introduced. Freud had many theories that caused controversy throughout his career but in today’s society they are accepted and his findings were true then as they are now without the controversy. In the unconscious mind we absorb many things from learning to traumatic events and information is stored, processed and in some ways affect our lives if we don’t resolve the issues at hand then we carry them with us and they still may affect us as we grow older In 1968 two other Psychologist Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin develop a model of the human mind with the understanding how memory storage is taken in and processed and recalled for later usage. The model is referred to Atkinson-Shiffrin model and is explained as three phases of sensory, short-term and long-term memories and how some of that information is taken in and processed to be recognized as long-term memory In Sensory...
Words: 338 - Pages: 2
...of data and experience in analysts' long-term memory. The contents of memory form a continuous input into the analytical process, and anything that influences what information is remembered or retrieved from memory also influences the outcome of analysis. This chapter discusses the capabilities and limitations of several components of the memory system. Sensory information storage and short-term memory are beset by severe limitations of capacity, while long-term memory, for all practical purposes, has a virtually infinite capacity. With long-term memory, the problems concern getting information into it and retrieving information once it is there, not physical limits on the amount of information that may be stored. Understanding how memory works provides insight into several analytical strengths and weaknesses. ******************* Components of the Memory System What is commonly called memory is not a single, simple function. It is an extraordinarily complex system of diverse components and processes. There are at least three, and very likely more, distinct memory processes. The most important from the standpoint of this discussion and best documented by scientific research are sensory information storage (SIS), short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).29 Each differs with respect to function, the form of information held, the length of time information is retained, and the amount of information-handling capacity. Memory researchers also posit the existence of an...
Words: 5151 - Pages: 21
...What is memory? Memory is involved in all aspects of our lives, is it a cognitive thinking process or a way of retaining information or is it a number of connected stores or even actual information retained. According to Reber (1985), it is possibly all of these. Memory has not been defined as a single process or fact and several theories exist about its nature, character and structure. We have vast amounts of information stored in our memory systems which we are able to access quickly and effortlessly, this implies that knowledge stored must be highly organised to allow us to retrieve the appropriate information for a given situation. This organising will be determined by the way that information is encoded into memory. The way the knowledge is organised will determine the type of process required to access that information in the future. Atkinson and Shiffrin (1969) suggested that memory comprised of three separate stores. The sensory memory store, the short-term memory and the long term-memory each store has a specific and relatively inflexible function. This was called the multi-store model. There are two main memory stores short term memory (stm) and long term memory (ltm),they are studies in terms of there ability to encode, which means make sense of information, also by there capacity, how much information is stored and by duration ,how long the information can be stored. How does the short-term memory store work? Conrad (1964) suggested that short-term...
Words: 2046 - Pages: 9
...PSYCHOLOGY AQA A – UNIT 1 Attachment is an emotional bond between two people, it is a 2 way process that endures over time, serving the function of protecting the infant and leading to certain behaviours (seeking proximity, distress on separation, pleasure on reunion and general orientation of behaviour) There is a Primary attachment figure (PAF) EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: LEARNING THEORY Learnt rather than inborn Classical: Association Proposes that food (UCS) naturally produces a feeling of pleasure (UCR). The feeder (NS) becomes associated with the food (UCS) when the infant is fed. The mother eventually produces the sense of pleasure associated with the food. Pleasure is now a Conditioned Response which causes attachment Operant: Reinforcement (DOLLARD AND MILLER 1950) When an infant if hungry, they feel uncomfortable and I drive is produced to reduce this discomfort. When the infant in fed, the drive is reduced and this produces a feeling of pleasure. The infant learns that the food is rewarding (Primary Reinforcer) and begins to recognise the person that provided the food (Secondary reinforcer). Attachment occurs because the infants seeks to be around the person that supplied the award. Evaluating learning theory Research by Harlow (1959) suggests attachment may not totally based upon the provision of food. Harlow removed baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers, and placed them into a cage. In the cage there were 2 wire mesh cylinders. One covered in towelling...
Words: 6335 - Pages: 26
...Memory is a function of the brain. It allows us to store information that learned or things like idea, picture and feeling that we keep in our brain. Short-term memory is a memory that does not last for a long time. Short-term memory is also known as primary or active memory. It can hold a small amount of information for a short period of time. Short-term memory is believed to last for only seconds. We can keep 5 to 9 things in our short term memory at a time. On the other hand, we can keep an unlimited amount of thing in our long-term memory. The short term memories are located in a different place than long term memory. Sometimes we experience memory loss for many reasons. The website page “MedlinePlus” discusses several reasons for memory loss. They are normal...
Words: 1768 - Pages: 8
...and the analysis of the sequence of events that occur in a person’s mind while receiving some new piece of information. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The components of the information processing theory are sensory memory, long term memory, and short term memory. The sensory memory is that part of the mental processing unit that receives all information and then stores it temporarily or permanently. Sensory memory processes incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually on the order of 1/2 to 3 seconds. (Schraw, 2003-2009).The amount of information held at any given moment in sensory memory is limited to five to seven discrete elements such as letters of the alphabet or pictures of human faces. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The sensory preceptors of a human being function in the same way as the hardware of a computer does, and the mindset and the rules and strategies adopted by the person while learning is equivalent to the software used by computers. The main purpose of sensory memory is to screen incoming stimuli and process only those stimuli that are most relevant at the present time. The information processing system of a person can be enhanced if these preceptors and rules are altered. (Schraw, 2003-2009). Short term memory is that part of the sensory register where the information is stored temporarily. Once the decision has been made regarding the information, the information will either be discarded or transferred to the long term memory. Short term memory has a fairly...
Words: 1588 - Pages: 7
...June 10 – unit 1 Memory 1. Secondary memory Long-term memory B Recognition Rehearsal loop C Central executive Sensory memory A Short-term memory 2. One strategy for memory improvement is an acronym, which is a mnemonic (verbal). An acronym is a word that is produced from the initial letters of the sentence/phrase needed to be remembered. For example, the word “Lol” is said to remember the phrase “laughing out loud”. Mnemonics can also be visual, for example, loci which derived from the Greek meaning of ‘place’. This strategy is simply associating parts of the material needed to be remembered with places, for example, different rooms in your house. So trying to remember the components of the working memory model you could mentally imagine a ‘central executive’ sitting in your bathroom. 3a. There will be a difference between the amount of numbers adults (aged between 30 – 40) can immediately recall compared to children (aged between 5 – 15) 3b. The experimenter used independent group design because the independent variable being tested was age and therefore required two age groups. 3c Age group Mode Children 6 Adults 7 3d. The frequency distribution shows that on average adults recalled more correct digits than children. 3e. These results do support other research because brain capacity is said to increase with age and we develop strategies such as chunking (Miller) also increasing with age. 4. An experiment by Peterson and Peterson was conducted...
Words: 1124 - Pages: 5
...Short-term Memory Name: Institution: Short Term Memory Part 1: Early studies suggested that a cognitive task is correlated with working memory because (and only when) the processing portion of both tasks is similar. Review the evidence for and against this assumption The working memory describes a comprehensive system that is tasked with holding and processing incoming and already warehoused information (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). The importance of the working memory in cognition, conception, edification, and memory update cannot be ignored (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). Additionally, the working memory is responsible for the manipulation of both visual and verbal information and acts as a coordinate for the subsystems. This explains the correlation between the cognitive part and the working memory (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). Essentially, the cognitive parts are involved in ensuring the control of the working memory permitting the integration and retrieval of necessary data and information. The working memory is related to cognitive growth, however, this tend to decrease as a person grows older (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). The relationship between the working memory and processing is that both aims at executing and storing information. As an illustration, when an individual is reading a particular passage, the storage of various components of comprehension (pragmatic, semantic and syntactic) takes place (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). Such information can...
Words: 2442 - Pages: 10
...Precision and Binding in Visual Working Memory Muy-Cheng Peich UCL Institute of Neurology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and University of Paris Masud Husain UCL Institute of Neurology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and University of Oxford Paul M. Bays UCL Institute of Neurology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Working memory declines with normal aging, but the nature of this impairment is debated. Studies based on detecting changes to arrays of visual objects have identified two possible components to age-related decline: a reduction in the number of items that can be stored, or a deficit in maintaining the associations (bindings) between individual object features. However, some investigations have reported intact binding with aging, and specific deficits arising only in Alzheimer’s disease. Here, using a recently developed continuous measure of recall fidelity, we tested the precision with which adults of different ages could reproduce from memory the orientation and color of a probed array item. The results reveal a further component of cognitive decline: an age-related decrease in the resolution with which visual information can be maintained in working memory. This increase in recall variability with age was strongest under conditions of greater memory load. Moreover, analysis of the distribution of errors revealed that older participants were more likely to incorrectly report one of the unprobed items in memory, consistent with an age-related...
Words: 11908 - Pages: 48
...work you do not want to be marked. Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 7 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 7, you will be assessed on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (JAn13psyA101) G/T87042 6/6/6/ PSYA1 Section A Cognitive Psychology and Research Methods Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Total for this question: 4 marks 1 Research has suggested that the encoding and capacity of short-term memory are different from the encoding and capacity of long-term memory. 1 (a) Explain what is meant by encoding. The way in which information is stored as a memory...
Words: 1451 - Pages: 6
