...Consider the extent to which short-term factors are now far more important than long-term factors in shaping voting behaviour. Many factors are said to impact the way in which people vote, some factors been long term whilst some are seen to be short term, however it is evident they all cross over to determine the way in which people vote. However, Peter Pulser once said that ‘ class is the basis of all party politics all else is embellishment and detail’ however this long-term factor has an impact along side other factors that shape voting behaviour these are Ethnicity, the Media, Age and recent events. Firstly, class is an important determinant of voting behaviour and this is a long-term factor. In the 1950s/60s, due to strong class alignment particular groups identified strongly with a class. This meant that people were more likely to turnout and vote for a particular party because of their allegiances. A/B/C1 were linked to the Conservatives because of their strong stance on tax and law and order, whilst C2/D/E were Labour since they were likely to be unionised and or accessing the Welfare State. However, since the introduction of Thatcher’s ‘right to buy’ people began to feel more middle class; also referred to as embourgeoisement. However, since Thatcher C2 voters were labelled as ‘the working class Tories’ with Thatcher receiving more votes from the C2 voters, however in the 2010 general election the conservatives gained votes from all ‘classes’. The idea that class...
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...Economics Journal Determinants of short-term debt financing Richard H. Fosberg William Paterson University ABSTRACT In this study, it is shown that both theories put forward to explain the amount of shortterm debt financing that a firm employs have validity. The matching principle correctly predicts that the amount of short-term debt financing that a firm uses is directly related to the quantity of the firm’s current assets. Additionally, other factors that have been shown to affect the levels of long-term debt financing that a firm employs are also shown to affect the amount of short-term debt financing that a firm uses. Specifically, the amount of firm short-term debt financing is shown to be inversely related to the amount of the firm’s non-debt tax shields, growth opportunities, product uniqueness and firm size. Additionally, short-term debt financing was found to be directly related to the quantity of tangible assets the firm owns. Keywords: Debt, Capital Structure, Matching Principle, Collateral, Financing Determinants of short-term, Page 1 111008 – Research in Business and Economics Journal INTRODUCTION The matching principle of finance is the standard theory used to explain the amount of short-term debt financing and other current liabilities that a firm has on its balance sheet. Briefly, the theory states that firms should finance their short-term assets with short-term liabilities (Guin (2011)). This implies that the amount of short-term debt financing that a firm uses...
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... The plan must also be successfully implemented for it to be successful. Implementation includes developing short-term objectives, identifying functional tactics, and determining key success factors. These items are critical for the successful implementation of UPMC’s new strategic plan. Short-Term Objectives WebFinance Inc. (2014) defines a short-term objective as “a smaller, intermediate milestone to achieve when moving towards an important goal” (para. 1). Short-term objectives are often long-term goals broken down into smaller pieces. By completing the short-term objectives, we are also completing parts of a long-term objective. The first long-term objective is to come to an agreement and a new contract with Highmark. Let’s see how we can develop some short-term goals from the long-term objective. By March 31, 2015, UPMC needs to start opening the lines of communication with Highmark. This will be done by stopping all anti-Highmark advertisements and propaganda and working to get the company to be agreeable to a new contract. Being the first to declare a cease-fire with Highmark will also go a long way with the people of Pittsburgh to build goodwill and a better reputation for UPMC. The next long-term objective is to dedicate more time and assets into the research and development of better treatment for age-related diseases. The first short-term objective to be developed is to find information about the elderly population of Pittsburgh. UPMC needs this...
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...product in the short-term. The supply of the pies is based on the demand—the idea that if the price of doing something goes up, then people will want to consume less of it, and vice versa. The ‘something’ has to be good and not bad. Weeds will constantly go up in supply and continue to grow, but nobody wants them, and therefore the supply means nothing. The quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. In the case of Mrs. Acres Homemade Pies, the supply of pies will increase because the number of consumers has increased, therefore increasing demand. The price of the product will stay the same, because the expansion to provide more staff and use of the facility will bring in more revenue. Discuss what you think will happen to the supply, demand, and price of the product in the long-term. In the long-term, based on the success rate of Mrs. Acres Homemade Pies, I think the supply will continue to rise if the demand continues to rise as well. Given the information, the pies continued to sell and the profit went up for Mrs. Acres—even though the cost of expansion to produce more pies increased. Should the number of consumers continue to increase, the demand for the pies will go up. The makers of the pies will need to continue to increase in numbers, therefore increasing the supply as well. To increase the growth of making the pies, the cost will go up. Therefore, the price of the pies for the consumer will rise. If the potential for profit increases in the long-term, Mrs. Acre...
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...right decisions to keep the firm prosper over long-term. As the text describes, all PICs are inexperienced in their role of general managers, lack managerial skills, focus on short-term profits and have not made the psychological transition from a local firm to a local office of a national firm. In short, they are used to thinking as accountants and not as managers. The company should expect PICs to rationally adjust to the rewarding system rather that expect them to change their management style by saying they should do it. Therefore, implementing the new system could help reduce these problems and force PICs to change their management style and focus on long-term planning. Before implementing the new system, the company has to make sure that this system doesn’t espouse long term growth and profitability while rewarding short term results. It has to espouse and reward long term results; otherwise they would be committing the fallacy of hoping for A while rewarding B. Also, the company has to overview the overall system and performance factors and results periodically and make sure that the focus doesn’t continue being on short term results but long term results. Finally, there has to be good communication within the company to avoid people working at cross purposes. This would happen when those who accept the rhetoric follow conflicting paths to those who didn’t mean it. 2. Can you expect PICs to worry a lot about factors not in the formal reward...
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...MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL 1. Meaning and Types of Finance: Finance - Finance is the Art & Science of Managing Money - Finance is the Art of passing currency from hand to hand until it finally disappears Types & Sources of Finance ____________________________________________________________ ________ Long Term Sources of Finance - Finance required to meet Capital Expenditure - Also, known as Fixed Capital Finance Short Term Sources of Finance - Finance required to meet day-to-day Business requirements - Also, known as Working Capital Finance 2. Working Capital Management: Working Capital (WC) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________ Basics regarding WC Meaning of WC Working Capital Concept Factors Affecting WC Meaning of WC Management Importance of WC Management Classification/Type of WC A On the Basis of Concept (i) (ii) Gross Working Capital Net Working Capital (Positive & Negative Working Capital) Methods of estimating WC Conventional Method Operating Cycle Method Cash Cost Method Balance Sheet Method B On the Basis of Periodicity (i) (ii) Fixed / Permanent Working Capital (Regular & Reserve Margin/ Cushion WC) Variable Working Capital (Seasonal & Special Working Capital) Parag Nalin Doshi 1/12/2009 www.CAalley.com Meaning of Working Capital: - Working Capital is the amount of Capital that a Business has available to meet the day-to-day cash requirements of its operations - Working...
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...Explain the term structure of interest rates. What are the effects of rise in risk and expectations on the formation of long term rates? Interest rate within an economy is subject to many factors and as a result varies in relativity of those. The major factors are time period: short term Vs. long term investments, the degree of risk to which its exposed (AAA rated, mortgages, default, zero coupon…). Term structure of Interest rate is a significant tool for investors of bonds but also for policy makers, in terms of having an overview of whether to invest in short or longer term securities. This essay will go on to explain the term structure of interest rate how it is used by investors, the different theories and hypothesis behind it but also how the creation of long term rates effects its relation to risk. The term structure of interest rates also called the yield curve shows the relationship between interest rate and time to maturity of bonds, it is a common method of bond valuation. A graph is used to represent this relationship in relation to long term interest rates and short term interest rates where the maturity of an investment (x axis ) is compared to the interest rate (y axis) showing the yield (rate return) on bonds with the different maturity length. Term structure of interest usually refers to zero coupon bonds which are bonds without coupons (weekly interest rate payments on the bond) which are sold at its face value requiring as a result a fixed interest...
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...operations decisions are important to determine if the organization has sufficient cash and resources to maintain existence. Organizations often employ professional consultants to evaluate operations deficiencies, including the preparation of cost analysis to better gauge if the company should shut down completely, maintain operations for short-term or long-term basis. This evaluation gives s brief description of Digisafe USA, a business organization manufacturing and selling digital safes. The organization was selected for the analysis, including the assessment of current environmental scan factors which may be relevant to the decision making process. Furthermore, the analysis determines the factors that will have the greatest impact on plant operations and management’s decision to continue or discontinue operations. The results will provide a rational. The evaluation reveals the financial performance of the company using the information provided in the scenario, including consideration for all the key drivers of performances, including company profit or loss for both the short term, and long term. The discussion includes how each factor influences managerial decisions, using the calculation to support the decision. The analysis further recommends how the company can improve its profitability to deliver more value to its stakeholder, giving a brief plan to implement the recommendations. Finally, the research assesses the circumstances in which the company should discontinue...
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...capacity can be a barrier to the achievement of maximum firm performance. In addition, capacity is an important factor in the organization’s choice of technology. Capacity is usually assumed to mean the maximum rate which a transformation system produces or processes inputs. Sometimes this rate may actually be “all at once”; for instance the capacity of an airplane. A more usable definition of capacity would be the volume of output elapsed time and the production capacity of a facility. Capacity planning is the process used to determine how much capacity is needed (and when) in order to manufacture greater products or begin production of a new product. A number of factors can affect capacity: the number of workers, the number of machines, waste, scrap, defects, errors, productivity, suppliers, government regulations and preventive maintenance. Capacity planning is relevant in both the long term and the short term. However, there are different issues at stake for each. Long Term Capacity Planning Over the long term, capacity planning relates primarily to strategic issues involving the firms’ major production facilities. In addition, long term capacity issues are interrelated with location decisions. Technology and transferability of the process to other products is also intertwined with long term capacity planning. Long Term capacity planning may evolve when short term changes in capacity are...
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...will happen to the supply, demand and price of the product in the short-term; * Discuss what you think will happen to the supply, demand and price of the product in the long-term. * Explain why you think supply, demand or equilibrium price will be different, if at all¸ in the short-term and long-term. I want to begin sharing my findings with the definition of supply and demand. Supply is defined as the number of products, goods and services that businesses are willing to sell at different prices at a specific time (McGraw-Hill p. 13). Demand is the number of goods and services that consumers are willing to buy at different prices at a specific time (McGraw-Hill p.13). Mrs. Acres Homemade Pies started out successful which caused an increase in demand for the product. In the short-term, the supply of the product can be increased to meet the demand. Shelly had already taken the necessary steps to meet the rising demand of her product, by expanding operations and borrowing money in order to increase her staff. In order to meet the increasing demand in the short-term, Shelly could consider another expansion and find the financial means to increase her staff so she will be able to keep up the supply of the product. I think the price of Shelly’s pies will increase in the short-term, causing the demand for her product to either decrease or remain the same. The supply of the product in the long-term will increase if Shelly is able to find the financial resources necessary...
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...MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL 1. Meaning and Types of Finance: Finance - Finance is the Art & Science of Managing Money - Finance is the Art of passing currency from hand to hand until it finally disappears Types & Sources of Finance ____________________________________________________________________ Long Term Sources of Finance Short Term Sources of Finance - Finance required to meet Capital Expenditure - Also, known as Fixed Capital Finance - Finance required to meet day-to-day Business requirements - Also, known as Working Capital Finance 2. Working Capital Management: Working Capital (WC) ________________________________________________________________________________________ Basics regarding WC - Meaning of WC Working Capital Concept Factors Affecting WC Meaning of WC Management Importance of WC Management Classification/Type of WC A On the Basis of Concept (i) (ii) Gross Working Capital Net Working Capital (Positive & Negative Working Capital) Methods of estimating WC - Conventional Method Operating Cycle Method Cash Cost Method Balance Sheet Method B On the Basis of Periodicity (i) Fixed / Permanent Working Capital (Regular & Reserve Margin/ Cushion WC) (ii) Variable Working Capital (Seasonal & Special Working Capital) Parag Nalin Doshi 1/12/2009 www.CAalley.com Meaning of Working Capital: - Working Capital is the amount of Capital that a Business has available to meet the day-to-day cash...
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...really don’t like doesn't get into parliament. Most of the time voting is devided into short term and long term decisions, which means that a certain member of the family will vote differently than usual because of a certain law that a party wants to pass. Recently, and leading up to the 2015 General election, there have been declining levels of class alignment. This means that a member of the public that usually votes conservative, might decide to vote labour, or vice versa. This shows the volatile side of voting as these statistics change depending on what the parties promise, however, it is becoming more common for people to vote the opposite to what they usually vote for because of party policies. This makes it very hard for people to predict the way other people are going to vote. Another point of volatile short term voting, is the declining levels of party id. This means there has been an increase in floating voters. The 2010 general election resulted in a coalition with the Liberal Democrats, and the Conservatives. In some respects, this was a surprising coalition and many of the parties laws they promised to change, never happened. Again this has had a knock on effect for the 2015 general election, because people cant trust the party they want to vote for in the short term! The last point of Volatile short term voting is that generally people are more influenced by short term factors. An example of this would be when Labour voters, voted for the Liberal Democrats in...
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...Homemade Pies struggles to keep up with demand. Question 1: Discuss What Will Happen to Supply, Demand and Price in the Short Term. Supply is a various amount of product that producers are willing or are able to produce for selling at different prices at a specific time. In our case supply is an amount of pies Shelly Acres’ company, Mrs. Acres Homemade Pies produces. In the first month of the business she sold 2000 pies. Following month amount of sold pies rose to 8000. Demand is a various amount of product that buyers are willing or are able to purchase at different prices at a specific time. In our case, demand for Mrs. Acres’ homemade pies is rising. Good quality product and a reasonable price of pies caused rising demand. It continues accelerating beyond what Shelly can supply. The most of the time when company produces a high quality product in reasonable price, demand for this product will increase. This is happening to Shelly Acres’ business. In short term, demand will keep rising. Also, the necessity of increasing supply will accrue. In the short term the price for pies needs to stay the same, in order to keep regular customers. Therefore, Mrs. Acres’ decision to hire more employees is a right move. This will help to manage supply increase in short term. Having a high demand on produced product is a good sign to grow the business. If it is needed Shelly Acres has to hire more employees. The...
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...MENDELIAN GENETICS DEFINITION OF TERMS * Genetics – the study of heredity and variation * Heredity – the transmission of traits from one generation to another, from parents to offspring; the protoplasmic continuity between parents and offspring * Variation – any difference existing between individuals of the same species * Chromosome – rod-shaped body in the nucleus of eukaryotes and prokaryotes that contains the hereditary units or genes seen particularly during cell division * Gene – the unit or heredity occupying a particular location on the chromosome and passed on to offspring * Locus – the location of a gene on a chromosome * Diploid – the 2N number of chromosomes; twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes * Haploid – the N number of chromosomes; half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes * F1 generation – first filial generation; the first-generation offspring of a genetic cross that has at least two generation * F2 generation – second filial generation; the second-generation offspring of a genetic cross * Homozygous – a pair of similar of like genes for any one character * Heterozygous – a pair of contrasting traits of two kinds of genes * Genotype – the particular genes of an individual that determine a specific trait * Phenotype – the outward appearance of an organism, caused by genetic and environmental influences * Allele –...
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...restaurants/bars, eating outside on restaurant patios smoking and drinking alcohol. Some of these people were obese. Smoking, drinking and obesity are contributors to heart disease that could be easily modified; ethnicity cannot be modified which is a small factor in this community. Hispanics are more susceptible to diabetes and African-Americans to hypertension. These are disease processes that may lead to heart disease. Sometimes lack of knowledge and education can also contribute to these problems. Community health nursing diagnosis (Used at least one nursing diagnosis for the community). Deficient knowledge regarding condition, treatment plan, selfcare r/t unavailability of health education as evidenced by increased heart disease in community. Risk of decreased cardiac output r/t smoking, drinking and obesity. Community health nursing plan (Identified at least one short term and one long term goal for the community. The goal/objective is related to the priority problem and is a measurable statement): Short Term Goal: By 2017, 25% of people will be educated on heart disease and risk factors. They will be provided with programs to help quit smoking, diet and exercise programs and pamphlets on alcohol. Long Term Goal: By 2020, there will be a 5% decrease in heart disease for this community. Community...
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