...justifiable is the claim that slavery was a "benign" institution in the antebellum South? Slave labour was a significant economy contributor to slaveholders in the antebellum South and slaves were exploited in order to benefit their masters. Abolitionists perceived the institution of slavery as a non-Christian practice that openly dehumanised people due to their skin colour. They believed that slaveholders treated their slaves ferociously and that slavery had no place in the states. Eugene Genovese has since investigated the master-slave relationship. Although he agreed with the general view that slavery was a harsh, unjust institution, Genovese believes utmost forms of mistreatment were uncommon. Genovese established slave-owner “paternalism”; the concept that masters took a personal interest in the lives of their slaves. This idea of paternalism was, with few exceptions, not a predominant practice in the South. The underlying concept of slavery was simple – slaves were treated as property and their status as property was more than often enforced by violence at the hands of their master. The ideology of paternalism implied masters took care of their slaves as a result of personal attachment to them. Genovese believes this practice as slaves were fed frequently to ensure their strength was maintained. He also states that medical care on plantations surpassed that of whites in the South as well as declaring slaves had outside contacts with whites which extended beyond...
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...June Kight The Institution of Slavery Bethel University The Institution of Slavery When we think about the institution of slavery we automatically assume that they were completely dominated by their owners. Although this was mostly true, there were many slaves that resisted and fought back. Sometimes the slaves fought back by being blatantly disobedient to their masters. Other times the slaves rebelled covertly, sneaking and doing things that were forbidden for them. Whether the slaves started a rebellion, ran away or resisted their day to day responsibilities, the found ways to rebel. The slaves were even successful in many of their attempts at rebelling. One of the main reasons that slaves rebelled was to protect their families. Human nature propels us to protect our family. It was the same way for slaves. Not only did they have to worry about their families dying due to poor living conditions, they had to deal with slave auctions. Slaves had to wrestle with the fact that at any moment, a loved one could be sold to the neighboring plantation or several cities and states away. One form of rebellion to this type of treatment was running away. Many slaves ran away for short periods of time to escape punishment or gain relief from their daily workload. Other slaves ran away to escape the slave lifestyle. Of course it was easier for men to escape, but many women and children were successful at this type of rebellion. Slaves used songs to hide instructions on where to go. They also...
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...granted while all at the same time the expansion of slavery greatly expanded in the American south. Free or enslaved, African-American were under constant oppression and were driven to take action towards the challenges they were faced with. While some looked to religion to escape these hardships, others looked to violence in which they believed was the ultimate solution. Freedom was the only means of escape, but even after that African-Americans were still targets. Freedom was often most acquired in the North. Document C shows a 1790 and 1830 map of the slave population in United States. While slavery was evidently decreasing in the North, it was rapidly expanding in the South. If slaves didn’t escape to the North however, they purchased their freedom. In Document F, Venture Smith was granted the permission to purchase his freedom an opportunity that was rarely given and although it took even more work in about 2 years he was able to pay it off. Document I goes on to show 2 African-American accounts of life after freedom in the city of Boston. The author(s) can still feel the oppression and abuse not much different from when enslaved. Their fearful as well as disgusted at the way they are portrayed in society. Religion was a means of escape as well as motivator, from when it all became too much to bear. Document D displays an image of a Negro Methodist Meeting, which we can see them falling to their knees and calling out. However in Document G their faith...
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...defined as a principle of fairness. However, justice in its legal and ethical aspects can be defined as acting according to the ideal of fair-doing recognized in a particular society, and treating a person or their doings in accordance to this ideal and state laws. This definition of justice raised an issue of women’s rights to equality abused happening today around the world. One of the most horrific acts of abuse toward women’s right is honor killing. In various countries, particularly in the Middle East and parts of South Asia, women who bring dishonor to their families because of sexual indiscretions or even rape are forced to pay a terrible price at the hands of male family members. This brutal act is most commonly found among Islamic religion. For example, in Palestine, women and girls suffer a wide range of physical violence at home from their husbands and other family members. A woman’s life is at risk if she is suspected of engaging in behavior her family or community considers taboo, such as talking with a man who is not her husband or a blood relative in a public place, refusing to tell a close male relative where she has been and with whom, or marrying someone without the approval of...
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...Essay on Christianity. By Percy Bysshe Shelley. From the 1880 edition of The Works of Shelley in Verse and Prose, edited by H. Buxton Forman. Click here for Forman's editorial preface. ESSAY ON CHRISTIANITY. THE Being who has influenced in the most memorable manner the opinions and the fortunes of the human species, is Jesus Christ. At this day, his name is connected with the devotional feelings of two hundred millions of the race of man. The institutions of the most civilized portions of the globe derive their authority from the sanction of his doctrines; he is the hero, the God, of our popular religion. His extraordinary genius, the wide and rapid effect of his unexampled doctrines, his invincible gentleness and benignity, the devoted love borne to him by his adherents, suggested a persuasion to them that he was something divine. The supernatural events which the historians of this wonderful man subsequently asserted to have been connected with every gradation of his career, established the opinion. His death is said to have been accompanied by an accumulation of tremendous prodigies. Utter darkness fell upon the earth, blotting the noonday sun; dead bodies, arising from their graves, walked through the public streets, and an earthquake shook the astonished city, rending the rocks of the surrounding mountains. The philosopher may attribute the application of these events to the death of a reformer, or the events themselves to a visitation of that universal Pan who—— *****...
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...Social Inequality Unit 04 [pic] What are Marxist theories of inequality? Learning targets: • Marxism is concerned for the poor and powerless. • It claims that society is in conflict between the rich who control everything and the poor who must work for the rich and gain little in reward for their work. • The rich are able to maintain their position of power through control of the law, the police and other forms of authority. • The rich also control the manufacture of ideas about society through controlling the media and education so poor people are taught to believe that capitalism is a good thing. Key questions (AO1) What is the Marxist view of society? (AO1) What causes inequality according to Marxists? (AO2) What are the strengths of the Marxist view? (AO2) What are the weaknesses of the Marxist view of inequality? Summary of Key Points Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) was an economist, philosopher and journalist who was motivated by concern for workers who were experiencing terrible poverty while all around was great wealth and power. He was a revolutionary who believed in working for a classless society. Marxism was not a powerful force in sociology until the 1960s and 1970s when it formed the basis of a challenge to functionalism. It offered a better account of the divisions of society at that time than functional sociology did. Marxism also triggered many of the ideas that were...
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...HREQ 1700 MID –TERM REVIEW SETTLER COLONY: Were colonies that settled or move to a new country, colony or a “new world”. This settlement was an important characteristic of colonialism in the 19th century. In the development of the course settler colonies especially European settlers affected the live of First Nations Women in Canada, in terms of their culture, lifestyle, family organization, and religion. European colonies devaluated native population with regulations like the Indian Act. DIFFICULT KNOWLEDGE Knowledge that often challenges the dominant ideology, which is difficult to accept and we reject it and its source, or we embrace it without a critical evaluation. DIASPORA Comes from the Greek term “diasperin”, Used to refer to any ethnic population forced or induced to leave their original homelands. Also people who leave their homelands to find work or search for asylum. An example of diaspora in the topics cover in the course is the high amount of Chinese population who came to Canada to work. They weren’t forced, rather they chose to start a new life in a new place. Also, during WWII, the boats of Jewish who came to Canada looking for asylum. This term have helped me gaining knowledge about the migration of different ethnic population to Canada during the 19th and 20th century. THERE IS NOTHING OBJECTIVE ABOUT OBJECIVITY Objectivity means to have a neutral position in a specific topic or issue. Been objective is not possible because any ideology or thought always...
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...Competency Goal 3 The learner will recognize and understand the concept of change in various settings. Objective 3.01: Describe personal and family changes, past and present 3.02: Describe past and present changes within the local community. Rationale The Henderson Institute Museum is a significant portion of history in the educational aspect to Vance County. School-age children in Vance County will benefit greatly by not only learning the history behind the museum, but also by touring the museum as well. DIGITAL EXHIBIT Living in a small town and hearing the term “museum” I always thought about big cities that may have had objects that they thought were of great value. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary a museum is “an institution devoted to the procurement, care, study, and display of objects of lasting interest or value; or a place where objects are exhibited. While in elementary school I went on many field trips to different museums but they were never in my hometown. I was always taught that I was from a small town but never really given any history or informed of any events that may have taken place during previous years. Now a senior in college, doing my own research, I learn about a museum located in Henderson, North Carolina called Henderson Institute Historical Museum. According to my research this museum is the home to many objects and preserved recordings from Henderson Normal and Industrial Institute which later became known as Henderson Institute...
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...ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM Az-Zakat Al-Ushr Al-Khums Al-Jizyah Al-Fai Al-Kharaj Miscellaneous Sources Can an Islamic State Levy Modern Taxes? Public finance deals with the income and expenditure of a state. It consists of the efficient management of taxes and other sources of revenue, proper budgeting and effective control over state expenditures. In this chapter, we would study in detail the sources of revenue, while in the next chapter we would discuss budget and expenditure of the Islamic state. Sources of revenue of the public treasury (Bait-ul-Mal) in the Islamic state in the time of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and early caliphs included Zakat, Ushr, Khums, Fai, Jizyah and Kharaj. The first five sources have been mentioned in the revealed book of Islam, while the sixth arose out of the extended application of the Fai properties of the Islamic State. These sources were tapped and utilized by the state to defray its essential expenses incurred on discharging various functions, and also with a motive to distribute wealth among the poor and destitute classes of the society. Let us discuss these sources briefly as under. 1- Az-Zakat ‘Zakat’ or ‘Zakah’ literally means ‘growth’ or ‘increase’ or ‘nourishment’ Another derivative of this word carries the sense of purification. Thus, Zakat means ‘to grow’, ‘to increase’ or ‘to purify’. It is because of the fact that Zakat helps the purification of human soul from miserliness, selfishness, lust and greed of wealth...
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...Beliefs in society: • Different theories of ideology, science and religion, including both Christian and non-Christian religious traditions. • The relationship between religious beliefs and social change and stability. • Religious organisations, including cults, sects, denominations, churches and New Age movements, and their relationship to religious and spiritual belief and practice. • The relationship between different social groups and religious/spiritual organisations and movements, beliefs and practices. • The significance of religion and religiosity in the contemporary world, including the nature and extent of secularisation in a global context. 1. Religion serves to restore faith and the set basic guidelines for living that people should adhere to; an example of this is the Ten Commandments. 2. It can help to restore faith and a sense of individuality. 3. Maintains a sense of unity and creates hope with the promise of heaven. Explaining belief systems: Belief systems: are broadly defined as the framework of ideas through which an individual makes sense of the world. Ideology: originally a Marxist idea meaning a set of beliefs that serve the interests of a dominant group by justifying their privileged positions. The term usually implies that the beliefs are false or only partially true. Theories of ideology Ideology can be defined in a variety of ways - As a set of political beliefs - As the ideas and beliefs of a particular...
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...Foundations: c. 8000 B.C.E.–600 C.E. Major Developments 1. Locating world history in the environment and time 1. Environment 1. Geography and climate: Interaction of geography and climate with the development of human society a. Five Themes of Geography – consider these 1. Relative location – location compared to others 2. Physical characteristics – climate, vegetation and human characteristics 3. Human/environment interaction – how do humans interact/alter environ a. Leads to change 4. Movement – peoples, goods, ideas among/between groups 5. Regions – cultural/physical characteristics in common with surrounding areas b. E. Africa first people – 750,000 years ago started to move 1. moving in search of food c. Role of Climate – End of Ice Age 12000 BCE – large areas of N. America, Europe, Asia became habitable – big game hunters already migrated 1. Geographical changes - 3000 BCE Green Sahara began to dry up, seeds to forests – N. America 2. Effect on humans – nomadic hunters didn’t move so much a. Settle near abundant plant life – beginning of civilization b. Sedentary life w/ dependable food supply 3. milder conditions, warmer temperatures, higher ocean...
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...happened peacefully. Tutsi created an agreement that allowed Hutus to work on their land in exchange for payment and protection. As Tutsi became stronger, they saw no need to pay and protect Hutus. Hutus became Tutsis’ slaves. After World War II, Rwanda became Belgian colony. Belgian government tried to establish equal rights between Tutsis and Hutus. UN in 1962 gives independence to Rwanda. Election system allowed a Hutu to become a president. Tutsis tried to overthrow the government, but failed and almost all Tutsis fled from the country. Hutus killed almost 12,000 Tutsis in the process. The president signed a cease fire and in 1990, he promised to make many changes to Rwanda to try and allow Hutus and Tutsis to live together in peace. However, Hutu president Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his airplane was shot down by unknown group. Angry Hutu extremists started to massacre Tutsis in Rwanda. Almost 927,000 Tutsis were killed in 100 days. UN and all other countries in the world did nothing. 2. Q: It is impossible to objectively define nation. Why? Because in the objective definition of nation, nation is group people who speak the same language, have same religion, share the same history. But what about the countries like Swiss that have multiple language? So it cannot be defined objectively because of this conflict. 3. Q: What is cultural...
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...this peculiar style of music. Recently, I held a gospel music workshop and many things were involved in putting it together. The following paper will discuss my research on the evolution of gospel music and elaborate more on why I decided to do a gospel music workshop. African American gospel music has been implemented with secular and non-African American elements. This has caused many individuals to wonder “what is gospel music?” This musical phenomenon has moved beyond the walls of the “black church” and includes many aspects (Wise 1). Gospel music can be defined from a cultural, spiritual, or musical perspective. There are underlying theological and spiritual principles Gospel music was a sacred folk music that originated out of slave songs, field hollers, Baptist lining hymns, and Negro spirituals and standard Protest hymns and many composed songs. The Center for Black Music Research in Chicago, IL classifies gospel music as African-American Protestant vocal music that...
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... History books mainly reflect the involvement of men. The abolitionists (Clarkson and Wilberforce), the Slave traders (Canot) and the enslaved (Equaino). In portrayal of enslaved people, men appear more frequently. In the movie Amistad it is told from the point of view of Cinque; in the TV series Roots it follows Kunta Kinte. This male dominated history fails to acknowledge, belittles and devalues the role of women at all levels of slavery. What about the female slave traders, slave owners, enslaved females, female rebels and abolitionists? Are they really invisible? Verene Shepherd, in Women in Caribbean History states that up until the 1970s Caribbean books neglected women because early historians looked at colonisation, government, religion, trade and war fare, activities men were more involved in. Also some historians felt that women’s issues did not merit inclusion and where women could have been included, such as slave uprisings, their contributions were ignored. Shepherd believes changes occurred with the influence of women’s groups who tried to correct the gender neutral or male biased history. There was also a shift into social history, looking at the non elite and into topics such as family life. Books started to look at women’s social and political activities. Unfortunately there was a lack of first hand accounts from the period of the transatlantic slave trade – accounts written by men at the time either ignored women or perpetuated the myth of female inferiority...
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...SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: INTRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE Social strata are levels of social statuses. Members of a society who possess similar amount of wealth, power, and privileges occupy each social stratum. We can see layers of social statuses occupied by members of society. Organized systems of such strata are conceptualized as social stratification system. Social stratification refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. Four basic principles of stratification: 1. Social stratification is characteristic of society, not simply a reflection of individual differences. Children born into wealth families are more likely than born into poverty to enjoy good health, achieve academically, succeed in their life’s work, and live well into old age. Neither rich nor poor people are responsible for creating social stratification, yet this system shapes the lives of them all. 2. Social stratification persists over generations. In all societies parents pass their social position along to their children, so that patterns of inequality stay much the same from generation to generation. Some individual experience change in their position in the social hierarchy. For most people, social standing remains much the same over a lifetime. 3. Social stratification is universal but variable. Social stratification is found everywhere. At the same time, what is unequal and how unequal people are vary from one society to another. 4. Social stratification involves not...
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