...Shylock: a ‘villain’ or a ‘victim’? How does Shakespeare’s presentation of Shylock in The Merchant Of Venice incline you to one view or another? William Shakespeare’s ‘Merchant Of Venice’ explores how a society so dependent upon money and power can be divided so strongly by religion and women. Shakespeare’s contemporary audience may well have seen Shylock as the ‘fierce villain’ or the ‘bloody minded monster’ (1). Today, the presentation of Shylock is more complex, with both Henry Goodman and Al Pacino showing the human and injured side to the character. Liking to find his ingredients in existing stories of his time, such as The Jew of Malta, and inventing only when he had to, Shakespeare enriched what he took with new motifs, ideas and feelings, such as his modern and somewhat controversial views of women and Jews within society. By this stage of his career, his resources of mind, verse and language gave his plays a unique, orchestral quality with theme and motif echoed everywhere. Shylock is presented as a religious man throughout the Merchant of Venice, which is undoubtedly a factor the play constantly revolves around, and a basis upon which Shakespeare can build themes and conflict on. Shakespeare not only uses religion in Shylock’s language, but also as a main theme to provide a social rift between Shylock (The Jew) and the Christian characters within the play. Jews were banished from England in Medieval times and there was still an anti-Semitic feeling in the 16th Century...
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...Discuss the extent to which Macbeth and Shylock are victims and villains The protagonists of each play, Macbeth and Shylock, both fall victim and succumb to villainous natures, however a difference is apparent between the two in representing these traits. Macbeth more so displays villainous behaviours, whereas Shylock is subjected to ordeals which victimise him. That is not to say that Macbeth does not become victimised, and that Shylock does not contain the capability to carry out acts of a villainous essence, such as going against his faith for power, and losing sense of morality and rationality. Different factors such as race and prejudice are integral to the contextual themes of The Merchant of Venice as anti-Semitic views towards Jews are upheld by the Christians in Venice, placing Shylock in a position of submission and awakening his inner villain, which is the ultimate point of differentiation between the two in terms of being either a villain or a victim. Early in Macbeth it becomes apparent that the witches have corrupted Macbeth, thus falling victim to the supernatural. This causes him to conjure questions, "Why do I yield to that suggestion?", which catalyses a rising action. The word 'suggestion' connotes the idea is being fed to him via a supernatural force, and that it is uncontrollable as he 'yields' to it. "My thought, whose murder is fantastical, shakes my state", emphasises how much Macbeth is against the idea of murder, shining light on how these thoughts...
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...“Victim of a Time” Whether it is through discrimination, prejudice, or racism, every society is in some way marginalized. Where individuals grow up and learn their morals is often where they are most judged for their differences. This can be especially significant when it comes to how one thinks of himself. If the person is treated poorly and is discriminated against, they often become a victim in their society. It can be seen in William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice that Shylock is the true victim. Shylock is truly victimized when he is mistreated, stolen from, and denied justice. The first demonstration of Shylock as a victim is when he is continuously spit on by Antonio. For example, in the play, Shylock states “Fair Sir, you spat on me Wednesday last; /.../ Another time you call’d me a dog” (1.3.122-124). and Antonio replies “I am as like to call thee so again,/ To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too” (1.3.126-127). In this quote it is proven how poorly Shylock is treated by the Christians for nothing more than the religion he practices. This is significant because it demonstrates how a marginalized society affects the lives of those who are different. When judgment is socially acceptable it causes many to be neglected respect, equal treatment, and the feeling of worth and love. The consequences of this neglect can be the victim isolating himself, seeking revenge, or even committing suicide, which affects the whole society dramatically. In a marginalized...
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...Shylock, Victim or Villain? Shakespears Merchant of Venice is about a merchant, named Antonio, who is approached by his best friend, Bassanio. Bassanio then asks Antonio to borrow 3000 ducats to fit in with the rich and luxorious, as he plans to marry the woman he loves, Portia. But, Antonio has put all his money into over seas voyages. So instead of lending him the 3000 ducuts, Antonio approaches Shylock, the Jewish money lender and asks him for 3000 ducats. Shylock agrees to the deal but only on the terms that if Antonio should forfeit the bond or not pay back within 3 months, then Shylock can cut a fair pound of Antonois body, where ever he wishes. Antonio agrees to Shylock’s term. Shylock, the antagonist of the play, is oftan potrayed as a villain or a victim. This next quote is said by Shylock when Bassanio and Antonio are sorting out the terms of the bond with Shylock. "How like a fawning publican he looks, I hate him for he is a Christian." This quote shows that Shylock has a hatred for Antonio because he is a christian. Although this could be due to the fact that Antonio treats Shylock badly by spitting on his 'gaberdine' and calling him names. Shylock could be thinking that all Christians are like that and that is why he hates them. In this part of the play Shylock is a villain. This next quote is said when Shylock is conversing with Salanio and Salarino. "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not...
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...Shylock was a victim of vengeance throughout the whole book of “The Merchant of Venice”. Shylock was treated badly every single day by Christians and was even referred to as “the Jew” for most of the book. The racism towards Shylock, although very common back then, was very derogatory. Then again, it is possible that the reason Shylock was treated so terribly was because of his all-out bitterness towards everyday life. One could say that Shylock was hated only because of his Jewishness, but he was also not the nicest man. Jewish people were treated very unfairly back in those times, and because Shylock was jewish, he was treated unfairly. In the book, Shylock said, "I hate him for he is a Christian," and “him” being Antonio. Shylock hated Antonio because Antonio lended money without charging any interest, while Shylock charged very high rates of interest. Consequently, this cut into Shylock's profit margins and additionally earned him a bad reputation. The hatred for Antonio was absolutely understandable. Antonio ruined Shylock’s business and basically spit on everything that he represented. One night, Shylock went to a party, and when he came home he found that his daughter and his ducats were gone. Shylock lost all that he had loved. Shylock was an outcast to society, and one could even say that he was an underdog. When Antonio and Bassanio confronted Shylock for the loan of ducats, Shylock saw that he had an opportunity. He finally got the opportunity to end the...
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...circumstances, the definitions of these two words could be defined differently to our own favor. Essentially, the problem to be resolved is how mercy and justice can be applied simultaneously. If one were to show mercy, then they would let go of the perpetrator freely, but would this be what the victim deserves? Through the conflict between Antonio and Shylock, “The Merchant of Venice” demonstrates how personal definitions of mercy and justice skew the way a problem between two parties is resolved. The contrasting positions between the Antonio and Shylock reaches its breaking point in the court trial where the once oppressed Shylock decides to refuse Antonio mercy. In public, Antonio, as with the rest of the Christian population, openly mistreat the Jewish people such as Shylock, calling them “dogs” and even spit on them. Moreover, through the bond made between him and Antonio, Shylock loses his daughter, Jessica, to the Christians with Lorenzo stealing her away. Blinded by anger, Shylock seeks revenge and insists on “justice” against the Christians through Antonio by fulfilling the condition of the inhumane bond; by parting with a pound of Antonio’s flesh although this, in reality is unjust. Shylock considers himself right in his position by claiming that he was only demanding legally what is written in the bond that was agreed upon between the two parties. Christians, under the dominant Venetian social beliefs, are characterized as compassionate and are expected to exercise mercy...
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...particular groups of people and societies and an outsider is a person who does not belong in a particular situation, organisation or community. This definition relates to both Othello and Shylock as throughout the play we see them as victims of prejudice and injustice because of their cultural differences. In the play Othello, Shakespeare expresses the culture outsider, Othello himself in this instance. As a moor. The term Moor means a person or persons of an African descent. During the renaissance time period there were various stigmas attached to 'moors' and other cultural outsiders. Leo Africanus wrote a book named 'the history and description of Africa (1526)' where he portrayed Moors as being extremely prideful. 'Subject unto Jealousy; who would rather lose their lives than put up any disgrace on behalf of the women.' This is ironic and would lead one to believe Shakespeare reinforced Africanus' ideology in the tragic ending of Othello. Shakespeare also reinforces contemporary attitudes to Jews through the protagonist Shylock. During the 1600’s Jews were extremely disliked and according to Peter Gintro were ‘usurious, cunning, malevolent and potentially murderous’. A stereotype of the Jewish community originated from medieval and again is ironically attributes we see surrounding Shylock. One way Shakespeare reinforces and challenges contemporary attitudes to cultural outsiders is through Othello’s character. Othello is a Moor and Shakespeare presents him in a way which...
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...Merchant of Venice, by relating his words to the power, ideology, value, and etc. in the play. What is found in this study is that Shylock, the Jew merchant, lacks power and ideology, but when he seeks to find these elements, he loses all of them. In addition, Shylock's language varies from both situations. When he is the weaker, he is the source where Christians used to evacuate their insults. Introduction William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and was the son of a glove maker. When he was 18, he married Anne Hathaway, and had three children. At the age of 20, he left Stratford and went to London where he became an actor and playwright. William Shakespeare wrote The Merchant of Venice around 1596. It is regarded by some scholars as the strongest and most successful of Shakespeare's early comedies (Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002). Shakespeare’s portrayal of Shylock has long been fodder for debate among scholars. By Shakespeare’s time, Jews had been officially banned from England for centuries. Because of this, they had come to represent to many citizens of the time a sinister unknown. Shylock’s inability to grant mercy to Antonio and his tendency to value the letter of the law over benevolence are generally abhorrent to modern audiences. However, Shakespeare was too intelligent and too much of an artist to make his Shylock purely one dimensional; the character is complex and justifiably cautious in a world that does not welcome him. Much of the interest...
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...“Bigoted and spiteful”and “well-intentioned and loyal”, which of these views best describes the character of Antonio in your question. In “Merchant of Venice”, Antonio is the main character as he is the “merchant” in the story in Venice. As Antonio is a Christian, he is quite anti-Semitic and rude to Shylock, making some people believe that he is spiteful and bigoted. However, most of the play centers on him being the victim of the “villain” of the play, Shylock due to their bond they made. As Antonio is willing to give everything for Bassanio without any payment and he strikes at any chance to help Bassanio, I believe Shakespearian and modern audiences would believe him to be more of a well-intentioned and loyal friend. At the start of the play, when Bassanio and Antonio are discussing about their friendship, Antonio proudly mentions that “ {His} purse, {his} person, {his} extremest means lie all unlocked to {Bassanio’s} occasions.” This quotation starts off with a tricolon, which builds up from “my purse”, showing how Antonio is willing to give his money; to “my person”, showing how Antonio is willing to give his body for Bassanio; to “my extremest means”, showing how Antonio will go very far for Bassanio, showing his loyalty and strong friendship with Bassanio. “Purse” and “person” also have soft plosives, showing his sincerity and determination. “Lie unlocked” shows his generosity and how he will share everything he has with Bassanio. “Your occasions” shows his loyalty...
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...the law students who made up a large portion of his contemporary audience must have roared with laughter, even if few others got the joke. It is therefore not surprising that the interdisciplinary study of law and Shakespeare has grown into a fully recognized field, with major law schools offering advanced degrees. Such interdisciplinary examination has opened for us a new vista of understanding. The Merchant of Venice “has spawned more commentary by lawyers than any other Shakespeare play” (Kornstein 66). One can easily find a discussion of every legal concept raised in the course of the play (White 111-46), a detailed legal dissection of the trial scene in Act IV (Keeton 132-50), and even an imaginary appellate strategy on behalf of Shylock (Kornstein 83-85). The link between Shakespeare and the law is not new; even a casual perusal of the literature will show that scholars have long realized that the legal...
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...‘The Merchant of Venice’ and Marlowe’s ‘The Jew of Malta’ would be Shylock and Barabas respectively as these two characters are both depicted as evil and greedy Jews, perhaps due to the racial hatred of the Elizabethan era and the ongoing stigma of Judaism in English society. However, it could be argued that the women of the two plays, including the daughters of the two aforementioned antagonists, Jessica and Abigail, wealthy wife of Bassanio – Portia in ‘The Merchant of Venice’ and the cunning courtesan of ‘The Jew of Malta’, Bellamira, are more villainous than the traditional figure of vices of Shylock and Barabas due to the way that the female characters interact with and often disregard the norms of the Elizabethan era and the expected behaviours of women even in modern society. Women in fiction, especially young women, very rarely tend to be portrayed as villainous due to the cultural expectations of femininity. Womanly and feminine traits are those of ones of love, care and innocence, thus women and girls will not be traditionally assumed to be deviant or cruel due to the preconceived idea and judgement that society has on women. In the 21st Century, there is still this assumption in place as women are often able to manipulate the patriarchy and criminal justice system to their own advantage by adopting the traditional female characteristic of weakness, innocence and maternal instincts by playing the victim by the chivalry thesis. Female villains are interesting characters...
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...In Shakespeares time period, Jews were lower class in society and were victims of racism. This must be shown and evident in The Merchant of Venice or it would not be realistic. This does not make Shakespeare a racist or anti semetic, but only demonstrates the reality of this time period. Without this, it would be even more insulting towards Jews to not acknowledge the racism they went through. In this way, The Merchant of Venice gives us a glimpse into history and reminds us of the troublesome times Jewish people went through. If you look at The Merchant of Venice in this light, one can realise that the insults could have a different purpose and meaning. In todays world, everyone is politically correct and meticulous about racially insulting people. Therefore many people, like Vienne-Guerrin, can consider the insults...
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...Adlerisms 1. “I can think, I can wait, I can fast…” –Siddhartha 2. “Fate will unwind as it must…” -Beowulf 3. “A mistake is repeated until it is learned…” -Confucius 4. “My worst enemy, my best friend – myself…” -Henry Reyna – Zoot Suit 5. “Tender yourself more dearly!” -Polonius, Hamlet 6. “If you fail to prepare – prepare to fail…” -Steve Prefontaine, Olympic Gold Medalist 7. “Our intentions are far more different than our actions…” -Coach Adler LQHS 8. “Defeat distraction, or distractions will defeat you…” -Coach Adler LQHS 9. “Those who settle for less end with less…” -Coach Adler LQHS 10. “A good fall makes one wiser…” -Aesop 11. “If I were you I would turn back now and save some time and grief. Believe me; you’re heading in the wrong direction…” -Coach Adler LQHS, The Two Ants 12. “In the middle of the journey of our life – I came to find myself in a dark woods where the straightway was lost…” -Dante Alighieri 13. “Acta non verba” (Actions not words) -Latin Idiom 14. “Carpe diem” (Seize the day) -Latin Idiom 15. “A good student only needs to be told once!” -Coach Adler LQHS 16. “Every day wasted is another day you’ll never get back!” -Boyd Grant, Fresno State Basketball 17. “A future filled with regret is not a bright one…” -Koby Serreitelli 18. “If you remain organized you stay in control” -Elise Alverzez 2013 19. “Impossible is just a big word that gets thrown around by small...
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...Acknowledgements I would like to appreciate God Almighty for his faithfulness and for the strength, without him I am nothing. I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Hatem Ahriz for his guidance throughout the writing of this report. I would like to thank Richboy and Ete Akumagba for their guidance and for proof reading this report. I would like to thank my family for their support and love. ii Abstract This era of explosive usage of networks have seen the rise of several opportunities and possibilities in the IT sector. Unfortunately, cybercrime is also on the rise with several forms of attack including, but not limited to botnet attacks. A Botnet can simply be seen as a network of compromised set of systems that can be controlled by an attacker. These systems are able to take malicious actions as needed by the attacker without the consent of the device owner and can cause havoc. This paper is the first part of a two-part report and discusses on several reportedly known botnets and describes how they work and their mode of infection. Several historic attacks and the reported damage have been given to give a good picture and raise the bar on the capabilities of botnets. Several existing tools have been considered and examined which are useful for detecting and terminating botnets. You would find that each tool has its own detection strategy, which may have an advantage on some end than others. iii Table of Contents Declaration ................
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...The History of Money THE HISTORY OF MONEY From Its Origins to Our Time This was the final draft of the English text of "Une Histoire de l’Argent: des origines à nos jours" - www.autrement.com/ouvrages.php?ouv=2746710306 - published by Autrement in Paris in November 2007 with a few minor changes in the final French text. I am very grateful to Philippe Godard - www.autrement.com/collections.php?col=277 for his editorial support, and to Autrement for allowing me to make the English version accessible here. INTRODUCTION This book is about the history of money: how did it begin? how has it evolved to the present day? what has it enabled humans to achieve? and why do so many people in the world today have problems with it and suffer from the way it works? The book is also about the future: how may money develop further? how might we want it to develop? Humans are the only creatures that use money. Animals and birds and insects and fishes and plants exist together in the world without it. But in human societies the earning and spending of money has become one of the most important ways we connect with one another. Most of us have to have money. We need to get enough coming in to match what we need to pay out. We all need to understand at least that much about money. But there is more to it than that. Over the centuries, money has reflected changes in politics and government, in economic life and power, in science and technology, in religious and other cultural beliefs, in family and...
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