...Review Related Literature Many of the Filipinos now are health conscious and It has been shown that combustion aerosols from cigarettes contain common chemical components such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (Siahpush et al., 2006). Carbon monoxide is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases from smoking. It impairs oxygen transportation in the blood. It is also strongly linked with the development of coronary heart disease. One gaseous constituent in cigarette smoke is hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide released from a cigarette can be 160 times greater than the level considered safe (Siahpush et al., 2006). It has a direct, harmful effect on the cilia, a part of the natural lung clearing mechanism in humans, thereby increasing the likelihood of developing disease. Risk from cyanide is significant with just one cigarette per day. Another gaseous constituent in cigarette smoke Silpakorn U Science & Tech J Vol.3(1), 2009 Smoking Behavior of Student is nitrogen oxide, of which the primary form is nitric oxide (NO) (Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, 2007). Students who have never tried to quit smoking should be aware of their chance to get serious health in their future. Now a day’s most of the smokers are student the more the price of cigarettes high the lessen student who wants smoke. Through this study many could benefit not just for lessen expenses but also more knowledge on how it could affect in their lives. They also should be educated on toxic chemicals...
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...Chapter 1 Problem and Review of Related Literature Introduction Assessing the Main Effects of population strategies, such as tobacco taxation and pricing, on high-risk subpopulations is important for understanding the reach and effectiveness of such strategies. Increased tobacco taxes, passed on to consumers in the form of higher cigarette prices, provide an economic disincentive to those who smoke or may be contemplating smoking. Indeed, evidence from this knowledge synthesis strongly supports increasing cigarette prices through tobacco taxation as a powerful strategy for achieving major reductions in smoking among some, but not all, high-risk populations. This is a highly effective policy tool for reducing smoking participation and consumption among youth, young adults and persons of low socioeconomic status. In contrast, major gaps exist in our knowledge about the impact of price on persons diagnosed with mental health or non-nicotine substance abuse disorders, heavy and/or long-term smokers. Raising cigarette prices is an effective tobacco control policy in reducing smoking among youth. While most studies of young adults found that increased prices also result in reductions in smoking behavior, the magnitude tends to be smaller than for youth. Chaloupka and Pacula argue that because tobacco is an addictive substance, response to increased prices will occur more slowly than for non-addictive goods; therefore long-term gains may be larger than short-term gains. The impact...
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...their(bisyo)The Recto bill was not well-received by the various sectors championing sin tax reform as it sought to retain the multitiered system and increase excise tax collection from tobacco and alcohol products by only P15 billion to P20 billion in the first year of implementation. This is significantly lower than the P31.35 billion that House Bill 5727, already passed on third reading, projects to raise, and an even farther cry from the P60.63-billion goal originally proposed by the Department of Finance. Senator Drilon’s substitute bill features an expected excise tax collection of P40 billion to P45 billion in the first year. Congress will adjourn for the holidays in six weeks, and there will be just three weeks of sessions next year before our legislators switch to campaign mode for the 2013 elections. Moreover, the Senate is also scheduled to begin deliberations on the proposed 2013 General Appropriations Act by next week. Thus, the need for the Senate to act and move the sin tax bill forward gains even greater urgency. Certainly, the passage of the sin tax bill has the full backing of the Aquino administration, which plans to use the revenue from the revised sin tax system to advance the government’s universal health care agenda. The campaign has garnered strong public support as well, particularly from the medical and health community. Last May, the Makati Business Club submitted its position to the House ways and means committee on the pending sin tax bill. In its statement...
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...Sin Taxes House Bill 5727, or the Sin Tax Bill, aims to restructure the existing taxes imposed on alcohol and tobacco goods. Duties on these products are a potential revenue source that will help fund the Universal Health Care Program of the administration. Likewise, higher taxes—and consequently higher costs—are seen as a deterrent to the consumption of “sin” products, whose adverse effects are mostly borne by the poorer segments of society. Why are we supporting it? 1. To promote health by discouraging vice. 2. To collect more revenue for healthcare. Health According to the Department of Health (DOH), the Philippines has an estimated 17.3 million tobacco consumers, the most number of smokers in Southeast Asia. Filipinos on average consume 1, 073 cigarette sticks annually, while the smokers in the region consume less than a thousand sticks yearly. This high consumption rate is seen as a result, among others, of the very low cigarette prices in our country.Smoking is responsible for 71 percent of lung cancer deaths in the world. Consequently, lung cancer is the leading form of cancer in the Philippines. DOH statistics reveal that 10 Filipinos die every hour because of smoking.According to the DOH, a 10 percent increase in tobacco taxes will reduce the number of smokers by two million by 2016. A significant decline in the number of smokers will likewise reduce the number of smoking-related deaths. Revenue The Department of Finance (DOF) has determined the following flaws...
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...“Sin Tax” and Healthcare March 2, 2015 “Sin Tax” and Healthcare Due to rising costs in healthcare, the U.S. Government is faced with the task of finding new ways to generate much needed revenue to cover healthcare expenses. One way of generating this revenue is by increasing taxes on items and activities that are considered to be “unhealthy,” like alcohol, tobacco, and legalized marijuana, in the form of “sin taxes.” Generating revenue through this form is considered to be a “win-win” because of the revenue generated and the cutback on “unhealthy” activities. Although, increasing “sin taxes” on these items may seem like a great idea, research has led me to believe that such increases might not be enough to solve the revenue shortage, and could be detrimental to the financial and physical welfare of low-income families. When considering the question if increasing “sin taxes” is the best solution to help fund the rising costs of healthcare, the moral issue is important to consider. Though, drinking and smoking are a personal choice, the effects associated with such activities can impact society as a whole. Such effects include diseases as a result of second-hand smoke, alcohol-related traffic accidents, and negative activity brought on by addiction. The preamble to our Constitution states that our government has an obligation to “promote the general welfare.” Therefore, the government has a responsibility to intervene on the public’s behalf in response...
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...Cigarettes, Cognac & Chemotherapy: Taxed for Being Human Sandra M. Johnson South University-Richmond Cigarettes, Cognac & Chemotherapy: Taxed for Being Human “Sin taxes" should not be increased to help with medical costs because all medical care is not a direct result of these "sins" (consuming alcohol and tobacco), it's discriminatory, and all taxpayers should contribute to the overall reduction of health care costs. Throughout history, the government has taxed America’s guilty pleasures. The Tea Act of 1773 ignited the Boston Tea Party and subsequent American Revolution (History.com, 2009, para #1) and the ratification of the 18th Amendment (Prohibition) spawned illegal production and sale of liquors through bootlegging (History.com, 2009, para #1). It would appear that the American people had the spirit to fight for their freedom to consume what was deemed ‘immoral’ or at least find a way around the laws. In this day and age, however, there aren’t too many revolutions going on. Most ‘sinners’ will just deal with the extra costs rather than band together and storm Capitol Hill. There is a vast array of medical conditions that require medical care. Outside of those that may be connected to alcohol and tobacco use, there are also acquired conditions (STDs, tuberculosis, etc.), hereditary conditions (certain cancers, genetic deformities, etc.), and general injuries that have nothing to do with it. For example, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention...
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...Cigarettes, Cognac & Chemotherapy: Taxed for Being Human Sandra M. Johnson South University-Richmond Cigarettes, Cognac & Chemotherapy: Taxed for Being Human “Sin taxes" should not be increased to help with medical costs because all medical care is not a direct result of these "sins" (consuming alcohol and tobacco), it's discriminatory, and all taxpayers should contribute to the overall reduction of health care costs. Throughout history, the government has taxed America’s guilty pleasures. The Tea Act of 1773 ignited the Boston Tea Party and subsequent American Revolution (History.com, 2009, para #1) and the ratification of the 18th Amendment (Prohibition) spawned illegal production and sale of liquors through bootlegging (History.com, 2009, para #1). It would appear that the American people had the spirit to fight for their freedom to consume what was deemed ‘immoral’ or at least find a way around the laws. In this day and age, however, there aren’t too many revolutions going on. Most ‘sinners’ will just deal with the extra costs rather than band together and storm Capitol Hill. There is a vast array of medical conditions that require medical care. Outside of those that may be connected to alcohol and tobacco use, there are also acquired conditions (STDs, tuberculosis, etc.), hereditary conditions (certain cancers, genetic deformities, etc.), and general injuries that have nothing to do with it. For example, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention...
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...Who is the biggest loser? Today, about 240 families lost a loved one to a tobacco-related illness. That’s an estimated 87,600 deaths in a year. In 2011, the country earned around Php26 billion worth of taxes from the tobacco industry, while revenue from cigarette manufacturers amounted to approximately Php31 billion. How much does life cost? For each life lost to tobacco use, the tobacco industry earned Php353,881.28. Is it worth it? This does not even account for the annual health costs and productivity losses from tobacco-related deaths and diseases that range from Php148 billion to Php314 billion. No monetary equivalent can also be juxtaposed to the hours of painful treatment just to manage the diseases, nor the time and energy a family member spends to care for the loved one. More so, these numbers do not even reflect the pain of losing someone you love. But for decision-makers, these exact figures and immeasurable realities are not compelling enough to pass the necessary measures to reduce tobacco use. Instead, the most marginalized and the poorest sectors are pitted against each other to rationalize inaction - tobacco victims versus farmers, workers against children and youth. Life versus livelihood. The battle of the sectors has been the easiest tactic to muddle the discourse on amendments to excise taxation. What we fail to remember is that all of these sectors - farmers, urban poor, youth, children, and workers are the tobacco victims. They are the...
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...land use and crop production. 3. The bill provides that 15% of the incremental tobacco revenues to support alternative livelihoods for the farmers. Q smuggling? intensify : Will HB 5727 A: Not necessarily. 1. The root cause of smuggling is not high prices per se, but lack of political will, corruption and poor law enforcement. 2. There have been many countries like China, Spain and Canada that have successfully curbed smuggling in spite of a tax hike – and this was possible due to strong government commitment. Q: Why is there a need to increase the tax rates significantly? A: First, the current tax rates have proven to be ineffective in curbing cigarette and alcohol consumption. “Enjoying” one of the cheapest cigarettes in the region has led to high cigarette consumption. Currently, 240 Filipinos die daily because of smoking-related diseases. Second, the Philippines is a party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the first international health treaty where we pledged to reduce smoking prevalence from 28.3% at present to 25% by 2014. Third, the sin taxes have already been “frozen” for 16 years due to the price classification freeze. The significant tax increase is an attempt to pay for the large health and economic costs (minimum of P188 billion in 2011 according to the UP-PGH study of Dr. Antonio Dans) due to tobacco-related deaths and diseases in the Philippines. Q: Why should we support HB 5727? A: It is ONE bill with SEVEN wins for 92 million Filipinos ...
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...State and Federal Aid Mark Grand Canyon University Public School Finance EDA - 535 Edward Longin March 17, 2014 State and Federal Aid If your child were in harms way at school would you send them to school? With the most recent cuts in the Northwest Arctic Borough School District (NWABSD) this is exactly what is happening here in the NWABSD. With the elimination of full day kindergarten and the class sizes in the elementary reaching an astonishing 30 plus students per class, the students within NWABSD are most definitely being put in harms way each day they attend school. At the Middle and high school level we are losing the alternative learning program that has helped eliminate high school dropouts and brought up our graduation rate by ten percent over the last ten years. Here at NWABSD we are not looking to regress! We need more funding and we need it now. In the enclosed text you will find a proposal from NWABSD on how more funding can be generated in our district and keep NWABSD students striving in the future. The money shall be allocated equitably throughout the district. In the state of Alaska state and federal aid combine for around eighty percent of the funding each district receives. The rest of the funding comes from local contribution, special revenue, and other. The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was signed into law in December of 1971. Part of this act protects all native lands from paying property taxes. That is where the local...
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...Tammy Thacker Obesity and the Proposal of Fat Tax English Composition II Dr. Wells October 27, 2014 Obesity and the Proposal of Fat Tax Obesity has become an epidemic in the United States of America. It is affecting our children's health to the point where they are being diagnosed with early onset diabetes and hypertension. . Obesity is the result of eating high fat, high protein foods along with a serious sedentary lifestyle. I intend to show that although obesity is on the rise applying fat tax is not the answer to our problem. Obesity is defined, medically as having a body mass index of more than 30. However, it can be effectively curtailed by lowering your caloric intake, exercise, and implementing healthier school lunches. The medical risks associated with excessive body weight is many and varied, include: osteoarthritis, coronary artery disease, stroke, and high cholesterol. Some people with obesity suffer from stress, low self-esteem, social disadvantaged and depression. According to data collected in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999), amongst U. S. adults aged 20-74 years obesity has nearly doubled from approximately 15% in 1980 to an estimated 27% in 1999. (Clark & Dittrich, November 2010) The obesity epidemic affects the world in the form of increase health insurance cost, medical bills related to different illness that occurs while being obese. It also poses for an increase in regular taxes so that the government can accommodate...
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...The United States of America (U.S.A) has a trillion-dollar deficit. They are consistently looking for ways to lower the amount of the deficit. Most Americans pay an additional tax on certain commodities, alcohol, and tobacco, commonly referred to as the sin tax. The nationwide legalization of marijuana for the tax revenue that the sale of marijuana will generate specifically earmarked for the reduction of the deficit, will be beneficial for the U.S.A. While the current population of the U.S.A. is 313.9 Million according to United States Census Bureau, and the World Bank (2012). Fifty percent of Americans, 156.95 Million, support legalization of marijuana. These numbers demand drug reform in this country. Half of the drug arrests, 850,000 Americans, where arrested in 2010. Eighty eight percent, 748,000 of those arrests were for marijuana possession alone. The current criminalization of marijuana undercuts future economic development. Incarceration reduces former inmates’ earnings by forty percent, devastating families and communities. Former users with an arrest record for possession of marijuana should not be prevented from obtaining employment, or from accessing social benefits. (Huffingtonpost.com 2014) Decriminalization of marijuana will allow for future economic development, and increase the tax base to further pay down the trillion-dollar deficit. Marijuana should be legalized nationally in the U.S.A. The general census is that the use of marijuana leads to the use of...
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...the market. This definition is according to Merriam-Webster.com. This paper will focus on the economics of cannabis and how by its decriminalization, or legalization, it can be a profitable commodity in the marketplace by the following. Providing an overview of cannabis and how political games have caused an unearned negative public opinion on the commodity. Listing arguments that support the claim that by legalizing this commodity not only crime rates in general, but violent crime rates, will drop noticeably if not substantially providing a savings in the cost of enforcing and prosecuting such crimes. And, that by decriminalization, the federal government can regulate this commodity much like alcohol and tobacco providing new sources of tax revenue. A History of Cannabis The best way to understand the public image that cannabis has today is by looking at how we understood it yesterday. Starting from the first piece of legislation in 1906 and coming to present day medicinal approval in a small portion of US states. This will hopefully address the questions of “Why the war on drugs?”, “Why this particular commodity a drug...
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...increasing rate. It was believed that the tobacco was introduced by the Spaniards and Portuguese to mainland Europe, East Indies and Asia while they are on an expedition for searching for spices and spreading Christianity. Cigarette smoking became one of the highly sought after vice in the Philippines because of the affordable price of each stick ranging from seventy-five centavos to 2 pesos each, depending on its brand. The Philippine government came up with an idea of increasing the taxes imposed upon alcoholic beverages and cigarette sticks in order to minimize its harmful effects to human body. On 02 December 2012, President Benigno S. Aquino III signed into law Republic Act 10351, otherwise known as the “Sin Tax Law” which provides for additional tax on sin products such as alcohols and tobacco products. Prices of liquor and tobacco products increased from 100-200% immediately after the...
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...afford to continue to remain neutral with regards to gun control. The ideal relationship between the second amendment, the right to bear arms, and the government is a balance that includes taxation to stimulate and benefit the economy; enforced, mandatory background checks; and the requirement to register firearms. In order to sustain the economy, the U.S. government needs to tax firearm ammunition. Similar to the sin taxes placed on cigarettes and alcohol, a tax on bullets would require consumers to pay a couple extra cents per bullet, thus making it more expensive to own and operate those types of weapons. Although a tax on bullets and ammunition would likely make current and future gun owners unhappy, it would not infringe upon their right to own a gun....
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