Final Exam Questions

1. Q: Explain the historical relationship between Hutus and Tutsis.

Before 1500s, there were mainly 2 tribes in Rwanda. Hutus and Tutsis.

However, Tutsis had better agricultural and trade and combat skills.

Very slowly over time, Tutsis took over the land ownership of Hutus and Hutus became part of Tutsis society. This was not a violent take over. This happened peacefully. Tutsi created an agreement that allowed Hutus to work on their land in exchange for payment and protection.

As Tutsi became stronger, they saw no need to pay and protect Hutus.

Hutus became Tutsis’ slaves.

After World War II, Rwanda became Belgian colony.

Belgian government tried to establish equal rights between Tutsis and Hutus. UN in 1962 gives independence to Rwanda.

Election system allowed a Hutu to become a president.

Tutsis tried to overthrow the government, but failed and almost all Tutsis fled from the country. Hutus killed almost 12,000 Tutsis in the process. The president signed a cease fire and in 1990, he promised to make many changes to Rwanda to try and allow Hutus and Tutsis to live together in peace. However, Hutu president Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his airplane was shot down by unknown group. Angry Hutu extremists started to massacre Tutsis in Rwanda. Almost 927,000 Tutsis were killed in 100 days. UN and all other countries in the world did nothing.

2. Q: It is impossible to objectively define nation. Why?

Because in the objective definition of nation, nation is group people who speak the same language, have same religion, share the same history. But what about the countries like Swiss that have multiple language? So it cannot be defined objectively because of this conflict.

3. Q: What is cultural community/nationalism?

Cultural nationalism views nation as a distinctive, unique civilization that shares same history, tradition and values. People use cultural nationalism to gain a clearer sense of their own identity through the heightening of national pride and self-respect.

4. Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of cultural community/nationalism?

The advantages of nation as cultural community

• Stable

• Cohesive

The disadvantages of nation as cultural community

• Cultural nations are exclusive groups

• Membership is not from political allegiance, but is inherited

• Cultural nations sees each other as same family

• It is impossible to “become” a German, or a Russian simply by adopting their language and belief.

• Insular form of nationalism.

Insular: people who are uninterested in other cultures, and ideas

5. Q: What is political community/nationalism?

• This view of nation says that nation is a group that focuses on loyalty to the country, rather than cultural identity.

• Nation is a group of people with same citizenship, regardless of cultural, ethnic and other loyalties

• So in political view of nation, citizenship is more important than ethnic identity.

• In these political view of nations, they often have multiple number of ethnic groups

6. Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages of political

community/nationalism?

• So all of these countries voluntarily accept a common set of principles or goals and not through existing cultural identity.

• Advantage:

• These political nations tend to be tolerant and democratic.

• These nations are an “inclusive group”, meaning that the membership is not restricted to those who fulfil particular language, religion, or ethnicity.

• Disadvantage:

• Political nations are not as united as those cultural nations because they fail to experience and share historical root.

7. Q: What are 2 ways in which nationalism can be used?

2 Ways of using nationalism

• Can be a tool to liberate and create national unity and independence • Create military policies and war

8. Q: What is liberal nationalism and how is it used?

Liberal Nationalism is based on the fundamental assumption that humankind is naturally divided into a collection of nations, each possessed of a separate identity. Nations are organic communities, not the artificial creation of political leaders or ruling classes.

• The central theme of this form of nationalism is a commitment to the principle of national self-determination.

• Liberal nationalism states believes that each and every nation has a right to freedom and self-determination. All nations are equal

• Liberal Nationalism is a method for securing a peaceful and stable world by promoting political freedom.

• This method can create unity within each nation and brotherhood amongst nations on the basis of mutual respect for national rights and characteristics.

9. Q: What does liberal nationalism believe in?

• 1. For all humans, freedom must always be under the law. Because this is the same for nations, liberals have established a system of international law supervised by international organizations such as United nations and European union.

• 2. Commitment to individualism = Individuals everywhere have the same status and entitlements. Because individual is more important than nation, liberals believe that IF a human liberty is violated in another country, they must go there to help those citizens from their own government.

10. Q: What are the criticisms of liberal nationalism?

• Other people believe that liberal nationalists are not living in the real world. They only see good side of liberalism and believe people will act rationally. They ignore the dark side of nationalism, which is that people distinguish “us” from “them”.

• Liberals have less understanding on the emotional power of nationalism. People, during war, can be persuaded to kill and die for “their” country, regardless of the justice of their nation’s cause.

11. Q: What is conservative nationalism and how is it used?

• conservative nationalism started much later than liberal nationalism because conservatives saw it as a bad thing.

• Conservatives thought that the use of nationalism would lead to revolution.

• However, as centuries have passed, nationalism has become the main tool for conservatives.

• Conservative nationalism cares less about the principle of nationalism of universal self-determination and cares more about the promise of social cohesion and public order of national patriotism.

• Conservatives use nationalism to protect their traditional values and institutions. In this sense, nationalism is also seen as traditionalism.

• Conservative nationalism is used to stop socialism.

• If patriotism is stronger than class division, the working class is effectively integrated into one nation.

• Therefore, conservatives constantly put emphasis on the importance of patriotism.

12. Q: What does conservative nationalism believe in?

• Conservatives believe in 2 things.

• 1. Conservatives see immigration to be a threat because it weakens national culture and ethnic identity and creates conflict.

• 2. Conservatives also don’t want international organizations such as UN and European Union to have power because it weakens distinctive national identity. (Example, EU currency)

13. Q: What are the criticisms of conservative nationalism?

• Conservative nationalism is a tool used by elite class to manipulate the country’s ideology to whatever they wish it to be. • In this view, “nation” is invented and defined by political leaders and ruling elites to create consent from people. • Also, conservative nationalism promotes intolerance and hate. • Conservative nationalism draws a clear line between those who are members of the nation and those who are not. • Conservative nationalism may make immigrants and foreigners as a threat and promote racialism and fear of foreigners.

14. Q: Why did Nazis hate the Jews? And how did Hitler use them for his political power?

Because Jews had grabbed too much economic influence, intrusive in politics or culture even they were biologically and racially distinct from Nazi’s. Jews people were smarter than Nazi’s. Hitler made propaganda to Nazi based on that reasons of Jews. He used his oratory to appeal to the patriotism of the German people by promising to break free of the restrictions and promising to get politic stability and strong government for them. Finally he could become powerful sole leader under the persuasion of Nazi who need to acting against the Jews.

15. Q: What is Pluralist Model?

• Pluralist model thinks media as an ideological marketplace where many political views are debated and discussed. • Pluralist model believes that most forms of media’s impacts are neutral (not taking any sides) and they tend to reflect the balance of forces in the society. This means media is seen as a very positive thing. • Media in this view ensures that the citizens are informed and the quality of democracy is guaranteed. • Example: Watergate scandal

16. Q: What is Market Model?

This model says that regardless of what the owner of the corporation or senior professionals want the news to say, privately owned media is, and always will be, a for-profit business.

Any business (other than non-profit organizations) must maximize profit.

The media (this is a business too) must give people what they want to listen, and watch in order to maximize profit.

They cannot afford to lose customers just because they want the news to say what the owners want to say. Also the “rating” is what matters here.

Some news companies fear that their rating would go down if they show serious political debates (which is very important) and instead focus on “infotainment”.

17. Q: What is dominant ideology model?

This view says that media is a tool for the conservative force used for the interest of economic and social elites.

This tool is used to promote consent and political agreement among the population.

Media is owned by major corporations, the view of the media is also the view of these global corporations.

6 largest global media corporations control almost all of western media.

18. Q: What is elite-values model?

This view is similar to dominant-ideology model. But instead of focusing on corporations controlling the media, this view focuses on the actual people inside the company that makes the decisions.

In a company, there are many editors, journalists, and broadcasters that makes the news.

Even if the owner of the company has his or her ideology, the owner cannot possibly make ALL of the news everyday.

The anti-socialist and politically conservative views of most news is the result of the senior officials in the company making decisions day to day.

These university educated middle class seniors of the company often hold views that are quite different than the view of the population.

19. Q: Make a chart of 4 different types of media and explain each category with proper example

Intentional unintentional

|Content is explicitly political and intends to change political|Content is explicitly political, but with no intent to |
|beliefs or behavior |influence political behavior or beliefs |
|Ex; political ads, documentaries |Ex: news |
|Political content is implied and intent is change political |Whatever political content and consequences that may exist|
|beliefs or behavior |are unintentional |
|Ex: Parody political values in entertaining programming |Ex: vast majority of entertaining programming |

20. Q: What is state-centric political economy? (Defensive mercantilism)

Government is responsible for creating strong economy and market to build up a state’s wealth, power, and reputation by keeping exports high and imports low. Main goal of this political economy is make a country wealthy and strong.

Defensive mercantilism was designed to protect the infant industries and weaker economies from unfair competition stronger economies while aggressive mercantilism aimed to strengthen the national economy in order to provide the basis for expansionism and war. For example japan. During the hard time they sent the workers to another country to learn from foreigner skill and knowledge. After that they come to the country and made the same goods that they learner abroad. At this time in Japan the export was high but they lowered the import.

21. Q: What is classical/neo-classical political economy?

The main point of this type of political economy is the Adam Smith’s invisible hand. They prefer that the government shouldn’t intervene the market, without the government market can regulate itself. Or market can balance the demand and supply by itself. The invisible hand of the market will bring supply demand in line with one another and everyone will be satisfied and happy. This implies a policy in which the state leaves the economy alone and the market is left to manage itself.

22. Q: What is Marxist political economy?

• Karl Marx believed that capitalist society was increasingly divided into ‘two great classes’, the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class, the owners of productive wealth) and the proletariat (non-owners, who subsist through selling their labour power) Capitalism gains profit by making workers work more and pay them less than the value their work makes.

• Because this is essential to capitalism, even if your boss is super nice, under capitalism, he or she does not have any choice but to make you work and pay you less than the money you make. This class conflict makes capitalism ultimately unstable.

23. Q: List the characteristics of enterprise capitalism and list its features, advantages and disadvantages

• 1. US businesses are profit driven and there are minimum regulations

• 2. Unions are weak

• 3. welfare systems are weak

• Advantage: This economic system has made USA to become #1 economic power in the world

• Disadvantage: Material and Social inequalities

24. Q: List the characteristics of social capitalism and list its features, advantages and disadvantages

• 1. Allows market competition with some government interference

• 2. Many social and welfare support from the government

• 3. Unions are strong

• Advantage: Its possible to become a powerful country while improving the quality of citizen’s lives

• Disadvantage: Businesses are slower to react to changing market, high level of social help from government increases tax.

25. Q: List the characteristics of state capitalism and list its features, advantages and disadvantages

Characteristics of State capitalism:

1. State owns major corporations

2. Market is a tool for government to use it for its national interest

Advantage: Governments can use market for its own interest

Disadvantage: No freedom/fairness (use of court/lawyer), lack of transparency. (US vs China/Russia)

26. Q: List 5 reasons why China became very powerful in a short period of time.

• 1. 1.3 Billion population – Chinese citizens used to be rural farmers. When all of these people began to move to cities to work, China became #1 place for cheap and inexhaustible labor.

• 2. China decided to focus on export-led growth strategy. (defensive mercantilism) Many countries around the world will use china for its cheap labor and China used this to their advantage.

• 3. Since China uses export growth strategy, they will have LOTS of capital to use and this allowed their banking system to become very strong. Even if there are global financial crisis, they would be minimally affected.

• 4. China kept its money artificially cheap. Cheap currency makes them strong in export. (If its cheap to export from china, then more companies will come in)

• 5. Chinese government invests heavily in infrastructure. Also, it guarantees their domestic companies of resource prices. Things such as oil, iron ore, copper, aluminum and other materials.

27. Q: What are 4 current problems and solutions to Mongolia?

• 1. Cost estimates are unrealistically low – to get contracts

• 2. significant political favoring to award contracts

• 3. Construction companies cut corners on projects sacrificing quality

• 4. Government need to encourage the growth of construction sector, which is currently lacking skilled engineers and works.

Solution.

• 1. Spending must be focused on UB to get maximum benefit on investment. Just getting 20% of new spending budget to maintenance would greatly improve national road network.

• 2. Need more technically skilled people in government to ensure proper planning and make sure that the project is possible.

• 3. Things need to be transparent. Government needs to give citizens the opportunity to monitor projects and spending. Without this, risk of corruption and waste will continue because rapid growth in spending will encourage and give opportunity for corruption.

• 4. Mongolia needs to consider inviting skilled foreign workers so Mongolian workers can learn the necessary skills for the job.

28. Q: Explain the cause and solution to the 1st depression in detail. (use the following terms: Keynes, unemployment, Keynesianism, supply and demand, inflation)

29. Q: Explain the cause and solution to the 2nd depression in detail. (use the following terms: stagflation, inflation, unemployment, wage-price spiral, oil shock crisis, Friedman, neoliberalism)

30. Q: Explain the cause and solution to the 3rd depression in detail. (use the following terms: financial crisis, mortgages, regulations, neoliberalism, Keynesianism, government, global crisis, pension funds)