...same and modern day societies are still influenced at what was achieved and destroyed during this time. I am going to highlight the life of Sigmund Freud’s and how his theories impacted how we look at the human mind today. Then I will go over World War 1 and how it completely changed cultures of the west. Finally I will explain how WW1 and Sigmund Freud connected and changed western societies forever. Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856. There is not a lot of information on Sigmund Freud’s early life because he chose to keep it out of the public’s eye. “Little is known of Freud’s early life as he twice destroyed his personal paper, once in 1885 and again in 1907” (Psychologist, World). His personal papers were closely guarded in Sigmund Freud’s archives and only available to Ernest Jones his official biographer. Freud published countless theories that created a lot of controversy in his time and still in our modern world today. Sigmund published many works but most of them if not all of them go back to his theory on psychoanalysis, a term he first used in 1896. He explained that you can use therapy as a way to help people emotionally by talking it out which would later be characterized as the “talking cure”. In 1900 he published The Interpretation of Dreams a book about his theory on the unconscious. This would be one of Freud’s favorite works where he brings up his...
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...Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality PSY/250 September 25, 2013 Dr. Rosalyn Williams When one think of “psychoanalytic approach to personalities,” they are probably thinking what in the world is this about? During the mid-nineteenth century, several psychologists (e.g., Sigmund Freud, Carl G. Jung, Karen Horneye, and so on) were born into the world. They had a fascination with the unconscious mind. They later became famous psychologists with several views and opinions. Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic who studied the unconscious approach to understanding one’s personality. Though his work was the foundation for others with and after him, Sigmund Freud will always be known for his work. Carl Gustav Jung was a Neo-Freudian who in the beginning worked side-by-side with Freud until he branched away from Freud and conducted his own theory called Analytical Psychology (Friedman & Schustack, 2012). “According to Jungian theory, the mind or psyche is divided into three parts: (1) the conscious ego, (2) the personal unconscious, and (3) the collective unconscious” (Friedman & Schustack, 2012, p 109). According to Alfred Adler, the major force of all human activity is a striving from a feeling of inferiority toward perfection. Adler at first referred to this force as aggressive drive. He later called the force a striving for superiority. Adler termed his school of thought individual psychology. Today, it is often referred to as Adlerian psychology (p. 58)...
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...Carl Jung has a very broad interpretation of 'religion' and to understand it, one must first examine the concepts Jung puts forward to explain his theory- the collective unconscious and archetypes, as frameworks within the collective unconscious, and how they relate to the process of individuation, the process by which the conscious individual 'harmonises' their psyche (mind). Jung accounts for religion as an expression of the collective unconscious of the species (though Jung may not have agreed with speciation) - religion helps the individuation process. within Jung's concept of the psyche, a three tier system - the personal conscious, the personal unconscious (repressed memories) and the collective unconscious (the blueprint that 'religious' images emerge from, conditioned by the archetypes). The expression of this psyche is the 'libido' (desire), the 'life-force' or energy that is focused through the archetypes. The archetypes are 'conceptual' frames that are shared by the entire species, they are 'functional dispositions' that innately generate images; the archetypes date back to pre-man evolutionary stages. Some examples of these archetypes are the persona - which manifests in dreams as images of masked parties, or suits of armour, the persona represents the 'outward facing' part of the psyche, the extrovert, which interacts with people; the shadow - this generates 'wilderness' or 'woodland' type images, and represents the 'dark', withdrawn 'inwards facing' part of the...
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...Freud once referred to the human nature in terms of repressed sexual desires for the safety of societies (Freud, 1950; 1973; 2003; 2005; 2006; Storey, 2012). According to Freud, living in community means humans abandoning their sexual instincts in order to coexist with others (Freud, 1973). Freud’s major contribution to psychology is the understanding of the unconscious as a place, in the human psyche, where repress desires exist and can only be fitfully repressed (Freud, 1973; 2003; 2005; 2006). Through the lens of Sigmund Freud, his work on Psychoanalysis (1973), The Dreamwork (2006), Totem and Taboo (1950), Civilization and Its Discontents (2005), and The Uncanny (2003); this paper will describe the foundations of the unconscious and how...
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...Hierarchy of Needs: According to Abraham Maslow, humans have certain needs that must be fulfilled for healthy living. These needs motivate us to act the way we do, and in particular, in ways that satisfy the needs that are not yet fulfilled. In addition, Maslow suggested that these needs are not all equally important, but exist in a hierarchy (shaped like a pyramid), with the most important, basic needs at the bottom. The Hierarchy of needs is often presented as a pyramid. Forming the base are the Physiological Needs that are essential for survival. This includes the need for oxygen, water, and food. It is only when these lower-level needs are met to some degree that one can move up to fulfill other needs. The second level is composed of Safety and Security needs, which includes finding stability and an environment where one is safe from harm. This might mean finding a stable job, having a house in a safe neighborhood, or having some money in the bank. The third level refers to Love and Belonging Needs. This might mean having a partner or spouse, friends, family, a church group, or other support network. The fourth level is composed of Esteem Needs, which may include the need for recognition, respect, dignity, confidence, and a sense of achievement. This might mean finishing a college degree, passing the bar exams, or getting ahead in one's career. The fifth and highest level of needs is the need for Self-Actualization - the continuous need to fulfill one's potential and be...
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...Sigmund Schlomo Freud BRIEF OVERVIEW Although Sigmund Freud was not the first person to formally study psychology, many consider him the most pivotal figure in the development of the field as we know it today. Freud changed the way society has come to think about and treat mental illness. Before Freud, mental illness was thought to result from deterioration or disease of the brain. Freud changed all of this by explicitly rejecting the purely organic or physical explanations of his predecessors. Instead he believed that unconscious motives and drives controlled most behavior. During a career that spanned 58 years, beginning with an earned medical degree in 1881 and continuing to his death in 1939, he developed and repeatedly revised his theory of psychoanalysis. Most of Freud’s theory was developed from contact he had with patients seen in his private practice in Vienna. This type of “clinical” work was a radical departure from the laboratory research that was practiced by most leading psychologists of the day. When Freud first presented his ideas in the 1890s, many of his contemporaries reacted with hostility. In fact, throughout his career, Freud faced enormous opposition to many of his ideas. Those especially controversial included notions about the role of the unconscious in behavior, childhood sexuality, and how the mind was governed (id, ego, and superego). But despite the opposition, Freud eventually attracted a group of followers that included well-known theorists 1856–1939...
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...Political Movements in the 20th Century HUM/300 Political Movements in the 20th Century During the 20th century several major political events took place that changed the worldwide view of civilization and shook up the collective consciousness. World War I and II showed the dark side of technology when used to hurt humanity. Civil movements surged around the world as a result of minorities trying to regain their identity, which various governments throughout the world restricted. The authors will examine major political events that had a notable effect on the 20th century, including, the influences of World War I and II, the surge of the Civil Rights Movement, and the Gender Equality Movement. The author’s examination will consider the works of artists and how his or her creative expression reflected the mood of the era. Political Events: World War I and II World War I (WWI) started in 1914, and lasted through 1918. The political event that triggered this war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The war tactics employed in World War I changed the methods and strategies in future conflicts bringing more devastation. Some of the new strategies included trench warfare, chemical warfare, and upgraded technology; it introduced chemical weapons including chlorine and phosgene, which produced devastating damages. The exposure to high levels of these gases resulted in temporary blindness, difficulty...
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...presented by psychoanalysts and critics suggests, that as a hypothetical construct, there is little evidence to support its existence. sity students taking courses in psychology. Thus, it appears that an examination of the historical roots and current status of the Oedipus complex might aid psychotherapists as well as others who have been introduced to the concept. The primary focus of this article will be on the validity of the Oedipus complex and the reasonableness of believing that it is a viable hypothetical construct in the analysis of human psychopathology and, thus, that it should be placed at the core of clinical procedures. What Is the Oedipus Complex? The Oedipus complex has two forms, one for the male and one for the female. Freud's writings on both forms spans several decades. There is no single publication in which he fully described all aspects of the Oedipus complex for both males and females. A researcher must piece together the nature of both forms from his many writings on the topic. The essence of the Oedipus complex is a desire on the part of the child to have a sexual relationship with the opposite sex parent and feelings of hostility toward the same sex parent. These desire/feelings are considered universal (Brenner, 1957; English & English, 1958; Kline, 1981). This is the concept that is referred to in this article when the term "Oedipus complex" or "oedipal theory" is used. Freud contends that it is normal for children to masturbate. When a child between...
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...Instincts and their Vicissitudes Sigmund Freud This Page Left Intentionally Blank - 109 - This Page Left Intentionally Blank - 110 - Editor's Note to "Instincts and their Vicissitudes" James Strachey (a) German Editions: 1915 Triebe Und Triebschicksale Int. Z. Psychoanal., 3 (2), 84-100. 1918 Triebe Und Triebschicksale S.K.S.N., 4, 252-278. (1922, 2nd ed.) 1924 Triebe Und Triebschicksale G.S., 5, 443-465. 1924 Triebe Und Triebschicksale Technik und Metapsychol., 16-187. 1931 Triebe Und Triebschicksale Theoretische Schriften, 58-82. 1946 Triebe Und Triebschicksale G.W., 10, 210-232. (b) English Translation: 1925 ‘Instincts and their Vicissitudes’ C.P., 4, 69-83. (Tr. C. M. Baines.) The present translation, though based on that of 1925, has been very largely rewritten. Freud began writing this paper on March 15, 1915; it and the following one (‘Repression’) had been completed by April 4. It should be remarked by way of preface that here (and throughout the Standard Edition) the English word ‘instinct’ stands for the German ‘Trieb’. The choice of this English equivalent rather than such possible alternatives as ‘drive’ or ‘urge’ is discussed in the General Preface to the first volume of the edition. The word ‘instinct’ is in any case not used here in the sense which seems at the moment to be the most current among biologists.1 But Freud shows in the course of this paper the meaning which he attaches...
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...Oedipus Complex, Mate Choice, Imprinting; an Evolutionary Reconsideration of a Freudian Concept based on Empirical Studies Tamas Bereczkei and Petra Gyuris∗ University of Pécs, Hungary Freud’s assumption that the Oedipal relationship plays an important part in shaping the future character of mate choice needs a scientific reconsideration that, in turn, requires setting an empirically testable explanation. The authors hypothesize that the close physical and emotional attachment between the mother and her son includes a sexual imprinting-like mechanism that influences the processing of childhood experiences. Here they present a set of experiments showing that adults prefer long-term partners who resemble the mental representation of their parent of the opposite sex. Furthermore, mating preferences were found to be shaped in the process of attachment; those mothers were most frequently used as mental models for their sons’ mate choice who provided more emotional warmth and less avoidance to their sons during childhood. The implications of the study’s results for the contemporary interpretation of Freudian theory are discussed. Key Words: Oedipal relationship; Mate preferences; Evolutionary psychology. Freud’s theory It is well known that the Oedipus complex plays a pivotal role in Sigmund Freud’s theory. This complex characterizes the early stage (between 3-5 years) of boys’ sexual objectchoice (Freud, 1905, 1938). During this period, boys have sexual feelings towards their mother...
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...school last fall, I ran into a student on the University of Virginia Lawn, not far from the famous statue of Homer instructing an admiring pupil. Homer's student is in a toga. Mine was wearing wraparound sunglasses like Bono's, black jeans, and a red T-shirt emblazoned with Chinese characters in white. Over his shoulder he carried his laptop. We asked each other the usual question: What did you do over the summer? What he did, as I recall, was a brief internship at a well-regarded Internet publication, a six-country swing though Europe, then back to enjoy his family and home, reconnect with high-school friends, and work on recording a rock CD. What had I done? I had written five drafts of a chapter for a book on the last two years of Sigmund Freud's life. I had traveled to Crozet, a few miles away, to get pizza. I'd sojourned overnight in Virginia Beach, the day after I woke up distressed because I couldn't figure out how to begin my chapter. I'd driven to the beach, figured it out (I thought), and then I'd come home. My young friend looked at me with a mixture of awe and compassion. I felt a little like one of those aged men of the earth who populate Wordsworth's poetry. One of them, the Old Cumberland Beggar, goes so slowly that you never actually see him move, but if you return to the spot where you first encountered him two hours past, lo, he has gone a little way down the road. The footprints are there to prove it. I headed back to my office for draft No. 6, or something...
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...WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS Western Civilization HMS 301 1 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS Main Topics The Black Death The Effects of the Black Death The Rise of Constitutional Monarchy The Hundred Years’ War The Decline of the Church The Renaissance Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance Italian Renaissance Humanism Machiavelli and Power Politics Leonardo Da Vinci Global Travel and Trade The African Cultural Heritage West African Kingdoms The Europeans in Africa Native American Cultures Maya Civilization The Empires of the Incas and the Aztecs The Spanish in the Americas and the Aftermath of Their Conquest The Impact of Technology Christian Humanism and the Northern Renaissance Luther and the Protestant Reformation The Spread of Protestantism The Catholic Reformation 2 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte The Industrial Revolution Advancing Industrialism Colonialism China and the West Social and Economic Realities Nineteenth-Century Social Theory: conservatism, liberalism & socialism The Radical View of Marx and Engels Picasso and the Birth of Cubism Futurism, Fauvism and Non Objective Art The Birth of Motion Pictures Freud and the Psyche Total War and Totalitarianism The First World War The Russian Revolution Nazi Totalitarianism The Second World War Identity and Liberation: Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X 3 WESTERN CIVILIZATIONS The Black Death ...
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...Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public Policy Volume 3, Number 1 (Winter 2003), pp. 1‐26 Ayn Rand and Contemporary Business Ethics Stephen R. C. Hicks Introduction: business and the free society Advocates of the free society think of business as an integral part of the dynamic, progressive society they advocate. In the West, the rise of a culture hospitable to business has unleashed incalculable productive energies. Business professionals have taken the products of science and revolutionized the fields of agriculture, transportation, and medicine. Business professionals have taken the products of art and dramatically increased our access to them. We have more food, we are more mobile, we have more health care, we have more access to works of fiction, theater, and music than anyone could reasonably have predicted a few centuries ago. The result of business in the West, and more recently in parts of the East, has been an enormous rise in the standard of human living. We have gone, in the space of a few centuries, from a time in which perhaps 10% of the population lived comfortably while 90% lived near subsistence to a time in which 90% live better than comfortably and 10% live near subsistence. And we haven’t given up on the remaining 10%. Intellectuals who study the free society have, in the fields of economics and politics, a good understanding of what makes this possible: individualism. In economics there exists a well worked out understanding of ...
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...Reading the Novel in English 1950–2000 i RTNA01 1 13/6/05, 5:28 PM READING THE NOVEL General Editor: Daniel R. Schwarz The aim of this series is to provide practical introductions to reading the novel in both the British and Irish, and the American traditions. Published Reading the Modern British and Irish Novel 1890–1930 Reading the Novel in English 1950–2000 Daniel R. Schwarz Brian W. Shaffer Forthcoming Reading the Eighteenth-Century Novel Paula R. Backscheider Reading the Nineteenth-Century Novel Harry E. Shaw and Alison Case Reading the American Novel 1780–1865 Shirley Samuels Reading the American Novel 1865–1914 G. R. Thompson Reading the Twentieth-Century American Novel James Phelan ii RTNA01 2 13/6/05, 5:28 PM Reading the Novel in English 1950–2000 Brian W. Shaffer iii RTNA01 3 13/6/05, 5:28 PM © 2006 by Brian W. Shaffer BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Brian W. Shaffer to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and...
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... english translation copyright © 2010 by Princeton university Press First published as La tyrannie de la pénitence: essai sur le masochisme occidental by Pascal Bruckner, copyright © 2006 by Grasset & Fasquelle Published by Princeton university Press, 41 William street, Princeton, new Jersey 08540 in the united kingdom: Princeton university Press, 6 oxford street, Woodstock, oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu all rights reserved library of congress cataloging-in-Publication data Bruckner, Pascal. [tyrannie de la pénitence. english] The tyranny of guilt: an essay on Western masochism / Pascal Bruckner; translated from the French by steven rendall. p. cm. includes index. isBn 978-0-691-14376-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. civilization, Western— 20th century. 2. civilization, Western—21st century. 3. international relations—Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Western countries—Foreign relations. 5. Western countries—intellectual life. 6. Guilt 7. self-hate (Psychology) 8. World politics. i. title. CB245.B7613 2010 909’.09821--dc22 2009032666 British library cataloging-in-Publication data is available cet ouvrage, publié dans le cadre d’un programme d’aide à la publication, bénéficie du soutien du Ministère des affaires étrangères et du service culturel de l’ambassade de France aux etats-unis. This work, published as part of a program of aid for publication, received support from the French Ministry of Foreign affairs and the cultural services of the French embassy in the united states. This...
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